TY - BOOK T1 - Coral Reefs of the WorldCoral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical PacificHolocene Reef Development in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Y1 - 2016 A1 - Toth, Lauren T. A1 - Macintyre, Ian G. A1 - Aronson, Richard B. ED - Glynn, Peter W. ED - Manzello, Derek P. ED - Enochs, Ian C. KW - El Niño KW - Latin American reefs KW - paleoecology KW - Reef accretion KW - Southern Oscillation KW - Upwelling AB - Contrary to early assessments, the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) is not devoid of well-developed reefs. Significant accumulations of Holocene reef framework are present throughout the region, although they tend to be poorly consolidated, lack the submarine cementation common on most reefs elsewhere in the world, and are subject to considerable bioerosion. These reef frameworks began accreting as early as 7000 years ago. The thickest accumulations of Pocillopora frameworks occur in coastal areas of Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia, but reefs composed of massive corals—species of Porites, Pavona, or Gardineroseris—are present throughout the region. Reef development in the ETP is limited by a variety of characteristics of the physical environment. Because of high turbidity in most areas, reef development is generally restricted to less than ~10 m depth. The spatial extent of reefs in the ETP is also limited from the combined influences of wave action and upwelling. Most reefs in the ETP are only a few hectares in size and the best-developed reefs generally occur in areas sheltered from strong oceanic influence. Upwelling also influences long-term trends in reef development in the region. There does not appear to be a significant impact of upwelling on the millennial-scale growth rates of Panamanian reefs; however, reefs in upwelling environments typically have thinner frameworks than nearby reefs in non-upwelling environments. Furthermore, upwelling may have contributed to a historic shutdown of reef development in Costa Rica and Panama. Although both ecological and oceanographic disturbances have had some impact on the long-term development of reefs in the ETP, the most important control on reef development in this region throughout the Holocene has most likely been the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO activity—especially that of the 1982–83 and 1997–98 El Niño events—has shaped the landscape of coral reefs across the ETP both in recent decades and in the past. Reefs in Pacific Panama and Costa Rica experienced a 2500-year hiatus in vertical growth beginning ~4100 years ago as a result of enhanced ENSO activity. Although the degree of framework accumulation and rate of reef accretion in some parts of the ETP are more similar to that of the western Atlantic than previously thought, the region still remains a marginal environment for reef development. Given the dominant role that climatic variability has played in controlling reef development in the past, the future of reefs in the ETP under accelerating climate change remains uncertain. PB - Springer Netherlands CY - Dordrecht VL - 8 SN - 978-94-017-7498-7 UR - https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-017-7499-4_6 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Climatic and biotic thresholds of coral-reef shutdown JF - Nature Climate Change Y1 - 2015 A1 - Toth, Lauren T. A1 - Aronson, Richard B. A1 - Cobb, Kim M. A1 - Cheng, Hai A1 - Edwards, R. Lawrence A1 - Grothe, Pamela R. A1 - Sayani, Hussein R. KW - Climate-change ecology KW - Palaeoceanography KW - Palaeoclimate KW - Palaeoecology AB - Climate change is now the leading cause of coral-reef degradation and is altering the adaptive landscape of coral populations1, 2. Increasing sea temperatures and declining carbonate saturation states are inhibiting short-term rates of coral calcification, carbonate precipitation and submarine cementation3, 4, 5. A critical challenge to coral-reef conservation is understanding the mechanisms by which environmental perturbations scale up to influence long-term rates of reef-framework construction and ecosystem function6, 7. Here we reconstruct climatic and oceanographic variability using corals sampled from a 6,750-year core from Pacific Panamá. Simultaneous reconstructions of coral palaeophysiology and reef accretion allowed us to identify the climatic and biotic thresholds associated with a 2,500-year hiatus in vertical accretion beginning ~4,100 years ago8. Stronger upwelling, cooler sea temperatures and greater precipitation—indicators of La Niña-like conditions—were closely associated with abrupt reef shutdown. The physiological condition of the corals deteriorated at the onset of the hiatus, corroborating theoretical predictions that the tipping points of radical ecosystem transitions should be manifested sublethally in the biotic constituents9. Future climate change could cause similar threshold behaviours, leading to another shutdown in reef development in the tropical eastern Pacific. VL - 5 UR - http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nclimate2541 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Holocene variability in the intensity of wind-gap upwelling in the tropical eastern Pacific JF - Paleoceanography Y1 - 2015 A1 - Toth, Lauren T. A1 - Aronson, Richard B. A1 - Cheng, Hai A1 - Edwards, R. Lawrence AB - Wind-driven upwelling in Pacific Panamá is a significant source of oceanographic variability in the tropical eastern Pacific. This upwelling system provides a critical teleconnection between the Atlantic and tropical Pacific that may impact climate variability on a global scale. Despite its importance to oceanographic circulation, ecology, and climate, little is known about the long-term stability of the Panamanian upwelling system or its interaction with climatic forcing on millennial time scales. Using a combination of radiocarbon and U-series dating of fossil corals collected in cores from five sites across Pacific Panamá, we reconstructed the local radiocarbon reservoir correction, ΔR, from ~6750 cal B.P. to present. Because the ΔR of shallow-water environments is elevated by upwelling, our data set represents a millennial-scale record of spatial and temporal variability of the Panamanian upwelling system. The general oceanographic gradient from relatively strong upwelling in the Gulf of Panamá to weak-to-absent upwelling in the Gulf of Chiriquí was present throughout our record; however, the intensity of upwelling in the Gulf of Panamá varied significantly through time. Our reconstructions suggest that upwelling in the Gulf of Panamá is weak at present; however, the middle Holocene was characterized by periods of enhanced upwelling, with the most intense upwelling occurring just after of a regional shutdown in the development of reefs at ~4100 cal B.P. Comparisons with regional climate proxies suggest that, whereas the Intertropical Convergence Zone is the primary control on modern upwelling in Pacific Panamá, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation drove the millennial-scale variability of upwelling during the Holocene. VL - 30 UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2015PA002794 IS - 8 ER -