@article {785,
	title = {Glacial-Interglacial Differences in Circulation and Carbon Cycling within the Upper Western North-Atlantic},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Rm032Times Cited:80Cited References Count:86},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {715-732},
	abstract = {We investigated glacial-interglacial changes in the circulation and carbon cycling in the western North Atlantic subtropical gyre using hydrographic data and downcore records of the stable isotopic compositions of individual shells of Bahamian benthic foraminifera. Potential temperature-salinity-depth relations show that modern thermocline (similar to 200-1000 m) and deep (similar to 1000-2000 m) waters in the Providence Channels, Bahamas, originate in the Sargasso Sea and are typical of the subtropical gyre. Gradients in the stable isotopic compositions of late Holocene Planulina and Cibicidoides species from the bank margins (similar to 400 to 1500 m depth) reflect temperature, nutrient, and isotopic gradients of modern subtropical gyre waters. The difference between the delta(18)O of glacial maximum and late Holocene foraminifera is similar to 2.1 parts per thousand for the upper 900 m of the water column and similar to 1.6 parts per thousand for deeper waters, indicating that these waters were similar to 4 degrees C and similar to 2 degrees C cooler, respectively, during glacial time. The glacial temperature gradient (dT/dz) was similar to today, while the base of the thermocline was similar to 100 m shallower. These results differ significantly from our earlier results from multiple shell delta(18)O analyses, which implied upper thermocline waters were only similar to 1 degrees C cooler and dT/dz was greater during the glacial maximum. The difference occurs because bioturbation adversely affects multiple shell analyses of glacial-aged samples from shallow water depths. At all depths above 1500 m, foraminiferal delta(13)C are greater during the glacial maximum than the late Holocene by at least 0.1 to 0.2 parts per thousand (as much as 0.6 parts per thousand in the lower thermocline), indicating that nutrient concentrations throughout the thermocline were reduced and there was no oxygen minimum zone during the glacial maximum. This suggests greater, more uniform ventilation of the thermocline. Results of single and multiple shell delta(13)C analyses of glacial age foraminifera compare favorably because samples most affected by mixing correspond to water depths where the glacial-interglacial change of delta(13)C was small. Cooler upper ocean waters during the glacial maximum reflect cooler temperatures at the ocean surface where isopycnal surfaces outcrop, including large areas of the subtropical ocean. A shallower thermocline base is consistent with southward migration of the northern edge of the subtropical gyre or increased mode water production. Enhanced thermocline ventilation is consistent with more vigorous winds and all isopycnal surfaces outcropping in the area of Ekman downwelling.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/95pa01166},
	author = {Slowey, N. C. and Curry, W. B.}
}
