@article {357,
	title = {Abrupt climate change and collapse of deep-sea ecosystems},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 1884; 261KQ Times Cited:12 Cited References Count:71Y},
	pages = {1556-1560},
	abstract = {We investigated the deep-sea fossil record of benthic ostracodes during periods of rapid climate and oceanographic change over the past 20,000 years in a core from intermediate depth in the northwestern Atlantic. Results show that deep-sea benthic community "collapses" occur with faunal turnover of up to 50\% during major climatically driven oceanographic changes. Species diversity as measured by the Shannon-Wiener index falls from 3 to as low as 1.6 during these events. Major disruptions in the benthic communities commenced with Heinrich Event 1, the Inter-Allerod Cold Period (IACP: 13.1 ka), the Younger Dryas (YD: 12.9-11.5 ka), and several Holocene Bond events when changes in deep-water circulation occurred. The largest collapse is associated with the YD/IACP and is characterized by an abrupt two-step decrease in both the upper North Atlantic Deep Water assemblage and species diversity at 13.1 ka and at 12.2 ka. The ostracode fauna at this site did not fully recover until approximate to 8 ka, with the establishment of Labrador Sea Water ventilation. Ecologically opportunistic slope species prospered during this community collapse. Other abrupt community collapses during the past 20 ka generally correspond to millennial climate events. These results indicate that deep-sea ecosystems are not immune to the effects of rapid climate changes occurring over centuries or less.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0705486105},
	author = {Yasuhara, M. and Cronin, T. M. and deMenocal, P. B. and Okahashi, H. and Linsley, B. K.}
}
@article {731,
	title = {Mid-Holocene El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) attenuation revealed by individual foraminifera in eastern tropical Pacific sediments},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2006},
	note = {113wzTimes Cited:128Cited References Count:26},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {993-996},
	abstract = {Holocene reconstructions of the Ell Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) provide valuable perspective on its recent evolution and can be important for assessing its future. Optimal assessment of past ENSO variability requires observations from its center of action in the eastern equatorial Pacific, but these are limited due to paucity of high-resolution paleoceanographic archives (e.g., corals). Here we use a new approach to quantify past ENSO variance based on the oxygen isotopic composition (delta O-18) of individual foraminifera (Globigerinoides ruber) from deep-sea sediments in the ENSO source region.. Individual G. ruber foraminifera behave as monthly recorders of sea-surface conditions, including ENSO extremes, circumventing the lack of annual resolution in the sediments. Intrapopulation delta O-18 distributions derived with this method from a core near the Galapagos Islands reveal mid-Holocene reductions in variance or 50\%, requiring drastic attenuation of the ENSO amplitude. Furthermore, Mg/Ca thermometry indicates that mid-Holocene background conditions were accompanied by a stronger zonal temperature gradient that coincided with a northward-displaced Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The results suggest that the position of the ITCZ is an important factor in the low-frequency modulation of ENSO and could influence its future evolution.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G22810a.1},
	author = {Koutavas, A. and deMenocal, P. B. and Olive, G. C. and Lynch-Stieglitz, J.}
}
