@article {overly_caribbean_2023,
	title = {Caribbean deepwater snappers: Application of the bomb radiocarbon age estimation validation in understanding aspects of ecology and life history},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {18},
	number = {12},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	month = {12/2023},
	pages = {e0295650},
	abstract = {Reef fishes have been utilized as food fish throughout the U.S. Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico waters for centuries, with increasing fishing effort in recent decades. As a result, many species have experienced declines in landings, including deepwater snappers such as queen snapper Etelis oculatus and blackfin snapper Lutjanus buccanella. However, little to no peer-reviewed published research exists on basic life history parameters for either species. Confirming the accuracy of an age estimation method for a fish species is essential for ensuring sustainable fisheries management. This is because in the assessment of fisheries species population age-based parameters, including longevity, age at sexual maturity, growth rate, mortality, age-specific reproductive output, and lifetime reproductive output, are important in understanding overall life history strategies of managed stocks. The past stock assessment on U.S. Caribbean queen snapper utilized an estimated longevity of 8 y, derived from length frequencies for fish from St. Lucia. Blackfin snapper has an estimated longevity of 27 y based on a relatively small study from offshore waters of the southeastern U.S. The focus of our investigation was to estimate maximum longevity of two data-poor species in the U.S. Caribbean. The accuracy of ageing methods was tested via bomb radiocarbon age estimation validation and effects of depth on Δ14C in otolith cores and eye lens core values were examined. Results from our work indicate a maximum validated age of 45 y for queen snapper, and 43 y for blackfin snapper. Our findings indicate queen snapper and blackfin snapper are long-lived (> 40 y). The resulting Δ14C comparison between eye lens cores and otolith cores has important implications for the study of age validation, specifically when deepwater species are involved.},
	keywords = {Caribbean, Eye lens, Eyes, Fisheries, Larvae, Marine fish, Otolith, Reefs},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0295650},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0295650},
	author = {Overly, Katherine E. and Shervette, Virginia R.}
}
@article {pigati_independent_2023,
	title = {Independent age estimates resolve the controversy of ancient human footprints at White Sands},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {382},
	number = {6666},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	month = {10/2023},
	pages = {73{\textendash}75},
	abstract = {Human footprints at White Sands National Park, New Mexico, USA, reportedly date to between \textasciitilde23,000 and 21,000 years ago according to radiocarbon dating of seeds from the aquatic plant Ruppia cirrhosa. These ages remain controversial because of potential old carbon reservoir effects that could compromise their accuracy. We present new calibrated 14C ages of terrestrial pollen collected from the same stratigraphic horizons as those of the Ruppia seeds, along with optically stimulated luminescence ages of sediments from within the human footprint{\textendash}bearing sequence, to evaluate the veracity of the seed ages. The results show that the chronologic framework originally established for the White Sands footprints is robust and reaffirm that humans were present in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum.},
	doi = {10.1126/science.adh5007},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh5007},
	author = {Pigati, Jeffrey S. and Springer, Kathleen B. and Honke, Jeffrey S. and Wahl, David and Champagne, Marie R. and ZIMMERMAN, SUSAN R. H. and Gray, Harrison J. and Santucci, Vincent L. and Odess, Daniel and Bustos, David and Bennett, Matthew R.}
}
@article {lu_surface_2023,
	title = {Surface climate signals transmitted rapidly to deep North Atlantic throughout last millennium},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {382},
	number = {6672},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	month = {11/2023},
	pages = {834{\textendash}839},
	chapter = {834},
	abstract = {Instrumental observations of subsurface ocean warming imply that ocean heat uptake has slowed 20th-century surface warming. We present high-resolution records from subpolar North Atlantic sediments that are consistent with instrumental observations of surface and deep warming/freshening and in addition reconstruct the surface-deep relation of the last 1200 years. Sites from \textasciitilde1300 meters and deeper suggest an \textasciitilde0.5 degrees celsius cooling across the Medieval Climate Anomaly to Little Ice Age transition that began \textasciitilde1350 {\textpm} 50 common era (CE), whereas surface records suggest asynchronous cooling onset spanning \textasciitilde600 years. These data suggest that ocean circulation integrates surface variability that is transmitted rapidly to depth by the Atlantic Meridional Ocean Circulation, implying that the ocean moderated Earth{\textquoteright}s surface temperature throughout the last millennium as it does today.},
	doi = {10.1126/science.adf1646},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf1646},
	author = {Lu, Wanyi and Oppo, Delia W. and Gebbie, Geoffrey and Thornalley, David J. R.}
}
@article {2972,
	title = {Comparing paleo-oxygenation proxies (benthic foraminiferal surface porosity, I/Ca, authigenic uranium) on modern sediments and the glacial Arabian Sea},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {331},
	year = {2022},
	month = {08/2022},
	pages = {69 - 85},
	abstract = {Oceanic oxygen reconstructions of the last glacial period are needed to understand the mechanisms of glacial deep ocean carbon storage and to validate climate model simulations. However, existing bottom-water oxygen (BWO) reconstructions are ambiguous due to limitations of each paleo-BWO proxy. Here we present data on three proxies for BWO: benthic foraminiferal surface porosity, benthic foraminiferal iodine/calcium (I/Ca), and authigenic uranium (aU), from globally distributed core-top samples, and we evaluate the potential advantages and limitations of these BWO proxies on global and regional scales. All three proxies are most sensitive to changes at relatively low BWO concentrations (<\~{}50 {\textmu}mol/kg). Data from globally-distributed core tops confirm that foraminiferal surface porosity is correlated with BWO between 0 and 100 {\textmu}mol/kg. Our analysis further confirms that benthic surface porosity is predominantly controlled directly by BWO rather than other potential functionalities of surface pores such as organic carbon uptake and respiratory CO2 release. Low benthic I/Ca can identify low BWO (<50 {\textmu}mol/kg), whereas higher benthic I/Ca values are not associated with specific BWO, possibly due to additional dependence of I/Ca on temperature, salinity, carbonate ion concentration, or water mass mixing at higher BWO. The relationship between aU and BWO is regionally dependent. In the Arabian Sea, variable aU enrichments occur only within the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ), driven by high export production and organic matter fluxes to the sediment. Finally, we combine foraminiferal surface porosity, I/Ca and aU to generate the first quantitative glacial-Holocene BWO reconstructions using a sediment core taken from within the modern Arabian Sea OMZ. All three proxies consistently suggest BWO < 50 μmol/kg in the shallow Arabian Sea during the last \~{}30 kyr, with relatively higher BWO during the glacial period than the Holocene. A comparison with the benthic carbon isotope gradient proxy (Δδ13C) confirms that Δδ13C over-estimates BWO in low-oxygen settings possibly due to sediment diagenesis impacts. Our study provides new insights on the merits and limitations of these BWO proxies and confirms the importance of multi-proxy reconstructions for more reliable paleo-BWO estimates.

},
	keywords = {13 Climate Action},
	isbn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2022.06.001},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703722002666},
	author = {Lu, Wanyi and Wang, Yi and Oppo, Delia W. and Nielsen, Sune G. and Costa, Kassandra M.}
}
@article {2973,
	title = {Late Holocene centennial to millennial-scale variability in lower trophic level productivity off southern Hokkaido, Japan, and its response to dissolved iron-replete Coastal Oyashio dynamics},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {107},
	year = {2022},
	month = {02/2022},
	pages = {27 - 42},
	abstract = {Little is known about the dynamics of marine food chains spanning primary to higher trophic levels on centennial and longer timescales, especially where the supply of dissolved iron limits primary productivity. To elucidate the long-term dynamics of biological productivity in the Coastal Oyashio (CO), which is a major pathway for transporting dissolved iron into the western North Pacific from winter to spring, we reconstructed the lower trophic level productivity over the last 3000 years in the CO. Our results demonstrate that the concentrations and mass accumulation rates of both Chl- a (chlorophyll a and its derivatives) and biogenic opal used as proxies of primary productivity, and steryl chlorin esters (SCEs) used as that of zooplankton productivity, show a millennial-scale increasing trend and centennial-scale variability beginning ca. AD 400. SCEs were positively correlated with Chl- a , indicating that changes in zooplankton productivity were induced by bottom-up control of primary productivity. The Chl- a and SCEs showed synchronous centennial-scale patterns with a relative abundance of sea-ice-associated diatom species transported by CO, and with a ventilation index in the Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water. This synchronous pattern indicates that lower trophic-level productivity during the spring bloom responded to the intensity of iron-replete CO.},
	doi = {10.1017/qua.2021.71},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/quaternary-research/article/late-holocene-centennial-to-millennialscale-variability-in-lower-trophic-level-productivity-off-southern-hokkaido-japan-and-its-response-to-dissolved-ironreplete-coastal-oyashio-dynamics/},
	author = {Kuwae, Michinobu and Tsugeki, Narumi and Finney, Bruce P. and Tani, Yukinori and Onodera, Jonaotaro and Kiyoto, Mako and Kusaka, Mitsukuni and Sagawa, Takuya and Nakamura, Yugo and Ohnishi, Hiroji and Kuroda, Hiroshi and Okuda, Noboru and Ohta, Tamihisa and Ikehara, Minoru and Irino, Tomohisa}
}
@article {2978,
	title = {Late Holocene Paleomagnetic Secular Variation in the Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2022},
	month = {05/2022},
	pages = {1-21},
	abstract = {The geomagnetic field behavior in polar regions remains poorly understood and documented. Although a number of Late Holocene paleomagnetic secular variation (PSV) records exist from marginal settings of the Amerasian Basin in the Arctic Ocean, their age control often relies on a handful of radiocarbon dates to constrain ages over the past 4,200 years. Here we present well-dated Late Holocene PSV records from two sediment cores recovered from the Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean. The records are dated using 26 14C measurements, with local marine reservoir corrections calibrated using tephra layers from the 3.6 cal ka BP Aniakchak eruption in Northern Alaska. These 14C-based chronologies are extended into the post-bomb era using caesium-137 dating, and mercury isochrons. Paleomagnetic measurements and rock magnetic analyses reveal stable characteristic remanent magnetization directions, and a magnetic mineralogy dominated by low-coercivity minerals. The PSV records conform well to global spherical harmonic field model outputs. Centennial to millennial scale directional features are synchronous between the cores and other Western Arctic records from the area. Due to the robust chronology, these new high-resolution PSV records provide a valuable contribution to the characterization of geomagnetic field behavior in the Arctic over the past few thousand years, and can aid in developing age models for suitable sediments found in this region.},
	doi = {10.1029/2021GC010187},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021GC010187},
	author = {West, Gabriel and Nilsson, Andreas and Geels, Alexis and Jakobsson, Martin and Moros, Matthias and Muschitiello, Francesco and Pearce, Christof and Snowball, Ian and O{\textquoteright}Regan, Matt}
}
@article {broek_optimization_2022,
	title = {Optimization of the LLNL/CAMS gas-accepting ion source and 1 MV compact AMS for natural abundance radiocarbon analysis of CO2},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {530},
	year = {2022},
	month = {11/2022},
	pages = {1{\textendash}7},
	abstract = {The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory {\textendash} Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (LLNL/CAMS) 1 MV AMS system was converted from a biomedical AMS instrument to a natural abundance 14C spectrometer. The system is equipped with a gas-accepting hybrid ion source capable of measuring both solid (graphite) and gaseous (CO2) samples. Here we describe a series of experiments intended to establish and optimize 14CO2 measurement capabilities at natural abundance levels. A maximum instantaneous ionization efficiency of 8~\% was achieved with 3~\% CO2 in helium at a flow rate of approximately 220~{\textmu}L/min (3.5~{\textmu}g C/min). For modern materials (e.g., OX I) we measured an average of 240~{\textpm}~50 14C counts/{\textmu}g C, equivalent to a total system efficiency of approximately 3~\%. Experimental CO2 samples with F14C values ranging from 0.20 to 1.05 measured as both graphite and directly as CO2 gas produced equivalent values with an average offset of~<~2σ.},
	keywords = {Accelerator mass spectrometry, CO, Gas-accepting ion source, radiocarbon},
	issn = {0168-583X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2022.08.012},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168583X22002178},
	author = {Broek, Taylor A. B. and Moreland, Kimber C. and Ognibene, Ted J. and McFarlane, Karis J. and Brown, Thomas A.}
}
@article {patrut_radiocarbon_2022,
	title = {Radiocarbon Investigation of the Historic African Baobabs of Omusati, Namibia},
	journal = {Forests},
	volume = {13},
	number = {11},
	year = {2022},
	month = {11/2022},
	pages = {1899},
	abstract = {The Omusati region belongs to historic Ovamboland, an area of northern Namibia populated by tribes of the Ovambo group. Four very large African baobabs of Omusati played an important role in historic events of the area, such as the tribal wars and the Namibian War of Independence. The four historic baobabs are the Ombalantu baobab (8 stems; circumference 24.50 m), Okahao baobab (4+ stems; around 25 m), Amadhila baobab (12 stems; 25.35 m) and Sir Howard baobab (9 stems; 31.60 m). Two historic baobabs collapsed totally or partially. The stems of the Amadhila baobab toppled and died in 2021, while 3 stems of the Okahao baobab collapsed a long time ago, but are still alive. Our research aimed to determine the architecture and age of these baobabs. Three baobabs (Ombalantu, Amadhila, Sir Howard) exhibit a closed ring-shaped structure, with a false cavity inside. One baobab (Okahao) had an open ring-shaped structure, before its collapse. Several wood cores were extracted from the baobabs and investigated by radiocarbon dating. The dating results indicate ages of 770 {\textpm} 50 years for the Ombalantu baobab, 650 {\textpm} 50 years for the Okahao baobab, 1100 {\textpm} 50 years for the Amadhila baobab and 750 {\textpm} 50 years for the Sir Howard baobab.},
	issn = {1999-4907},
	doi = {10.3390/f13111899},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/11/1899},
	author = {Patrut, Adrian and Patrut, Roxana T. and Rakosy, Laszlo and Rakosy, Demetra and Oliver, Willie and Ratiu, Ileana A. and Lowy, Daniel A. and Shiimbi, Gebhardt and Woodborne, Stephan and von Reden, Karl F.}
}
@article {2981,
	title = {Reconciling the apparent absence of a Last Glacial Maximum alpine glacial advance, Yukon Territory, Canada, through cosmogenic beryllium-10 and carbon-14 measurements},
	journal = {Geochronology},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2022},
	month = {05/2022},
	pages = {311 - 322},
	abstract = {We present a new in situ produced cosmogenic beryllium-10 and carbon-14 nuclide chronology from two sets (outer and inner) of alpine glacier moraines from the Grey Hunter massif of southern Yukon Territory, Canada. The chronology of moraines deposited by alpine glaciers outside the limits of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ice sheets potentially provides a less-ambiguous archive of mass balance, and hence climate, than can be inferred from the extents of ice sheets themselves. Results for both nuclides are inconclusive for the outer moraines, with evidence for pre-LGM deposition (beryllium-10) and Holocene deposition (carbon-14). Beryllium-10 results from the inner moraine are suggestive of canonical LGM deposition but with relatively high scatter. Conversely, in situ carbon-14 results from the inner moraines are tightly clustered and suggestive of terminal Younger Dryas deposition. We explore plausible scenarios leading to the observed differences between nuclides and find that the most parsimonious explanation for the outer moraines is that of pre-LGM deposition, but many of the sampled boulder surfaces were not exhumed from within the moraine until the Holocene. Our results thus imply that the inner and outer moraines sampled pre- and post-date the canonical LGM and that moraines dating to the LGM are lacking likely due to overriding by the subsequent Late Glacial/earliest Holocene advance.},
	doi = {10.5194/gchron-4-311-2022},
	url = {https://gchron.copernicus.org/articles/4/311/2022/},
	author = {Goehring, Brent M. and Menounos, Brian and Osborn, Gerald and Hawkins, Adam and Ward, Brent}
}
@article {3005,
	title = {Sediment Accumulation and Carbon Burial in Four Hadal Trench Systems},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
	volume = {n/a},
	year = {2022},
	note = {<p>e2022JG006814 2022JG006814</p>},
	month = {09/2022},
	pages = {e2022JG006814},
	abstract = {Hadal trenches are considered to act as depocenters for organic material, although pathways for the material transport and deposition rates are poorly constrained. Here we assess focusing, deposition and accumulation of material and organic carbon in four hadal trench systems underlying different surface ocean productivities; the eutrophic Atacama and Kuril-Kamchatka trenches, the mesotrophic Kermadec trench and the oligotrophic Mariana Trench. The study is based on the distributions of naturally occurring 210Pbex, 137Cs and total organic carbon from recovered sediment cores and by applying previously quantified benthic mineralization rates. Periods of steady deposition and discreet mass-wasting deposits were identified from the profiles and the latter were associated with historic recorded seismic events in the respective regions. During periods without mass wasting, the estimated focusing factors along trench axes were elevated, suggesting more or less continuous downslope focusing of material towards the interior of the trenches. The estimated organic carbon deposition rates during these periods exhibited extensive site-specific variability, but were generally similar to values encountered at much shallower settings such as continental slopes and margins. Organic carbon deposition rates during periods of steady deposition were not mirrored by surface ocean productivity, but appeared confounded by local bathymetry. The inclusion of deposition mediated by mass-wasting events enhanced the sediment and organic carbon accumulations for the past \~{}150 years by up to a factor of \~{}4. Thus, due to intensified downslope material focusing and infrequent mass-wasting events, hadal trenches are important sites for deposition and sequestration of organic carbon in the deep sea.},
	keywords = {focusing factor, Hadal trench, mass accumulation rate, mass-wasting event, organic carbon deposition rate, radionuclides},
	isbn = {2169-8961},
	doi = {10.1029/2022JG006814},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2022JG006814},
	author = {Oguri, Kazumasa and Masqu{\'e}, Pere and Zabel, Matthias and Stewart, Heather A. and MacKinnon, Gillian and Rowden, Ashley A. and Berg, Peter and Wenzh{\"o}fer, Frank and Glud, Ronnie N.}
}
@article {puleo_younger_2022,
	title = {Younger Dryas and early Holocene climate in south Greenland inferred from oxygen isotopes of chironomids, aquatic Moss, and Moss cellulose},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {296},
	year = {2022},
	month = {11/2022},
	pages = {107810},
	abstract = {Ice core records have long indicated that the Younger Dryas began and ended with large, abrupt climate shifts over Greenland. Key climatic features remain unknown, including the magnitude of warming during the Younger Dryas-Holocene transition along with the seasonality and spatial variability of Younger Dryas climate changes across Greenland. Here, we use geochemical and paleoecological proxies from lake sediments at Lake N14 in south Greenland to address these outstanding questions. Radiocarbon dating and diatom assemblages confirm early deglaciation and isolation of Lake N14 before \~{}13,600~cal~yr BP, consistent with previous work. Oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) of chironomid head capsules, bulk aquatic moss, and aquatic moss-derived cellulose are used to reconstruct oxygen isotopes of past lake water and annual precipitation. Oxygen isotope proxies indicate annual precipitation δ18O values increased by 5.9{\textendash}7.7{\textperthousand} at the end of the Younger Dryas. Following the Younger Dryas, moss and cellulose δ18O values show a clear decline in precipitation δ18O values of 2{\textendash}3{\textperthousand} from \~{}11,540{\textendash}11,340~cal~yr BP that may correspond with the Preboreal Oscillation. Reconstructed precipitation δ18O values then gradually increased from 11,300{\textendash}10,100~cal~yr BP. All three aquatic organic materials register similar shifts in precipitation δ18O values over time, and they closely parallel the δ18O shifts observed in ice cores. This evidence strongly supports the utility of these methods for reconstructing lake water δ18O, and furthermore precipitation δ18O values where lake water reflects precipitation. The relatively large shift in isotopic composition of precipitation at Lake N14 suggests that shifts in temperature, precipitation seasonality, and/or moisture sources at the end of the Younger Dryas were even larger in south Greenland than they were in central Greenland, most likely because of the proximity to major changes in North Atlantic Ocean circulation. The annual air temperature change estimated at Lake N14 at the end of the Younger Dryas is also very large (\~{}18~{\textpm}~7~{\textdegree}C) compared to the summer warming previously inferred from chironomid species assemblages there (\~{}6~{\textdegree}C). This indicates that the strongest warming at the end of the Younger Dryas occurred in the winter season, consistent with past observations of intensified Younger Dryas seasonality at Lake N14 and elsewhere in Greenland.},
	keywords = {Chironomids, Deglaciation, diatoms, Greenland, Holocene, Micropaleontology, paleoclimatology, paleolimnology, Stable isotopes, Younger Dryas},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107810},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379122004413},
	author = {Puleo, Peter J. K. and Masterson, Andrew L. and Medeiros, Andrew S. and Schellinger, Grace and Steigleder, Regan and Woodroffe, Sarah and Osburn, Magdalena R. and Axford, Yarrow}
}
@article {bennett_evidence_2021,
	title = {Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {373},
	number = {6562},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	month = {09/2021},
	pages = {1528{\textendash}1531},
	abstract = {Archaeologists and researchers in allied fields have long sought to understand human colonization of North America. Questions remain about when and how people migrated, where they originated, and how their arrival affected the established fauna and landscape. Here, we present evidence from excavated surfaces in White Sands National Park (New Mexico, United States), where multiple in situ human footprints are stratigraphically constrained and bracketed by seed layers that yield calibrated radiocarbon ages between \textasciitilde23 and 21 thousand years ago. These findings confirm the presence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum, adding evidence to the antiquity of human colonization of the Americas and providing a temporal range extension for the coexistence of early inhabitants and Pleistocene megafauna.},
	doi = {10.1126/science.abg7586},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.abg7586},
	author = {Bennett, Matthew R. and Bustos, David and Pigati, Jeffrey S. and Springer, Kathleen B. and Urban, Thomas M. and Holliday, Vance T. and Reynolds, Sally C. and Budka, Marcin and Honke, Jeffrey S. and Hudson, Adam M. and Fenerty, Brendan and Connelly, Clare and Martinez, Patrick J. and Santucci, Vincent L. and Odess, Daniel}
}
@article {2860,
	title = {High dissolved organic radiocarbon in precipitation during winter and its implication on the carbon cycle},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	volume = {742},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jan-11-2020},
	pages = {140246},
	abstract = {Radiocarbon (14C) analysis is a powerful tool for tracing carbon in the global carbon cycle. Precipitation is a component of the global carbon cycle through which dissolved organic carbon (DOC) enters terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems from the atmosphere. In previous studies, the Δ14C of DOC in rain or snow was negative indicating an input of relatively old organic carbon including fossil fuels, with only a few positive values up to +108{\textperthousand} showing the signal of recent photosynthesis. However, here we report surprisingly high Δ14C-DOC in bulk precipitation, more than 1000{\textperthousand} in Seoul, South Korea, especially when the Northwesterly wind blows during winter. In contrast, Δ14C of particulate organic carbon (POC) in bulk precipitation was negative, indicating that the sources of POC and DOC were different. Although the sources of the high Δ14C-DOC are not clear and future studies on them are required, the relatively high Δ14C-DOC in a nearby headwater stream suggests that precipitation DOC has the potential to affect the local carbon cycle, and that stream DOC derived from terrestrial ecosystems could be older than previously thought. The analysis of Δ14C-DOC of precipitation in many other locations is necessary to understand how long carbon stays in terrestrial ecosystems.},
	issn = {00489697},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140246},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969720337670},
	author = {Cha, Ji-Yeon and Lee, Seung-Cheol and Lee, Eun-Ju and Go, Minjung and Dasari, Kishore Babu and Yim, Yong-Hyeon and Oh, Neung-Hwan}
}
@article {2749,
	title = {Holocene earthquake history and slip rate of the southern Teton fault, Wyoming, USAAbstract},
	journal = {GSA Bulletin},
	volume = {132},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jan-07-2020},
	pages = {1566 - 1586},
	abstract = {The 72-km-long Teton normal fault bounds the eastern base of the Teton Range in northwestern Wyoming, USA. Although geomorphic surfaces along the fault record latest Pleistocene to Holocene fault movement, the postglacial earthquake history of the fault has remained enigmatic. We excavated a paleoseismic trench at the Buffalo Bowl site along the southernmost part of the fault to determine its Holocene rupture history and slip rate. At the site, \~{}6.3 m of displacement postdates an early Holocene (ca. 10.5 ka) alluvial-fan surface. We document evidence of three surface-faulting earthquakes based on packages of scarp-derived colluvium that postdate the alluvial-fan units. Bayesian modeling of radiocarbon and luminescence ages yields earthquake times of ca. 9.9 ka, ca. 7.1 ka, and ca. 4.6 ka, forming the longest, most complete paleoseismic record of the Teton fault. We integrate these data with a displaced deglacial surface 4 km NE at Granite Canyon to calculate a postglacial to mid-Holocene (14.4{\textendash}4.6 ka) slip rate of \~{}1.1 mm/yr. Our analysis also suggests that the postglacial to early Holocene (14.4{\textendash}9.9 ka) slip rate exceeds the Holocene (9.9{\textendash}4.6 ka) rate by a factor of \~{}2 (maximum of 3); however, a uniform rate for the fault is possible considering the 95\% slip-rate errors. The \~{}5 k.y. elapsed time since the last rupture of the southernmost Teton fault implies a current slip deficit of \~{}4{\textendash}5 m, which is possibly explained by spatially/temporally incomplete paleoseismic data, irregular earthquake recurrence, and/or variable per-event displacement. Our study emphasizes the importance of minimizing slip-rate uncertainties by integrating paleoseismic and geomorphic data sets and capturing multiple earthquake cycles.},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/B35363.110.1130/2020020},
	url = {https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article/132/7-8/1566/575767/Holocene-earthquake-history-and-slip-rate-of-the},
	author = {DuRoss, Christopher B. and Gold, Ryan D. and Briggs, Richard W. and Delano, Jaime E. and Ostenaa, Dean A. and Zellman, Mark S. and Cholewinski, Nicole and Wittke, Seth J. and Mahan, Shannon A.}
}
@article {2830,
	title = {The Hooskanaden Landslide: historic and recent surge behavior of an active earthflow on the Oregon Coast},
	journal = {Landslides},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jan-06-2022},
	abstract = {This paper presents an analysis of the Hooskanaden Landslide, an earthflow, which experienced a dramatic surge event beginning on February 24, 2019, closing US Highway 101 near mile point 343.5 for nearly 2 weeks. This ~ 1 km long surge event resulted in horizontal displacements of up to 45 m and uplift of 6 m at the toe located on a gravel beach adjacent to the Pacific Ocean. The Hooskanaden Landslide, likely active since the eighteenth century, exhibits regular activity with a recurrence interval of major surge events of approximately every 20 years, transitioning from slow to relatively rapid velocities. During the 2019 event, maximum displacement rates of approximately 60 cm/h were observed, slowly decreasing to 15 cm/h for a sustained period of approximately 2 weeks before the eventual return to baseline conditions (< 0.02 cm/h).},
	issn = {1612-510X},
	doi = {10.1007/s10346-020-01466-8},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10346-020-01466-8},
	author = {Alberti, Stefano and Senogles, Andrew and Kingen, Kara and Booth, Adam and Castro, Pete and DeKoekkoek, Jill and Glover-Cutter, Kira and Mohney, Curran and Olsen, Michael and Leshchinsky, Ben}
}
@article {2690,
	title = {Late glacial and Holocene paleoenvironments in the midcontinent United States, inferred from Geneva Lake leaf wax, ostracode valve, and bulk sediment chemistry},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {241},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jan-08-2020},
	pages = {106384},
	abstract = {Geneva Lake in Wisconsin, USA, is > 20,000 years old and contains a 30-m thick lacustrine sediment record of mid-continent North American climate and environmental change. Here we describe a sediment record from Geneva Lake spanning the past 14,500 years. From scanning X-ray fluorescence, organic C and N concentrations and isotopes, X-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility, and grain size of bulk sediments, we infer changes in sediment sources over time including: abrupt decline in inputs of remobilized loess \~{}13,400 cal yr BP followed by a gradual transition to organic-rich marl deposition by \~{}10,400 cal yr BP as the landscape stabilized following a period of permafrost thaw and vegetation development; deposition of a minerogenic unit at \~{}8,200 cal yr BP that may record enhanced eolian activity during the widespread {\textquotedblleft}8.2 ka event; {\textquotedblright} and elevated zinc, lead, and arsenic from human activities following regional industrialization. Within the Holocene marl, we also use isotopic (δ18O and δ13C) and trace metal ratio (Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca) analyses of ostracode valves paired with concentrations and hydrogen isotopic composition (δ2H) of leaf wax n-alkanes to infer climate and hydrological change. Groundwater had a large but declining influence on lake water chemistry from 11,800 to 9,700 cal yr BP, precluding inferences of regional climate from our lacustrine proxies during this period. δ2H values of terrestrial n-C29 alkanes show little variability from 9,700 to present, indicating the average isotopic composition of local precipitation was relatively stable, reflecting stable condensation temperatures and source. In contrast, a gradual trend towards more δ18O- and δ2H-depleted lake water and lower lake water Sr/Ca from 9700 cal yr BP to present suggest decreasing evaporation of lake water and increasing precipitation amounts throughout the Holocene and resulting shorter lake water residence times. Lake water Mg/Ca variations over the past 9,700 years broadly parallel regional pollen-based reconstructions of summer temperatures. Neither Mg/Ca nor terrestrial leaf wax δ2H suggest long-term directional shifts in temperature at this site through the middle to late Holocene, as climate became wetter. It appears that precipitation isotopes did not track local temperatures on millennial timescales in this part of mid-continent North America through the Holocene, and instead may have covaried with changes in Northern Hemisphere latitudinal temperature gradients driven by large Arctic temperature changes.},
	keywords = {Holocene, Inorganic geochemistry, Loess, North America, Organic geochemistry, paleoclimatology, paleolimnology, Pleistocene, sedimentology, Stable isotopes},
	issn = {02773791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106384},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379120303462},
	author = {Puleo, Peter J.K. and Axford, Yarrow and McFarlin, Jamie M. and Curry, B. Brandon and Barklage, Mitchell and Osburn, Magdalena R.}
}
@article {2848,
	title = {A new 30,000-year chronology for rapidly deposited sediments on the Lomonosov Ridge using bulk radiocarbon dating and probabilistic stratigraphic alignment},
	journal = {Geochronology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jan-01-2020},
	pages = {81 - 91},
	abstract = {We present a new marine chronostratigraphy from a high-accumulation rate Arctic Ocean core at the intersection of the Lomonosov Ridge and the Siberian margin, spanning the last \~{} 30 kyr. The chronology was derived using a combination of bulk 14C dating and stratigraphic correlation to Greenland ice-core records. This was achieved by applying an appositely developed Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for Bayesian probabilistic alignment of proxy records. The algorithm simulates depositionally realistic alignments that are consistent with the available radiocarbon age estimates and allows deriving uncertainty bands associated with the inferred alignment. Current composite chronologies from this region are reasonably consistent with our age model during the Holocene and the later part of deglaciation. However, prior to \~{} 14 kyr BP they yield too old age estimates with offsets that linearly increase up to \~{} 40 kyr near the onset of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2. Our results challenge the robustness of previous regional chronostratigraphies and provide a new stratotype for correlation of sediment cores from this sector of the Lomonosov Ridge and East Siberian slope. In particular, they call for a re-interpretation of events in recent sea-ice proxy reconstructions (Xiao et al., 2015) inaccurately attributed to MIS 3 and the Last Glacial Maximum.},
	doi = {10.5194/gchron-2-81-2020},
	url = {https://gchron.copernicus.org/articles/2/81/2020/},
	author = {Muschitiello, Francesco and O{\textquoteright}Regan, Matt and Martens, Jannik and West, Gabriel and Gustafsson, {\"O}rjan and Jakobsson, Martin}
}
@article {2832,
	title = {Permafrost Hydrology Drives the Assimilation of Old Carbon by Stream Food Webs in the Arctic},
	journal = {Ecosystems},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jan-03-2020},
	pages = {435 - 453},
	abstract = {Permafrost thaw in the Arctic is mobilizing old carbon (C) from soils to aquatic ecosystems and the atmosphere. Little is known, however, about the assimilation of old C by aquatic food webs in Arctic watersheds. Here, we used C isotopes (δ13C, Δ14C) to quantify C assimilation by biota across 12 streams in arctic Alaska. Streams spanned watersheds with varying permafrost hydrology, from ice-poor bedrock to ice-rich loess (that is, yedoma). We measured isotopic content of (1) C sources including dissolved organic C (DOC), dissolved inorganic C (DIC), and soil C, and (2) stream biota, including benthic biofilm and macroinvertebrates, and resident fish species (Arctic Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma)). Findings document the assimilation of old C by stream biota, with depleted Δ14C values observed at multiple trophic levels, including benthic biofilm (14C ages = 5255 to 265 years before present (y BP)), macroinvertebrates (4490 y BP to modern), and fish (3195 y BP to modern). Mixing model results indicate that DOC and DIC contribute to benthic biofilm composition, with relative contributions differing across streams draining ice-poor and ice-rich terrain. DOC originates primarily from old terrestrial C sources, including deep peat horizons (39{\textendash}47\%; 530 y BP) and near-surface permafrost (12{\textendash}19\%; 5490 y BP). DOC also accounts for approximately half of fish isotopic composition. Analyses suggest that as the contribution of old C to fish increases, fish growth and nutritional status decline. We anticipate increases in old DOC delivery to streams under projected warming, which may further alter food web function in Arctic watersheds.},
	issn = {1432-9840},
	doi = {10.1007/s10021-019-00413-6},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs10021-019-00413-6},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Jonathan A. and Carey, Michael P. and Koch, Joshua C. and Xu, Xiaomei and Poulin, Brett A. and Walker, Jennifer and Zimmerman, Christian E.}
}
@article {2677,
	title = {Coupled ocean and atmospheric changes during Greenland stadial 1 in southwestern Europe},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {212},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-05-2019},
	pages = {108 - 120},
	abstract = {Paleoclimate reconstructions suggest that the complex variability within the Greenland stadial 1 (GS-1) over western Europe was governed by coupled ocean and atmospheric changes. However, few works from the North Atlantic mid-latitudes document both the GS-1 onset and its termination, which are often considered as single abrupt transition events. Here, we present a direct comparison between marine (alkenone-based sea surface temperatures) and terrestrial (pollen) data, at very high resolution (28 years mean), from the southwestern Iberian shelf record D13882. Our results reveal a rather complex climatic period with internally changing conditions. The GS-1 onset (GS-1a: 12890-12720 yr BP) is marked by a progressive cooling and drying; GS-1b (12720-12390 yr BP) is the coldest and driest phase; GS-1c (12390-12030 yr BP) is marked by a progressive warming and increase in moisture conditions; GS-1 termination (GS-1d: 12030-11770 yr BP) is marked by rapid switches between cool wet, cold dry and cool wet conditions. Although hydroclimate response was very unsteady throughout the GS-1 and in particular during its termination phase, the persistence of an open temperate and Mediterranean forest in southwestern Iberia during the entire episode suggests that at least some moisture was delivered via the Westerlies. We propose coupled ocean and atmospheric mechanisms to reproduce these scenaria. Changes in the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) as well as variations in the North Atlantic sea-ice growth have favoured the displacement of the polar jet stream{\textquoteright}s latitudinal position and contributed to a complex spatial pattern and strength of the Westerlies across western Europe.},
	keywords = {Climate variability, Greenland stadial, Iberian margin, Jet stream, Moisture availability, North Atlantic, Paleoclimate, Westerlies, Younger Dryas Complex},
	issn = {02773791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.033},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332292599_Coupled_ocean_and_atmospheric_changes_during_Greenland_stadial_1_in_southwestern_Europe},
	author = {Naughton, F. and Costas, S. and Gomes, S.D. and Desprat, S. and Rodrigues, T. and Sanchez Go{\~n}i, M.F. and Renssen, H. and Trigo, R. and Bronk-Ramsey, C. and Oliveira, D. and Salgueiro, E. and Voelker, A.H.L. and Abrantes, F.}
}
@article {2825,
	title = {Glacial{\textendash}interglacial Nd isotope variability of North Atlantic Deep Water modulated by North American ice sheet},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-12-2019},
	abstract = {The Nd isotope composition of seawater has been used to reconstruct past changes in the contribution of different water masses to the deep ocean. In the absence of contrary information, the Nd isotope compositions of endmember water masses are usually assumed constant during the Quaternary. Here we show that the Nd isotope composition of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), a major component of the global overturning ocean circulation, was significantly more radiogenic than modern during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and shifted towards modern values during the deglaciation. We propose that weathering contributions of unradiogenic Nd modulated by the North American Ice Sheet dominated the evolution of the NADW Nd isotope endmember. If water mass mixing dominated the distribution of deep glacial Atlantic Nd isotopes, our results would imply a larger fraction of NADW in the deep Atlantic during the LGM and deglaciation than reconstructed with a constant northern endmember.},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-13707-z},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13707-z},
	author = {Zhao, Ning and Oppo, Delia W. and Huang, Kuo-Fang and Howe, Jacob N. W. and Blusztajn, Jerzy and Keigwin, Lloyd D.}
}
@article { ISI:000474318200011,
	title = {Holocene temperature history of northwest Greenland - With new ice cap constraints and chironomid assemblages from Deltaso},
	journal = {QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS},
	volume = {215},
	year = {2019},
	month = {JUL 1},
	pages = {160-172},
	abstract = {Arctic temperature shifts drive changes in carbon cycling, sea ice extent and Greenland Ice Sheet mass balance, all of which have global ramifications. Paleoclimate data from past warm periods provide a unique means for assessing the sensitivity of these systems to warming climate, but the magnitude and timing of past temperature changes in many parts of the Arctic are poorly known. Here we assess orbital scale Holocene temperature change in northwest Greenland near the margin of the ice sheet using subfossil insect assemblages from lake Deltaso. Based upon sedimentation history in this currently proglacial lake, we also place constraints on Holocene extents of the adjacent North Ice Cap, a large independent ice cap. Reconstructed summer temperatures were warmer than present at the onset of lacustrine sedimentation following regional deglaciation by the Greenland Ice Sheet, sometime between 10.8 and 10.1 ka BP. Deltaso experienced the warmest summer temperatures of the Holocene between similar to 10 and 6.2 ka BP, followed by progressive cooling that continued through the late Holocene as summer insolation declined, culminating in the lowest temperatures during the pre-industrial last millennium. Deltaso chironomids indicate peak early Holocene summer temperatures at least 2.5-3 degrees C warmer than modern and at least 3.5-4 degrees C warmer than the pre-industrial last millennium. We infer based upon lake sediment organic and biogenic content that in response to declining temperatures, North Ice Cap reached its present-day size similar to 1850 AD, having been smaller than present through most of the preceding Holocene. Our synthesis of paleoclimate evidence from northwest Greenland, Ellesmere Island and northern Baffin Bay supports the timing of temperature trends inferred at Deltaso, and suggests that quantitative temperature reconstructions from Deltas(?) may represent a minimum bound on regional early Holocene warming. Collectively, records from the region indicate >4 degrees C summer cooling through the Holocene. Intense early Holocene warmth around northwest Greenland argues against delayed onset of warmer than -present conditions due to the influence of the nearby waning Laurentide Ice Sheet, and has implications for understanding the Greenland Ice Sheet{\textquoteright}s sensitivity to climate change. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.05.011},
	author = {Axford, Y. and Lasher, G. E. and Kelly, M. A. and Osterberg, E. C. and Landis, J. and Schellinger, G. C. and Pfeiffer, A. and Thompson, E. and Francis, D. R.}
}
@book {2719,
	title = {Mapping Isotopic and Dissolved Organic Matter Baselines in Waters and Sediments of the~Gulf of Mexico},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {160 - 181},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	address = {Cham},
	abstract = {The Deepwater Horizon oil spill released petroleum hydrocarbons that were depleted in δ13C and Δ14C at depth into the Gulf of Mexico. Stable-carbon and radiocarbon isotopic values and high-resolution mass spectrometry were used to follow the distributions of this petroleum and to track its transformation into petrocarbon, a term used to describe crude oil or transformed crude oil following biodegradation, weathering, oxygenation, or loss of lighter components. The term petrocarbon includes oil- or methane-derived carbon assimilated or incorporated into microbial biomass or into the food web as well as degraded and undegraded petroleum constituents. Here we report (1) the increase in the relative abundance of oxygen-containing carbon compounds making up the dissolved organic matter (DOM) with increasing depth through the water column, indicating the biodegradation of DOM as it was transported to depth in the water column, (2) the finding of 14C depletion in DOM indicating petrocarbon inputs, and (3) the decrease and subsequent increase of 14C in the isotopic composition of sinking particles indicating the capture of petrocarbon in sediment traps. In addition, we discuss the 14C depletion of this material once it is sedimented to the seafloor and the implications for oil spill budgets of seafloor petrocarbon deposition.},
	keywords = {Dissolved organic matter, FTICR-MS, Gulf baselines, High-resolution mass spectrometry, organic carbon, radiocarbon, Ramped pyrolysis, Sediment organic matter},
	isbn = {978-3-030-12962-0},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-12963-710.1007/978-3-030-12963-7_10},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-12963-7_10},
	author = {Chanton, Jeffrey P. and Jaggi, Aprami and Radovi{\'c}, Jago{\v s} R. and Rosenheim, Brad E. and Walker, Brett D. and Larter, Stephen R. and Rogers, Kelsey and Bosman, Samantha and Oldenburg, Thomas B. P.},
	editor = {Murawski, Steven A. and Ainsworth, Cameron H. and Gilbert, Sherryl and Hollander, David J. and Paris, Claire B. and Schl{\"u}ter, Michael and Wetzel, Dana L.}
}
@article {2680,
	title = {Reconstructing reef fish communities using fish otoliths in coral reef sediments},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Feb-06-2020},
	pages = {e0218413},
	abstract = {Little is known about long-term changes in coral reef fish communities. Here we present a new technique that leverages fish otoliths in reef sediments to reconstruct coral reef fish communities. We found over 5,400 otoliths in 169 modern and mid-Holocene bulk samples from Caribbean Panama and Dominican Republic mid-Holocene and modern reefs, demonstrating otoliths are abundant in reef sediments. With a specially-built reference collection, we were able to assign over 4,400 otoliths to one of 56 taxa (35 families) though mostly at genus and family level. Many otoliths were from juvenile fishes for which identification is challenging. Richness (by rarefaction) of otolith assemblages was slightly higher in modern than mid-Holocene reefs, but further analyses are required to elucidate the underlying causes. We compared the living fish communities, sampled using icthyocide, with the sediment otolith assemblages on four reefs finding the otolith assemblages faithfully capture the general composition of the living fish communities. Radiocarbon dating performed directly on the otoliths suggests that relatively little mixing of sediment layers particularly on actively accreting branching coral reefs. All otolith assemblages were strongly dominated by small, fast-turnover fish taxa and juvenile individuals, and our exploration on taxonomy, functional ecology and taphonomy lead us to the conclusion that intense predation is likely the most important process for otolith accumulation in reef sediments. We conclude that otolith assemblages in modern and fossil reef sediments can provide a powerful tool to explore ecological changes in reef fish communities over time and space.},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0218413},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218413},
	author = {Lin, Chien-Hsiang and De Gracia, Brigida and Pierotti, Michele E. R. and Andrews, Allen H. and Griswold, Katie and O{\textquoteright}Dea, Aaron},
	editor = {Zapalski, Miko{\l}aj K.}
}
@article {2628,
	title = {Temporal deconvolution of vascular plant-derived fatty acids exported from terrestrial watersheds},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {244},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-01-2019},
	pages = {502 - 521},
	abstract = {Relatively little is known about the amount of time that lapses between the photosynthetic fixation of carbon by vascular land plants and its incorporation into the marine sedimentary record, yet the dynamics of terrestrial carbon sequestration have important implications for the carbon cycle. Vascular plant carbon may encounter multiple potential intermediate storage pools and transport trajectories, and the age of vascular plant carbon accumulating in marine sediments will reflect these different pre-depositional histories. Here, we examine down-core C-14 profiles of higher plant leaf wax-derived fatty acids isolated from high fidelity sedimentary sequences spanning the so-called "bomb-spike", and encompassing a ca. 60-degree latitudinal gradient from tropical (Cariaco Basin), temperate (Saanich Inlet), and polar (Mackenzie Delta) watersheds to constrain integrated vascular plant carbon storage/transport times ("residence times").

Using a modeling framework, we find that, in addition to a "young" (conditionally defined as < 50 y) carbon pool, an old pool of compounds comprises 49 to 78 \% of the fractional contribution of organic carbon (OC) and exhibits variable ages reflective of the environmental setting. For the Mackenzie Delta sediments, we find a mean age of the old pool of 28 ky (+/- 9.4, standard deviation), indicating extensive pre-aging in permafrost soils, whereas the old pools in Saanich Inlet and Cariaco Basin sediments are younger, 7.9 (+/- 5.0) and 2.4 (+/- 0.50) to 3.2 (+/- 0.54) ky, respectively, indicating less protracted storage in terrestrial reservoirs. The "young" pool showed clear annual contributions for Saanich Inlet and Mackenzie Delta sediments (comprising 24\% and 16\% of this pool, respectively), likely reflecting episodic transport of OC from steep hillside slopes surrounding Saanich Inlet and annual spring flood deposition in the Mackenzie Delta, respectively. Contributions of 5-10 year old OC to the Cariaco Basin show a short delay of OC inflow, potentially related to transport time to the offshore basin. Modeling results also indicate that the Mackenzie Delta has an influx of young but decadal material (20-30 years of age), pointing to the presence of an intermediate reservoir.

Overall, these results show that a significant fraction of vascular plant C undergoes pre-aging in terrestrial reservoirs prior to accumulation in deltaic and marine sediments. The age distribution, reflecting both storage and transport times, likely depends on landscape-specific factors such as local topography, hydrographic characteristics, and mean annual temperature of the catchment, all of which affect the degree of soil buildup and preservation. We show that catchment-specific carbon residence times across landscapes can vary by an order of magnitude, with important implications both for carbon cycle studies and for the interpretation of molecular terrestrial paleoclimate records preserved in sedimentary sequences.},
	keywords = {british-columbia, CARIACO BASIN, compound-specific radiocarbon, MACKENZIE DELTA, marine-sediments, odp leg 169s, saanich inlet, SANTA-MONICA BASIN, SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER, TROPICAL VEGETATION},
	issn = {00167037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2018.09.034},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016703718305702https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0016703718305702?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0016703718305702?httpAccept=text/plain},
	author = {Vonk, Jorien E. and Drenzek, Nicholas J. and Hughen, Konrad A. and Stanley, Rachel H.R. and McIntyre, Cameron and {\c c}on, Daniel B. and Giosan, Liviu and Southon, John R. and Santos, Guaciara M. and Druffel, Ellen R.M. and Andersson, August A. and {\"o}ld, Martin and Eglinton, Timothy I.}
}
@article {2993,
	title = {Timescales of water-quality change in a karst aquifer, south-central Texas},
	journal = {Journal of Hydrology X},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {100041},
	abstract = {Understanding the drivers and timescales over which groundwater quality changes informs groundwater management, use, and protection. To better understand timescales of water-quality change over short (daily to monthly) and long (seasonal to decadal) timescales, the U.S. Geological Survey{\textquoteright}s National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Enhanced Trends Network (ETN) program instrumented and sampled three wells in the Edwards aquifer in south-central Texas. The wells were instrumented to provide high-frequency continuous (subhourly) water-quality data (temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen), which were augmented by the collection of discrete samples (about 6 per year) for a range of geochemical constituents (including selected isotopes and age tracers). ETN data (2013{\textendash}2017) are considered with data from additional sites for the same time period, and also historical records (over more than 80 years) of climatic and hydrologic conditions. During the four-year study, hydrologic conditions transitioned from very dry to very wet. Sites in the updip/unconfined part of the aquifer showed notable changes in water level and geochemistry (1) in response to rainfall/recharge events, and (2) over the multiyear dry/wet cycle. Sites in the downdip/confined part of the aquifer showed changes in water level/spring discharge over similar timescales, although the response is more muted. Geochemistry at the downdip/confined sites, however, varied slowly and minimally, indicating that the geochemical response of the deeper aquifer is decoupled from recent hydrologic responses. Changes at the updip/unconfined sites reflect mixing with recent recharge, whereas the downdip/confined sites were dominated by mineral-solution reactions resulting from longer (decadal) residence times. Mean groundwater ages interpreted from measured age tracers and lumped parameter models range from 7 to >700 years (where mixed with premodern downdip water) but were mostly modern. The aquifer is characterized by updip-to-downdip trends in geochemistry with respect to water-rock interaction and groundwater age. Fourier spectral analysis of historical records indicate hydrologic variability has occurred at dominant periods of 30 and 15 years; in conjunction with age tracers, these results provide insight into timescales at which the aquifer{\textquoteright}s public supply is vulnerable to changes in the water quality of recharge.},
	keywords = {Edwards aquifer, Groundwater age, Karst, Trends, Water quality},
	isbn = {2589-9155},
	doi = {10.1016/j.hydroa.2019.100041},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589915519300252},
	author = {Musgrove, M. and Solder, J. E. and Opsahl, S. P. and Wilson, J. T.}
}
@article {2864,
	title = {Active Ooid Growth Driven By Sediment Transport in a High-Energy Shoal, Little Ambergris Cay, Turks and Caicos Islands},
	journal = {Journal of Sedimentary Research},
	volume = {88},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jun-09-2020},
	pages = {1132 - 1151},
	abstract = {Ooids are a common component of carbonate successions of all ages and present significant potential as paleoenvironmental proxies, if the mechanisms that control their formation and growth can be understood quantitatively. There are a number of hypotheses about the controls on ooid growth, each offering different ideas on where and how ooids accrete and what role, if any, sediment transport and abrasion might play. These hypotheses have not been well tested in the field, largely due to the inherent challenges of tracking individual grains over long timescales. This study presents a detailed field test of ooid-growth hypotheses on Little Ambergris Cay in the Turks and Caicos Islands, British Overseas Territories. This field site is characterized by westward net sediment transport from waves driven by persistent easterly trade winds. This configuration makes it possible to track changes in ooid properties along their transport path as a proxy for changes in time. Ooid size, shape, and radiocarbon age were compared along this path to determine in which environments ooids are growing or abrading. Ooid surface textures, petrographic fabrics, stable-isotope compositions (δ13C, δ18O, and δ34S), lipid geochemistry, and genetic data were compared to characterize mechanisms of precipitation and degradation and to determine the relative contributions of abiotic (e.g., abiotic precipitation, physical abrasion) and biologically influenced processes (e.g., biologically mediated precipitation, fabric destruction through microbial microboring and micritization) to grain size and character. A convergence of evidence shows that active ooid growth occurs along the transport path in a high-energy shoal environment characterized by frequent suspended-load transport: median ooid size increases by more than 100 μm and bulk radiocarbon ages decrease by 360 yr westward along the \~{} 20 km length of the shoal crest. Lipid and 16S rRNA data highlight a spatial disconnect between the environments with the most extensive biofilm colonization and environments with active ooid growth. Stable-isotope compositions are indistinguishable among samples, and are consistent with abiotic precipitation of aragonite from seawater. Westward increases in ooid sphericity and the abundance of well-polished ooids illustrate that ooids experience subequal amounts of growth and abrasion{\textemdash}in favor of net growth{\textemdash}as they are transported along the shoal crest. Overall, these results demonstrate that, in the Ambergris system, the mechanism of ooid growth is dominantly abiotic and the loci of ooid growth is determined by both carbonate saturation and sediment transport mode. Microbes play a largely destructive, rather than constructive, role in ooid size and fabric.},
	issn = {1527-1404},
	doi = {10.2110/jsr.2018.59},
	url = {https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sepm/jsedres/article/88/9/1132/559083/Active-Ooid-Growth-Driven-By-Sediment-Transport-in},
	author = {Trower, Elizabeth J. and Cantine, Marjorie D. and Gomes, Maya L. and Grotzinger, John P. and Knoll, Andrew H. and Lamb, Michael P. and Lingappa, Usha and O{\textquoteright}Reilly, Shane S. and Present, Theodore M. and Stein, Nathan and Strauss, Justin V. and Fischer, Woodward W.}
}
@article {2755,
	title = {Climatic control of Mississippi River flood hazard amplified by river engineering},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {556},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-04-2018},
	pages = {95 - 98},
	abstract = {Over the past century, many of the world{\textquoteright}s major rivers have been modified for the purposes of flood mitigation, power generation and commercial navigation1. Engineering modifications to the Mississippi River system have altered the river{\textquoteright}s sediment levels and channel morphology2, but the influence of these modifications on flood hazard is debated3,4,5. Detecting and attributing changes in river discharge is challenging because instrumental streamflow records are often too short to evaluate the range of natural hydrological variability before the establishment of flood mitigation infrastructure. Here we show that multi-decadal trends of flood hazard on the lower Mississippi River are strongly modulated by dynamical modes of climate variability, particularly the El Ni{\~n}o{\textendash}Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, but that the artificial channelization (confinement to a straightened channel) has greatly amplified flood magnitudes over the past century. Our results, based on a multi-proxy reconstruction of flood frequency and magnitude spanning the past 500 years, reveal that the magnitude of the 100-year flood (a flood with a 1 per cent chance of being exceeded in any year) has increased by 20 per cent over those five centuries, with about 75 per cent of this increase attributed to river engineering. We conclude that the interaction of human alterations to the Mississippi River system with dynamical modes of climate variability has elevated the current flood hazard to levels that are unprecedented within the past five centuries.},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature26145},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature26145},
	author = {Munoz, Samuel E. and Giosan, Liviu and Therrell, Matthew D. and Remo, Jonathan W. F. and Shen, Zhixiong and Sullivan, Richard M. and Wiman, Charlotte and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Michelle and Donnelly, Jeffrey P.}
}
@article {2745,
	title = {Data Constraints on Glacial Atlantic Water Mass Geometry and Properties},
	journal = {Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Mar-09-2020},
	pages = {1013 - 1034},
	abstract = {The chemical composition of benthic foraminifera from marine sediment cores provides information on how glacial subsurface water properties differed from modern, but separating the influence of changes in the origin and end-member properties of subsurface water from changes in flows and mixing is challenging. Spatial gaps in coverage of glacial data add to the uncertainty. Here we present new data from cores collected from the Demerara Rise in the western tropical North Atlantic, including cores from the modern tropical phosphate maximum at Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) depths. The results suggest lower phosphate concentration and higher carbonate saturation state within the phosphate maximum than modern despite similar carbon isotope values, consistent with less accumulation of respired nutrients and carbon, and reduced air-sea gas exchange in source waters to the region. An inversion of new and published glacial data confirms these inferences and further suggests that lower preformed nutrients in AAIW, and partial replacement of this still relatively high-nutrient AAIW with nutrient-depleted, carbonate-rich waters sourced from the region of the modern-day northern subtropics, also contributed to the observed changes. The results suggest that glacial preformed and remineralized phosphate were lower throughout the upper Atlantic, but deep phosphate concentration was higher. The inversion, which relies on the fidelity of the paleoceanographic data, suggests that the partial replacement of North Atlantic sourced deep water by Southern Ocean Water was largely responsible for the apparent deep North Atlantic phosphate increase, rather than greater remineralization.},
	issn = {2572-4517},
	doi = {10.1029/2018PA003408},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018PA003408},
	author = {Oppo, Delia W. and Gebbie, Geoffrey and Huang, Kuo-Fang and Curry, William B. and Marchitto, Thomas M. and Pietro, Kathryn R.}
}
@article {2888,
	title = {Decreased sedimentation efficiency of petro- and non-petro-carbon caused by a dispersant for Macondo surrogate oil in a mesocosm simulating a coastal microbial community},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {206},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-10-2018},
	pages = {34 - 43},
	abstract = {Large amounts of mucous-rich oil-containing marine snow formed in surface waters adjacent to the Deepwater Horizon spill. This marine oil snow (MOS) was implicated in oil delivery to the seafloor. Whether the use of chemical dispersants increased or decreased MOS sedimentation remains controversial. We conducted mesocosm experiments testing the effects of oil and oil plus a dispersant on MOS formation and sedimentation, in coastal seawater. The four treatments used were a surrogate Macondo oil water accommodated fraction ({\textquotedblleft}WAF{\textquotedblright}), two concentrations of chemically-enhanced WAF ({\textquotedblleft}CEWAF{\textquotedblright} and diluted CEWAF, {\textquotedblleft}DCEWAF{\textquotedblright}) containing a dispersant and oil, and Controls (no additions). Based on radiocarbon and 13C NMR results, the presence of dispersants enhanced the amounts of petro-carbon being incorporated into the sinking oil-carrying aggregates (aka MOS). However, most of the chemically-dispersed oil preferentially partitioned into the colloidal and suspended particulate fractions rather than into the rapidly forming MOS. Thus the oil and non-petro-carbon sedimentation efficiency in treatments with a dispersant was much lower, compared to those in the Control and WAF treatments, during the four-day mesocosm experiment. Formation of MOS and its subsequent sinking sequestered the oil in two stages: first via terrestrial-derived detritus containing humic compounds, and subsequently via freshly produced material, such as exopolymeric substances produced by phytoplankton and bacteria.},
	issn = {03044203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2018.09.002},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304420318301415},
	author = {Xu, Chen and Zhang, Saijin and Beaver, Morgan and Wozniak, Andrew and Obeid, Wassim and Lin, Youmin and Wade, Terry L. and Schwehr, Kathleen A. and Lin, Peng and Sun, Luni and Hatcher, Patrick G. and Chin, Wei-Chun and Chiu, Meng-Hsuen and Knap, Anthony H. and Dean, Kendra and Quigg, Antonietta and Santschi, Peter H.}
}
@article {2753,
	title = {Drought in the northern Bahamas from 3300 to 2500 years ago},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {186},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-04-2018},
	pages = {169 - 185},
	abstract = {Intensification and western displacement of the North Atlantic Subtropical High (NASH) is projected for this century, which can decrease Caribbean and southeastern American rainfall on seasonal and annual timescales. However, additional hydroclimate records are needed from the northern Caribbean to understand the long-term behavior of the NASH, and better forecast its future behavior. Here we present a multi-proxy sinkhole lake reconstruction from a carbonate island that is proximal to the NASH (Abaco Island, The Bahamas). The reconstruction indicates the northern Bahamas experienced a drought from \~{}3300 to \~{}2500 Cal yrs BP, which coincides with evidence from other hydroclimate and oceanographic records (e.g., Africa, Caribbean, and South America) for a synchronous southern displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and North Atlantic Hadley Cell. The specific cause of the hydroclimate change in the northeastern Caribbean region from \~{}3300 to 2500 Cal yrs BP was probably coeval southern or western displacement of the NASH, which would have increased northeastern Caribbean exposure to subsiding air from higher altitudes.},
	issn = {02773791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.02.014},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379117306273},
	author = {van Hengstum, Peter J. and Maale, Gerhard and Donnelly, Jeffrey P. and Albury, Nancy A. and Onac, Bogdan P. and Sullivan, Richard M. and Winkler, Tyler S. and Tamalavage, Anne E. and MacDonald, Dana}
}
@article {2861,
	title = {Early Holocene sea level in the Canadian Beaufort Sea constrained by radiocarbon dates from a deep borehole in the Mackenzie Trough, Arctic Canada},
	journal = {Boreas},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-10-2018},
	pages = {1102 - 1117},
	abstract = {Deglacial and Holocene relative sea level (RSL) in the Canadian Beaufort Sea was influenced by the timing and extent of glacial ice in the Mackenzie River corridor and adjacent coastal plains. Considerable evidence indicates extensive ice cover in this region of northwestern Canada during the Late Wisconsinan. However, no absolute ages exist to constrain maximum RSL lowering before the late Holocene (4.2{\textendash}0 ka). In 1984, the Geological Survey of Canada drilled an 81.5-m-deep borehole in the western Mackenzie Trough at 45 m water depth (MTW01). The lower 52.5 m of the borehole was interpreted as a deltaic progradational sequence deposited during a period of rising sea level. The upper 29 m was described as foraminifer-bearing marine sediments deposited after transgression of the site, when RSL rose above ~-74 m. Here, we present radiocarbon measurements from MTW01, acquired from benthic foraminifera, mollusc fragments and particulate organic carbon in the >63 μm fraction (POC>63 μm) in an attempt to constrain the chronology of sediments within this borehole and date the timing of transgression. The deepest carbonate macrofossil was acquired from 8 m above the transgressive surface (equivalent to 21 m b.s.l.), where mollusc fragments returned a date of 9400 +180{\textendash}260 cal. a BP (2σ). This provides the oldest constraint on Holocene sea-level lowering in the region, and implies that transgression at this site occurred prior to the early Holocene. Ages obtained from the lower 52.5 m of the borehole are limited to POC>63 μm samples. These indicate that progradational sediments were deposited rapidly after 24 820 +390{\textendash}380 cal. a BP (2σ). Due to the incorporation of older reworked organic matter, the actual age of progradation is likely to be younger, occurring after Late Wisconsinan glacial ice retreated from the coast.},
	doi = {10.1111/bor.12335},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bor.12335},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Regan, Matt and Coxall, Helen and Hill, Philip and Hilton, Robert and Muschitiello, Francesco and Sw{\"a}rd, Henrik}
}
@article {2685,
	title = {Holocene history of the Greenland Ice-Sheet margin in Northern Nunatarssuaq, Northwest Greenland},
	journal = {arktos},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-12-2018},
	abstract = {Records of past Greenland Ice-Sheet (GrIS) extents are important for understanding the response of the ice sheet to climate conditions, providing a longer term perspective on present ice-margin fluctuations, and evaluating ice-sheet models. We present a record of Holocene GrIS extents in Nunatarssuaq, Northwest Greenland, based on geomorphic mapping combined with 10Be surface exposure dating of rock surfaces and 14C dating of subfossil plants. 10Be ages of boulders and bedrock exposed during deglaciation from the Last Glacial Maximum range from ~ 81 to 15 ka. The apparently old ages of some samples and scatter in the dataset indicate the presence of 10Be inherited from prior periods of exposure and suggest that overriding ice was minimally erosive. Subfossil plants exposed on a debris band in the GrIS margin date to ~ 4.7 cal ka BP and register a time when the Northwest GrIS was smaller than at present. Geomorphic evidence, including a drift sheet, grounding-line moraines, and higher levels of Nords{\o}, document an advance of the Nuna and Tunge Rampen (GrIS outlet glaciers). 14C ages of in situ subfossil plants and 10Be ages of boulders bracket this advance to ~ 3.2{\textendash}2.1 ka, a period of regional cooling. Unweathered, lichen-free drift occurs < 50 m beyond the present GrIS margin in most locations. 10Be ages of this drift are 2.2{\textendash}0.5 ka and likely contain inherited nuclides. 14C ages of in situ subfossil plants atop this drift are between cal AD ~ 1640 and 2001, suggesting recent ice-margin fluctuations.},
	issn = {2364-9453},
	doi = {10.1007/s41063-018-0044-0},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s41063-018-0044-0http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41063-018-0044-0.pdfhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41063-018-0044-0/fulltext.htmlhttp://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41063-018-0044-0.pdf},
	author = {Farnsworth, Lauren B. and Kelly, Meredith A. and Bromley, Gordon R. M. and Axford, Yarrow and Osterberg, Erich C. and Howley, Jennifer A. and Jackson, Margaret S. and Zimmerman, Susan R.}
}
@article {2859,
	title = {Longitudinal discontinuities in riverine greenhouse gas dynamics generated by dams and urban wastewater},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-01-2018},
	pages = {6349 - 6369},
	abstract = {Surface water concentrations of CO2, CH4, and N2O have rarely been measured simultaneously in river systems modified by human activities, contributing to large uncertainties in estimating global riverine emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Basin-wide surveys of the three GHGs were combined with a small number of measurements of C isotope ratios in dissolved organic matter (DOM), CO2, and CH4 in the Han River basin, South Korea, to examine how longitudinal patterns of the three gases and DOM are affected by four cascade dams along a middle section of the North Han River (hereafter termed {\textquotedblleft}middle reach{\textquotedblright}) and treated wastewater discharged to the lower Han River ({\textquotedblleft}lower reach{\textquotedblright}) traversing the Seoul metropolitan area. Monthly monitoring and two-season comparison were conducted at 6 and 15 sites, respectively, to measure surface water gas concentrations and ancillary water quality parameters including concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and optical properties of DOM. The basin-wide surveys were complemented with a sampling cruise along the lower reach and synoptic samplings along an urban tributary delivering effluents from a large wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to the lower reach. The levels of pCO2 were relatively low in the middle reach (51{\textendash}2465 {\textmu}atm), particularly at the four dam sites (51{\textendash}761 {\textmu}atm), compared with those found in the largely forested upper basin with scattered patches of croplands (163{\textendash}2539 {\textmu}atm), the lower reach (78{\textendash}11298 {\textmu}atm), and three urban tributaries (2120{\textendash}11970 {\textmu}atm). The upper and middle reaches displayed generally low concentration ranges of CH4 and N2O, with some local peaks influenced by agricultural runoff and impoundments. By comparison, the lower reach exhibited exceptionally high concentrations of CH4 (1.2{\textendash}15766 nmol L-1) and N2O (7.5{\textendash}1396 nmol L-1), which were significantly correlated with different sets of variables such as DO and PO3-4 for CH4 and NH+4 and NO-3 for N2O. Downriver increases in the levels of DOC and optical properties such as fluorescence index (FI) and protein-like fluorescence indicated an increasing DOM fraction of anthropogenic and microbial origin. The concentrations of the three GHGs and DOC were similar in magnitude and temporal variation at a WWTP discharge and the receiving tributary, indicating a disproportionate contribution of the WWTP effluents to the tributary gas and DOC exports to the lower reach. The values of δ13C in surface water CO2 and CH4 measured during the sampling cruise along the lower reach, combined with δ13C and Δ14C in DOM sampled across the basin, implied a strong influence of the wastewater-derived gases and aged DOM delivered by the urban tributaries. The downstream enrichment of 13C in CO2 and CH4 suggested that the spatial distribution of these gases across the eutrophic lower reach may also be constrained by multiple concomitant processes including outgassing, photosynthesis, and CH4 oxidation. The overall results suggest that dams and urban wastewater may create longitudinal discontinuities in riverine metabolic processes leading to large spatial variations in the three GHGs correlating with different combinations of DOM properties and nutrients. Further research is required to evaluate the relative contributions of anthropogenic and in-stream sources of the three gases and DOM in eutrophic urbanized river systems and constrain key factors for the contrasting impoundment effects such as autotrophy-driven decreases in pCO2 and in-lake production of CH4 and N2O.},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-15-6349-2018},
	url = {https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/15/6349/2018/},
	author = {Jin, Hyojin and Yoon, Tae Kyung and Begum, Most Shirina and Lee, Eun-Ju and Oh, Neung-Hwan and Kang, Namgoo and Park, Ji-Hyung}
}
@article {2617,
	title = {Maar sediment  in central Vietnam  Highland  near Pleiku:  An archive of regional  monsoon  intensity? },
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {flood layer, land use, monsoon},
	url = {http://eosvnu.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Schimmelmann_2018_Abstract_7IMC.pdf},
	author = {Schimmelmann, A., H. and Nguyễn-V{\u a}n, D. and Nguyễn-Th{\`u}y, J.P. and Schimmelmann, A.E.K. and Ojala, N. and Nguyễn-{\'A}nh, Q. and Trọng {\DJ}ỗ, D. and Th{\`u}y Nguyễn, P. and H{\`o}a Tạ, V. and Huynh-Kim, N. and Quynh Phạm-Nữ, B. and Zolitschka, I.}
}
@article {2615,
	title = {Microbial decomposition of marine dissolved organic matter in cool oceanic crust},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-05-2018},
	pages = {334 - 339},
	abstract = {Marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is one of the largest active reservoirs of reduced carbon on Earth. In the deep ocean, DOC has been described as biologically recalcitrant and has a radiocarbon age of 4,000 to 6,000 years, which far exceeds the timescale of ocean overturning. However, abiotic removal mechanisms cannot account for the full magnitude of deep-ocean DOC loss. Deep-ocean water circulates at low temperatures through volcanic crust on ridge flanks, but little is known about the associated biogeochemical processes and carbon cycling.
Here we present analyses of DOC in fluids from two borehole observatories installed in crustal rocks west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and show that deep-ocean DOC is removed from these cool circulating fluids. The removal mechanism is isotopically selective and causes a shift in specific features of molecular composition, consistent with microbe-mediated oxidation. We suggest organic molecules with an average radiocarbon age of 3,200 years are bioavailable to crustal microbes, and that this removal mechanism may account for at least 5\% of the global loss of DOC in the deep ocean. Cool crustal circulation probably contributes to maintaining the deep ocean as a reservoir of {\textquoteright}aged{\textquoteright} and refractory DOC by discharging the surviving organic carbon constituents that are molecularly degraded and depleted in C-14 and C-13 into the deep ocean.},
	keywords = {carbon, community, deep-ocean, DISTINCT, extraction, fluid-flow, HEAT, MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE, SEAWATER, WESTERN FLANK},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/s41561-018-0109-5},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-018-0109-5http://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-018-0109-5.pdfhttp://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-018-0109-5http://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-018-0109-5.pdf},
	author = {Shah Walter, Sunita R. and Jaekel, Ulrike and Osterholz, Helena and Fisher, Andrew T. and Huber, Julie A. and Pearson, Ann and Dittmar, Thorsten and Girguis, Peter R.}
}
@article {2621,
	title = {Paleoseismic Results from the Alpine Site, Wasatch Fault Zone: Timing and Displacement Data for Six Holocene Earthquakes at the Salt Lake City{\textendash}Provo Segment Boundary},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Feb-10-2018},
	abstract = {To improve the characterization of Holocene earthquakes on the Wasatch fault zone (WFZ), we conducted light detection and ranging (lidar)-based neotectonic mapping and excavated a paleoseismic trench across an 8-m-high fault scarp near Alpine, Utah, located <1  km south of the boundary between the Salt Lake City and Provo segments (SLCS and PS). We document evidence for six paleoearthquakes (AL6{\textendash}AL1) from scarp-derived colluvial wedges and crosscutting relations. A ground-penetrating radar survey across the scarp resolved fault-zone width, but not paleoearthquake stratigraphy. Bayesian (OxCal) modeling of 13 radiocarbon and 13 optically stimulated luminescence ages indicates that six earthquakes occurred \~{}6.2{\textendash}0.4  ka. Interseismic recurrence ranges from 0.2 to 1.8 ky (mean 1.2 ky). We estimate 6.5{\textpm}0.7  m of cumulative vertical tectonic displacement across the >=14-m-wide fault zone used near-field observations of scarp-derived colluvial-wedge thicknesses, antithetic faulting, and graben backtilting. This is similar to our independent estimate of 6.5{\textpm}0.5  m using far-field observations of the offset ground surface and correlation of alluvial-fan stratigraphy across the WFZ. These results suggest that colluvial-wedge thickness at the Alpine site approximates one-half the original west-facing fault scarp height. Per-event vertical displacements range from 0.8 to 1.2 m (mean 1.1 m), which we use to estimate surface rupture lengths that may exceed 50 km from earthquakes as large as moment magnitude (Mw) \~{}7.0. The late Holocene average vertical slip rate is 0.9  mm/yr (0.7{\textendash}1.2  mm/yr range). Earthquake frequency has increased in the past \~{}1  ky, whereas displacement per event has been similar for the past \~{}6  ky, suggesting that strain accumulation is not the sole factor that controls the frequency and size of earthquakes at the SLCS{\textendash}PS segment boundary. These findings can be used for a more nuanced characterization of earthquakes at the SLCS{\textendash}PS boundary and improve earthquake hazard assessments along the Wasatch Front.},
	issn = {0037-1106},
	doi = {10.1785/0120160358},
	url = {https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/556954/Paleoseismic-Results-from-the-Alpine-Site-Wasatch},
	author = {Bennett, S. E. K. and DuRoss, C. B. and Gold, R. D. and Briggs, R. W. and Personius, S. F. and Reitman, N. G. and Devore, J. R. and Hiscock, A. I. and Mahan, S. A. and Gray, H. J. and Gunnarson, S. and Stephenson, W. J. and Pettinger, E. and Odum, J. K.}
}
@article {2686,
	title = {Pronounced summer warming in northwest Greenland during the Holocene and Last Interglacial},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {115},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jul-06-2019},
	pages = {6357 - 6362},
	abstract = {Projections of future rates of mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet are highly uncertain because its sensitivity to warming is unclear. Geologic reconstructions of Quaternary interglacials can illustrate how the ice sheet responded during past warm periods, providing insights into ice sheet behavior and important tests for data-model comparisons. However, paleoclimate records from Greenland are limited: Early Holocene peak warmth has been quantified at only a few sites, and terrestrial sedimentary records of prior interglacials are exceptionally rare due to glacial erosion during the last glacial period. Here, we discuss findings from a lacustrine archive that records both the Holocene and the Last Interglacial (LIG) from Greenland, allowing for direct comparison between two interglacials. Sedimentary chironomid assemblages indicate peak July temperatures 4.0 to 7.0 {\textdegree}C warmer than modern during the Early Holocene maximum in summer insolation. Chaoborus and chironomids in LIG sediments indicate July temperatures at least 5.5 to 8.5 {\textdegree}C warmer than modern. These estimates indicate pronounced warming in northwest Greenland during both interglacials. This helps explain dramatic ice sheet thinning at Camp Century in northwest Greenland during the Early Holocene and, for the LIG, aligns with controversial estimates of Eemian warming from ice core data retrieved in northern Greenland. Converging geologic evidence for strong LIG warming is challenging to reconcile with inferred Greenland Ice Sheet extent during the LIG, and the two appear incompatible in many models of ice sheet evolution. An increase in LIG snowfall could help resolve this problem, pointing to the need for hydroclimate reconstructions from the region.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1720420115},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1720420115https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1073/pnas.1720420115http://www.pnas.org/syndication/doi/10.1073/pnas.1720420115},
	author = {McFarlin, Jamie M. and Axford, Yarrow and Osburn, Magdalena R. and Kelly, Meredith A. and Osterberg, Erich C. and Farnsworth, Lauren B.}
}
@article {2738,
	title = {Remobilization of old permafrost carbon to Chukchi Sea sediments during the end of the last deglaciation},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-12-2019},
	abstract = {Climate warming is expected to destabilize permafrost carbon (PF-C) by thaw-erosion and deepening of the seasonally thawed active layer and thereby promote PF-C mineralization to CO2 and CH4. A similar PF-C remobilization might have contributed to the increase in atmospheric CO2 during deglacial warming after the last glacial maximum. Using carbon isotopes and terrestrial biomarkers (Δ14C, δ13C, and lignin phenols), this study quantifies deposition of terrestrial carbon originating from permafrost in sediments from the Chukchi Sea (core SWERUS-L2-4-PC1). The sediment core reconstructs remobilization of permafrost carbon during the late Aller{\o}d warm period starting at 13,000 cal years before present (BP), the Younger Dryas, and the early Holocene warming until 11,000 cal years BP and compares this period with the late Holocene, from 3,650 years BP until present. Dual-carbon-isotope-based source apportionment demonstrates that Ice Complex Deposit{\textemdash}ice- and carbon-rich permafrost from the late Pleistocene (also referred to as Yedoma){\textemdash}was the dominant source of organic carbon (66 {\textpm} 8\%; mean {\textpm} standard deviation) to sediments during the end of the deglaciation, with fluxes more than twice as high (8.0 {\textpm} 4.6 g{\textperiodcentered}m-2{\textperiodcentered}year-1) as in the late Holocene (3.1 {\textpm} 1.0 g{\textperiodcentered}m-2{\textperiodcentered}year-1). These results are consistent with late deglacial PF-C remobilization observed in a Laptev Sea record, yet in contrast with PF-C sources, which at that location were dominated by active layer material from the Lena River watershed. Release of dormant PF-C from erosion of coastal permafrost during the end of the last deglaciation indicates vulnerability of Ice Complex Deposit in response to future warming and sea level changes.},
	keywords = {carbon isotope, climate change feedback, coastal erosion, Deglaciation, past carbon cycling, permafrost},
	issn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GB005969},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GB005969https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018GB005969https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029\%2F2018GB005969https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018GB005969},
	author = {Martens, Jannik and Wild, Birgit and Pearce, Christof and Tesi, Tommaso and Andersson, August and Broder, Lisa and O{\textquoteright}Regan, Matt and Jakobsson, Martin and Sk{\"o}ld, Martin and Gemery, Laura and Cronin, Thomas M. and Semiletov, Igor and Dudarev, Oleg V. and Gustafsson, {\"O}rjan}
}
@article {2838,
	title = {Slope failures within and upstream of Lake Quinault, Washington, as uneven responses to Holocene earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zoneAbstract},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {89},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-01-2018},
	pages = {178 - 200},
	abstract = {Investigation of Lake Quinault in western Washington, including a reflection seismic survey, analysis of piston cores, and preliminary mapping in the steep, landslide-prone Quinault River catchment upstream of the lake, reveals evidence for three episodes of earthquake disturbance in the past 3000 yr. These earthquakes triggered failures on the lake{\textquoteright}s underwater slopes and delta front, as well as subaerial landsliding, partial channel blockage, and forced fluvial sediment aggradation. The ages of the three Lake Quinault disturbance events overlap with those of coseismically subsided, coastal marsh soils nearby in southwest Washington that are interpreted to record ruptures of the Cascadia megathrust. Absent from Lake Quinault, however, are signals of obvious disturbance from five additional subduction earthquakes inferred to have occurred during the period of record. The lack of evidence for these events may reflect the limitations of the data set derived from the detrital, river-dominated lake stratigraphy but may also have bearing on debates about segmentation and the distribution of slip along the Cascadia subduction zone during prior earthquakes.},
	keywords = {Cascadia, Earthquake, lakes, Paleoseismic, Sediment},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1017/qua.2017.96},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589417000965/type/journal_article},
	author = {Leithold, Elana L. and Wegmann, Karl W. and Bohnenstiehl, Delwayne R. and Smith, Stephen G. and Noren, Anders and O{\textquoteright}Grady, Ryan}
}
@article {2740,
	title = {The 3.6 ka Aniakchak tephra in the Arctic Ocean: a constraint on the Holocene radiocarbon reservoir age in the Chukchi Sea},
	journal = {Climate of the Past},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-01-2017},
	pages = {303 - 316},
	abstract = {The caldera-forming eruption of the Aniakchak volcano in the Aleutian Range on the Alaskan Peninsula at 3.6 cal kyr BP was one of the largest Holocene eruptions worldwide. The resulting ash is found as a visible sediment layer in several Alaskan sites and as a cryptotephra on Newfoundland and Greenland. This large geographic distribution, combined with the fact that the eruption is relatively well constrained in time using radiocarbon dating of lake sediments and annual layer counts in ice cores, makes it an excellent stratigraphic marker for dating and correlating mid{\textendash}late Holocene sediment and paleoclimate records. This study presents the outcome of a targeted search for the Aniakchak tephra in a marine sediment core from the Arctic Ocean, namely Core SWERUS-L2-2-PC1 (2PC), raised from 57 m water depth in Herald Canyon, western Chukchi Sea. High concentrations of tephra shards, with a geochemical signature matching that of Aniakchak ash, were observed across a more than 1.5 m long sediment sequence. Since the primary input of volcanic ash is through atmospheric transport, and assuming that bioturbation can account for mixing up to ca. 10 cm of the marine sediment deposited at the coring site, the broad signal is interpreted as sustained reworking at the sediment source input. The isochron is therefore placed at the base of the sudden increase in tephra concentrations rather than at the maximum concentration. This interpretation of major reworking is strengthened by analysis of grain size distribution which points to ice rafting as an important secondary transport mechanism of volcanic ash. Combined with radiocarbon dates on mollusks in the same sediment core, the volcanic marker is used to calculate a marine radiocarbon reservoir age offset ΔR = 477 {\textpm} 60 years. This relatively high value may be explained by the major influence of typically "carbon-old" Pacific waters, and it agrees well with recent estimates of ΔR along the northwest Alaskan coast, possibly indicating stable oceanographic conditions during the second half of the Holocene. Our use of a volcanic absolute age marker to obtain the marine reservoir age offset is the first of its kind in the Arctic Ocean and provides an important framework for improving chronologies and correlating marine sediment archives in this region. Core 2PC has a high sediment accumulation rate averaging 200 cm kyr throughout the last 4000 years, and the chronology presented here provides a solid base for high-resolution reconstructions of late Holocene climate and ocean variability in the Chukchi Sea.},
	doi = {10.5194/cp-13-303-2017},
	url = {https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/13/303/2017/},
	author = {Pearce, Christof and Varhelyi, Aron and Wasteg{\r a}rd, Stefan and Muschitiello, Francesco and Barrientos, Natalia and O{\textquoteright}Regan, Matt and Cronin, Thomas M. and Gemery, Laura and Semiletov, Igor and Backman, Jan and Jakobsson, Martin}
}
@article {2741,
	title = {The De Long Trough: a newly discovered glacial trough on the East Siberian continental margin},
	journal = {Climate of the Past},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-01-2017},
	pages = {1269 - 1284},
	abstract = {Ice sheets extending over parts of the East Siberian continental shelf have been proposed for the last glacial period and during the larger Pleistocene glaciations. The sparse data available over this sector of the Arctic Ocean have left the timing, extent and even existence of these ice sheets largely unresolved. Here we present new geophysical mapping and sediment coring data from the East Siberian shelf and slope collected during the 2014 SWERUS-C3 expedition (SWERUS-C3: Swedish {\textendash} Russian {\textendash} US Arctic Ocean Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere-Carbon Interactions). The multibeam bathymetry and chirp sub-bottom profiles reveal a set of glacial landforms that include grounding zone formations along the outer continental shelf, seaward of which lies a  >  65 m thick sequence of glacio-genic debris flows. The glacial landforms are interpreted to lie at the seaward end of a glacial trough {\textendash} the first to be reported on the East Siberian margin, here referred to as the De Long Trough because of its location due north of the De Long Islands. Stratigraphy and dating of sediment cores show that a drape of acoustically laminated sediments covering the glacial deposits is older than \~{} 50 cal kyr BP. This provides direct evidence for extensive glacial activity on the Siberian shelf that predates the Last Glacial Maximum and most likely occurred during the Saalian (Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6).},
	doi = {10.5194/cp-13-1269-2017},
	url = {https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/13/1269/2017/},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Regan, Matt and Backman, Jan and Barrientos, Natalia and Cronin, Thomas M. and Gemery, Laura and Kirchner, Nina and Mayer, Larry A. and Nilsson, Johan and Noormets, Riko and Pearce, Christof and Semiletov, Igor and Stranne, Christian and Jakobsson, Martin}
}
@article {2739,
	title = {Deglacial sea level history of the East Siberian Sea and Chukchi Sea margins},
	journal = {Climate of the Past},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-01-2017},
	pages = {1097 - 1110},
	abstract = {Deglacial (12.8{\textendash}10.7 ka) sea level history on the East Siberian continental shelf and upper continental slope was reconstructed using new geophysical records and sediment cores taken during Leg 2 of the 2014 SWERUS-C3 expedition. The focus of this study is two cores from Herald Canyon, piston core SWERUS-L2-4-PC1 (4-PC1) and multicore SWERUS-L2-4-MC1 (4-MC1), and a gravity core from an East Siberian Sea transect, SWERUS-L2-20-GC1 (20-GC1). Cores 4-PC1 and 20-GC were taken at 120 and 115 m of modern water depth, respectively, only a few meters above the global last glacial maximum (LGM;  \~{}  24 kiloannum or ka) minimum sea level of  \~{}  125{\textendash}130 meters below sea level (m b.s.l.). Using calibrated radiocarbon ages mainly on molluscs for chronology and the ecology of benthic foraminifera and ostracode species to estimate paleodepths, the data reveal a dominance of river-proximal species during the early part of the Younger Dryas event (YD, Greenland Stadial GS-1) followed by a rise in river-intermediate species in the late Younger Dryas or the early Holocene (Preboreal) period. A rapid relative sea level rise beginning at roughly 11.4 to 10.8 ka ( \~{}  400 cm of core depth) is indicated by a sharp faunal change and unconformity or condensed zone of sedimentation. Regional sea level at this time was about 108 m b.s.l. at the 4-PC1 site and 102 m b.s.l. at 20-GC1. Regional sea level near the end of the YD was up to 42{\textendash}47 m lower than predicted by geophysical models corrected for glacio-isostatic adjustment. This discrepancy could be explained by delayed isostatic adjustment caused by a greater volume and/or geographical extent of glacial-age land ice and/or ice shelves in the western Arctic Ocean and adjacent Siberian land areas.},
	doi = {10.5194/cp-13-1097-2017},
	url = {https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/13/1097/2017/},
	author = {Cronin, Thomas M. and O{\textquoteright}Regan, Matt and Pearce, Christof and Gemery, Laura and Toomey, Michael and Semiletov, Igor and Jakobsson, Martin}
}
@article {2601,
	title = {Holocene temperatures and isotopes of precipitation in Northwest Greenland recorded in lacustrine organic materials},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {170},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-08-2017},
	pages = {45 - 55},
	abstract = {Reconstructions of Holocene lake water isotopic composition based upon subfossil aquatic organic material offer new insights into Arctic
climate. We present quantitative estimates of warmth during the Holocene Thermal Maximum in northwest Greenland, inferred from oxygen isotopes of chironomid head capsules and aquatic moss preserved in lake sediments. delta O-18 values of chironomids from surface sediments of multiple Greenland lakes indicate that these subfossil remains record the delta O-18 values of the lake water in which they grow. Our lake water delta O-18 reconstruction is supported by downcore agreement with delta O-18 values in aquatic moss and chironomid remains. delta O-18 of both organic materials from Secret Lake decrease after 4 ka (ka = thousands of years ago) by 3 parts per thousand into the Neoglacial. We argue that lake water at Secret Lake primarily reflects precipitation delta O-18 values, which is strongly correlated with air temperature in NW Greenland, and that this signal is biased towards summer and early autumn conditions. Other factors may have influenced Secret Lake delta O-18 values through the Holocene, including evaporation of lake water and changing seasonality and source of precipitation. The maximum early Holocene summer and early autumn-biased temperature anomaly at Secret Lake is 2.5-4 degrees C warmer than present from 7.7 (the beginning of our record) to similar to 6 ka. The maximum late Holocene cold anomaly (which includes the Little Ice Age) is 1.5-3 degrees C colder than present. These ranges of possible temperature anomalies reflect uncertainty in the delta O-18 temperature relationship for precipitation at the study site through the Holocene. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Chironomids, Greenland, Holocene, paleoclimatology, paleolimnology, Stable isotopes},
	issn = {02773791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.06.016},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379116305650http://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0277379116305650?httpAccept=text/xmlhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0277379116305650?httpAccept=text/plain},
	author = {Lasher, G. Everett and Axford, Yarrow and McFarlin, Jamie M. and Kelly, Meredith A. and Osterberg, Erich C. and Berkelhammer, Max B.}
}
@article {Hejazian201758,
	title = {Land-use change and managed aquifer recharge effects on the hydrogeochemistry of two contrasting atoll island aquifers, Roi-Namur Island, Republic of the Marshall Islands},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {58 - 71},
	abstract = {Abstract Freshwater resources on low-lying atoll islands are highly vulnerable to climate change and sea-level rise. In addition to rainwater catchment, groundwater in the freshwater lens is a critically important water resource on many atoll islands, especially during drought. Although many atolls have high annual rainfall rates, dense natural vegetation and high evapotranspiration rates can limit recharge to the freshwater lens. Here we evaluate the effects of land-use/land-cover change and managed aquifer recharge on the hydrogeochemistry and supply of groundwater on Roi-Namur Island, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Roi-Namur is an artificially conjoined island that has similar hydrogeology on the Roi and Namur lobes, but has contrasting land-use/land-cover and managed aquifer recharge only on Roi. Vegetation removal and managed aquifer recharge operations have resulted in an estimated 8.6~{\texttimes}~105~m3 of potable groundwater in the freshwater lens on Roi, compared to only 1.6~{\texttimes}~104~m3 on Namur. We use groundwater samples from a suite of 33 vertically nested monitoring wells, statistical testing, and geochemical modeling using \{PHREEQC\} to show that the differences in land-use/land-cover and managed aquifer recharge on Roi and Namur have a statistically significant effect on several groundwater-quality parameters and the controlling geochemical processes. Results also indicate a six-fold reduction in the dissolution of carbonate rock in the freshwater lens and overlying vadose zone of Roi compared to Namur. Mixing of seawater and the freshwater lens is a more dominant hydrogeochemical process on Roi because of the greater recharge and flushing of the aquifer with freshwater as compared to Namur. In contrast, equilibrium processes and dissolution-precipitation non-equilibrium reactions are more dominant on Namur because of the longer residence times relative to the rate of geochemical reactions. Findings from Roi-Namur Island support selective land-use/land-cover change and managed aquifer recharge as a promising management approach for communities on other low-lying atoll islands to increase the resilience of their groundwater supplies and help them adapt to future climate change related stresses.},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.03.006},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883292716301391},
	author = {Mehrdad Hejazian and Jason J. Gurdak and Peter Swarzenski and Kingsley O. Odigie and Curt D. Storlazzi}
}
@book {2837,
	title = {Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery ProgramExpedition 357 methods},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {International Ocean Discovery Program},
	organization = {International Ocean Discovery Program},
	doi = {10.14379/iodp.proc.357.102.2017},
	url = {http://publications.iodp.org/proceedings/357/357title.html},
	author = {Fr{\"u}h-Green, G.L. and Orcutt, B.N. and Green, S.L. and Cotterill, C. and Morgan, S. and Akizawa, N. and Bayrakci, G. and Behrmann, J.-H. and Boschi, C. and Brazleton, W.J. and Cannat, M. and Dunkel, K.G. and Escartin, J. and Harris, M. and Herrero-Bervera, E. and Hesse, K. and John, B.E. and Lang, S.Q. and Lilley, M.D. and Liu, H.-Q. and Mayhew, L.E. and McCaig, A.M. and Menez, B. and Morono, Y. and Qu{\'e}m{\'e}neur, M. and Roum{\'e}jon, S. and Sandaruwan Ratnayake, A. and Schrenk, M.O. and Schwarzenbach, E.M. and Twing, K.I. and Weis, D. and Whattham, S.A. and Williams, M. and Zhao, R.},
	editor = {Fr{\"u}h-Green, G.L. and Orcutt, B.N. and Green, S.L. and Cotterill, C.}
}
@article {2829,
	title = {Relative sea-level trends in New York City during the past 1500 years},
	journal = {The Holocene},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Sep-08-2017},
	pages = {1169 - 1186},
	abstract = {New York City (NYC) is threatened by 21st-century relative sea-level (RSL) rise because it will experience a trend that exceeds the global mean and has high concentrations of low-lying infrastructure and socioeconomic activity. To provide a long-term context for anticipated trends, we reconstructed RSL change during the past ~1500 years using a core of salt-marsh sediment from Pelham Bay in The Bronx. Foraminifera and bulk-sediment δ13C values were used as sea-level indicators. The history of sediment accumulation was established by radiocarbon dating and recognition of pollution and land-use trends of known age in down-core elemental, isotopic, and pollen profiles. The reconstruction was generated within a Bayesian hierarchical model to accommodate multiple proxies and to provide a unified statistical framework for quantifying uncertainty. We show that RSL in NYC rose by ~1.70 m since ~575 CE (including ~0.38 m since 1850 CE). The rate of RSL rise increased markedly at 1812{\textendash}1913 CE from ~1.0 to ~2.5 mm/yr, which coincides with other reconstructions along the US Atlantic coast. We investigated the possible influence of tidal-range change in Long Island Sound on our reconstruction using a regional tidal model, and we demonstrate that this effect was likely small. However, future tidal-range change could exacerbate the impacts of RSL rise in communities bordering Long Island Sound. The current rate of RSL rise is the fastest that NYC has experienced for >1500 years, and its ongoing acceleration suggests that projections of 21st-century local RSL rise will be realized.},
	keywords = {Bayesian transfer function, carbon isotope, Foraminifera, Salt marsh, sedimentation, The Bronx},
	issn = {0959-6836},
	doi = {10.1177/0959683616683263},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0959683616683263},
	author = {Kemp, Andrew C and Hill, Troy D and Vane, Christopher H and Cahill, Niamh and Orton, Philip M and Talke, Stefan A and Parnell, Andrew C and Sanborn, Kelsey and Hartig, Ellen K}
}
@article {2828,
	title = {The tropical lapse rate steepened during the Last Glacial Maximum},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Mar-01-2019},
	pages = {e1600815},
	abstract = {The gradient of air temperature with elevation (the temperature lapse rate) in the tropics is predicted to become less steep during the coming century as surface temperature rises, enhancing the threat of warming in high-mountain environments. However, the sensitivity of the lapse rate to climate change is uncertain because of poor constraints on high-elevation temperature during past climate states. We present a 25,000-year temperature reconstruction from Mount Kenya, East Africa, which demonstrates that cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum was amplified with elevation and hence that the lapse rate was significantly steeper than today. Comparison of our data with paleoclimate simulations indicates that state-of-the-art models underestimate this lapse-rate change. Consequently, future high-elevation tropical warming may be even greater than predicted.},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1600815},
	url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1600815},
	author = {Loomis, Shannon E. and Russell, James M. and Verschuren, Dirk and Morrill, Carrie and De Cort, Gijs and Sinninghe Damst{\'e}, Jaap S. and Olago, Daniel and Eggermont, Hilde and Street-Perrott, F. Alayne and Kelly, Meredith A.}
}
@article {2717,
	title = {Tropical Pacific climate variability over the last 6000~years as recorded in Bainbridge Crater Lake, Gal{\'a}pagos},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-08-2017},
	pages = {903 - 922},
	abstract = {Finely laminated sediments within Bainbridge Crater Lake, Gal{\'a}pagos, provide a record of El Ni{\~n}o{\textendash}Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events over the Holocene. Despite the importance of this sediment record, hypotheses for how climate variability is preserved in the lake sediments have not been tested. Here we present results of long-term monitoring of the local climate and limnology and a revised interpretation of the sediment record. Brown-green, organic-rich, siliciclastic laminae reflect warm, wet conditions typical of El Ni{\~n}o events, whereas carbonate and gypsum precipitate during cool, dry La Ni{\~n}a events and persistent dry periods, respectively. Applying this new interpretation, we find that ENSO events of both phases were generally less frequent during the mid-Holocene (~6100{\textendash}4000 calendar years B.P.) relative to the last ~1500 calendar years. Abundant carbonate laminations between 3500 and 3000 calendar years B.P. imply that conditions in the Gal{\'a}pagos region were cool and dry during this period when the tropical Pacific E-W sea surface temperature (SST) gradient likely strengthened. The frequency of El Ni{\~n}o and La Ni{\~n}a events then intensified dramatically around 1750{\textendash}2000 calendar years B.P., consistent with a weaker SST gradient and an increased frequency of ENSO events in other regional records. This strong interannual variability persisted until ~700 calendar years B.P., when ENSO-related variability at the lake decreased as the SST gradient strengthened. Persistent, dry conditions then dominated between 300 and 50 calendar years B.P. (A.D. 1650{\textendash}1900, {\textpm} ~100 years), whereas wetter conditions and frequent El Ni{\~n}o events dominated in the most recent century.},
	keywords = {Climate variability, El Ni{\~n}o{\textendash}Southern Oscillation(ENSO), Gal{\'a}pagos archipelago, mid-Holocene, monitoring, tropical Pacific Ocean},
	doi = {10.1002/palo.v32.810.1002/2017PA003089},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017PA003089},
	author = {Thompson, Diane M. and Conroy, Jessica L. and Collins, Aaron and Hlohowskyj, Stephan R. and Overpeck, Jonathan T. and Riedinger-Whitmore, Melanie and Cole, Julia E. and Bush, Mark B. and Whitney, H. and Corley, Timothy L. and Kannan, Miriam Steinitz}
}
@article {2539,
	title = {Age of the Mt.~Ortles ice cores, the Tyrolean Iceman and glaciation of the highest summit of South Tyrol since the Northern Hemisphere Climatic Optimum},
	journal = {The Cryosphere},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Jan-01-2016},
	pages = {2779 - 2797},
	abstract = {In  2011  four  ice  cores  were  extracted  from  the summit of Alto dell{\textquoteright}Ortles (3859 m), the highest glacier of South  Tyrol  in  the  Italian  Alps.  This  drilling  site  is  located only 37 km southwest from where the Tyrolean Iceman, \~{}5.3 kyrs old, was discovered emerging from the ablating ice field of Tisenjoch (3210 m, near the Italian{\textendash}Austrian border) in 1991. The excellent preservation of this mummy suggested that the Tyrolean Iceman was continuously embedded in prehistoric ice and that additional ancient ice was likely
preserved elsewhere in South Tyrol. Dating of the ice cores from Alto dell{\textquoteright}Ortles based on 210Pb, tritium, beta activity and 14C determinations, combined with an empirical model (COPRA), provides evidence for a chronologically ordered ice  stratigraphy  from  the  modern  glacier  surface  down  to the  bottom  ice  layers  with  an  age  of \~{}7 kyrs,  which  confirms  the  hypothesis.  Our  results  indicate  that  the  drilling site has continuously been glaciated on frozen bedrock since \~{}7 kyrs BP. Absence of older ice on the highest glacier of South Tyrol is consistent with the removal of basal ice from bedrock during the Northern Hemisphere Climatic Optimum (6{\textendash}9 kyrs BP),  the  warmest  interval  in  the  European  Alps during the Holocene. Borehole inclinometric measurements of  the  current  glacier  flow  combined  with  surface  ground penetration radar (GPR) measurements indicate that, due to the sustained atmospheric warming since the 1980s, an acceleration of the glacier Alto dell{\textquoteright}Ortles flow has just recently begun.  Given  the  stratigraphic chronological  continuity  of the Mt. Ortles cores over millennia, it can be argued that this behaviour has been unprecedented at this location since the Northern Hemisphere Climatic Optimum.},
	doi = {10.5194/tc-10-2779-2016},
	url = {http://www.the-cryosphere.net/10/2779/2016/tc-10-2779-2016.pdf},
	author = {Gabrielli, Paolo and Barbante, Carlo and Bertagna, Giuliano and {\'o}, Michele and Binder, Daniel and Carton, Alberto and Carturan, Luca and Cazorzi, Federico and Cozzi, Giulio and Dalla Fontana, Giancarlo and Davis, Mary and De Blasi, Fabrizio and Dinale, Roberto and {\`a}, Gianfranco and Dreossi, Giuliano and Festi, Daniela and Frezzotti, Massimo and Gabrieli, Jacopo and Galos, Stephan P. and Ginot, Patrick and Heidenwolf, Petra and Jenk, Theo M. and Kehrwald, Natalie and Kenny, Donald and Magand, Olivier and Mair, Volkmar and Mikhalenko, Vladimir and Lin, Ping Nan and Oeggl, Klaus and Piffer, Gianni and Rinaldi, Mirko and Schotterer, Ulrich and Schwikowski, Margit and Seppi, Roberto and Spolaor, Andrea and Stenni, Barbara and Tonidandel, David and Uglietti, Chiara and Zagorodnov, Victor and Zanoner, Thomas and Zennaro, Piero}
}
@article {Adhikari2016413,
	title = {Distributions and accumulation rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the northern Gulf of Mexico sediments},
	journal = {Environmental Pollution},
	volume = {212},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {413 - 423},
	abstract = {Abstract Sediment samples collected from shelf, slope and interior basin of the northern Gulf of Mexico during 2011{\textendash}2013, 1{\textendash}3 years after the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill, were utilized to characterize \{PAH\} pollution history, in this region. Results indicate that the concentrations of surface ΣPAH43 and their accumulation rates vary between 44 and 160~ng~g-1 and 6{\textendash}55~ng~cm-2~y-1, respectively. ΣPAH43 concentration profiles, accumulation rates and Δ14C values are significantly altered only for the sediments in the immediate vicinity of the \{DWH\} wellhead. This shows that the impact of \{DWH\} oil input on deep-sea sediments was generally limited to the area close to the spill site. Further, the \{PAHs\} source diagnostic analyses suggest a noticeable change in \{PAHs\} composition from higher to lower molecular weight dominance which reflects a change in source of \{PAHs\} in the past three years, back to the background composition. Results indicate low to moderate levels of \{PAH\} pollution in this region at present, which are unlikely to cause adverse effects on benthic communities.},
	keywords = {Radiocarbon (Δ14C)},
	issn = {0269-7491},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.064},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749116300641},
	author = {Puspa L. Adhikari and Kanchan Maiti and Edward B. Overton and Brad E. Rosenheim and Brian D. Marx}
}
@article {2493,
	title = {Evidence for elevated coastal vulnerability following large-scale historical oyster bed harvesting},
	journal = {Earth Surface Processes and Landforms},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Jun-06-2018},
	pages = {1136 - 1143},
	abstract = {Living coastal barriers, such as coral reefs, tidal marshes, mangroves and shellfish beds are widely recognized for their potential role in mitigating flood risk. Limited data exists, however, for assessing the effectiveness of these natural defenses as forms of flood mitigation. In particular, very few mature shellfish beds exist today for modern study due to their destruction in the past few centuries. As an alternative method of study, we present here sedimentary reconstructions of storm overwash from coastal ponds internal to New York Harbor. We use these reconstructions to show that the initial degradation of oyster beds following European settlement of the area coincides with a significant increase in wave-derived overwash deposition at all three of our field sites. Numerical simulations of two flood events of record in the harbor (Hurricane Sandy and a severe winter storm in 1992) were run without and with oyster beds of varying heights (1 m above the seafloor-to-intertidal). Simulations show that the removal of these oyster beds increases wave energy directly off-shore of our field sites by between 30\% and 200\%. Sedimentary reconstructions and wave modeling experiments therefore both support oyster beds serving as a significant form of coastal protection prior to European disturbance. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2016 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	doi = {10.1002/esp.v41.810.1002/esp.3931},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/esp.v41.8http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/esp.3931https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002\%2Fesp.3931},
	author = {Brandon, Christine M. and Woodruff, Jonathan D. and Orton, Philip M. and Donnelly, Jeffrey P.}
}
@article {Simkus2016264,
	title = {Variations in microbial carbon sources and cycling in the deep continental subsurface},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {173},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {264 - 283},
	abstract = {Abstract Deep continental subsurface fracture water systems, ranging from 1.1 to 3.3 km below land surface (kmbls), were investigated to characterize the indigenous microorganisms and elucidate microbial carbon sources and their cycling. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) abundances and direct cell counts detected varying biomass that was not correlated with depth. Compound-specific carbon isotope analyses (δ13C and Δ14C) of the phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and carbon substrates combined with genomic analyses did identify, however, distinct carbon sources and cycles between the two depth ranges studied. In the shallower boreholes at circa 1 kmbls, isotopic evidence indicated microbial incorporation of biogenic \{CH4\} by the in situ microbial community. At the shallowest site, 1.05 kmbls in Driefontein mine, this process clearly dominated the isotopic signal. At slightly deeper depths, 1.34 kmbls in Beatrix mine, the isotopic data indicated the incorporation of both biogenic \{CH4\} and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) derived from \{CH4\} oxidation. In both of these cases, molecular genetic analysis indicated that methanogenic and methanotrophic organisms together comprised a small component (\&lt;5\%) of the microbial community. Thus, it appears that a relatively minor component of the prokaryotic community is supporting a much larger overall bacterial community in these samples. In the samples collected from \&gt;3 kmbls in Tau Tona mine (TT107, \{TT109\} Bh2), the \{CH4\} had an isotopic signature suggesting a predominantly abiogenic origin with minor inputs from microbial methanogenesis. In these samples, the isotopic enrichments (δ13C and Δ14C) of the \{PLFAs\} relative to \{CH4\} were consistent with little incorporation of \{CH4\} into the biomass. The most 13C-enriched \{PLFAs\} were observed in \{TT107\} where the dominant CO2-fixation pathway was the acetyl-CoA pathway by non-acetogenic bacteria. The differences in the δ13C of the \{PLFAs\} and the \{DIC\} and \{DOC\} for \{TT109\} Bh2 were \~{}-24{\textperthousand} and 0{\textperthousand}, respectively. The dominant CO2-fixation pathways were 3-HP/4-HB cycle \&gt; acetyl-CoA pathway \&gt; reductive pentose phosphate cycle.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.10.003},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703715005852},
	author = {Danielle N. Simkus and Greg F. Slater and Barbara Sherwood Lollar and Kenna Wilkie and Thomas L. Kieft and Cara Magnabosco and Maggie C.Y. Lau and Michael J. Pullin and Sarah B. Hendrickson and K. Eric Wommack and Eric G. Sakowski and Esta van Heerden and Olukayode Kuloyo and Borja Linage and Gaetan Borgonie and Tullis C. Onstott}
}
@article {21,
	title = {A 12,000-yr pollen record off Cape Hatteras {\textemdash} Pollen sources and mechanisms of pollen dispersion},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {367},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {118-129},
	abstract = {Integrating both marine and terrestrial signals from the same sediment core is one of the primary challenges for understanding the role of ocean{\textendash}atmosphere coupling throughout past climate changes. It is therefore vital to understand how the pollen signal of a given marine record reflects the vegetation changes of the neighboring continent. The comparison between the pollen record of marine core JPC32 (KNR178JPC32) and available terrestrial pollen sequences from eastern North America over the last 12,170 years indicates that the pollen signature off Cape Hatteras gives an integrated image of the regional vegetation encompassing the Pee Dee river, Chesapeake and Delaware hydrographic basins and is reliable in reconstructing the past climate of the adjacent continent. Extremely high quantities of pollen grains included in the marine sediments off Cape Hatteras were transferred from the continent to the sea, at intervals 10,100{\textendash}8800 cal yr BP, 8300{\textendash}7500 cal yr BP, 5800{\textendash}4300 cal yr BP and 2100{\textendash}730 cal yr BP, during storm events favored by episodes of rapid sea-level rise in the eastern coast of US. In contrast, pollen grains export was reduced during 12,170{\textendash}10,150 cal yr BP and 4200{\textendash}2200 cal yr BP, during episodes of intense continental dryness and slow sea level rise episodes or lowstands in the eastern coast of US. The near absence of reworked pollen grains in core JPC32 contrasts with the high quantity of reworked material in nearby but deeper located marine sites, suggesting that the JPC32 record was not affected by the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) since the end of the Younger Dryas and should be considered a key site for studying past climate changes in the western North Atlantic.},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2015.06.003},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322715001255},
	author = {Naughton, F. and Keigwin, L. and Peteet, D. and Costas, S. and Desprat, S. and Oliveira, D. and de Vernal, A. and Voelker, A. and Abrantes, F.}
}
@article {2908,
	title = {Carbon Isotope Concentrations in Stream Food Webs of the Arctic Network National Parks, Alaska, 2014-2016},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey},
	abstract = {This dataset includes information on the carbon samples that were collected from organic and mineral soils, streams, algae, invertebrates, and fish in the Arctic Network Parks.},
	doi = {10.5066/P9NAUIQR},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5066/p9nauiqr},
	author = {Carey, Michael P. and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Jonathan A. and Koch, Joshua C.}
}
@article {2454,
	title = {Growth rate determinations from radiocarbon in bamboo corals (genus  Keratoisis )},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2015},
	month = {Jan-11-2015},
	pages = {26 - 40},
	abstract = {Radiocarbon (14C) measurements are an important tool for determining growth rates of bamboo corals, a cosmopolitan group of calcitic deep-sea corals. Published growth rate estimates for bamboo corals are highly variable, with potential environmental or ecological drivers of this variability poorly constrained. Here we systematically investigate the application of 14C for growth rate determinations in bamboo corals using 55 14C dates on the calcite and organic fractions of six bamboo corals (identified as Keratoisis sp.) from the western North Atlantic Ocean. Calcite 14C measurements on the distal surface of these corals and five previously published bamboo corals exhibit a strong one-to-one relationship with the 14C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DI14C) in ambient seawater (r2=0.98), confirming the use of Keratoisis sp. calcite 14C as a proxy for seawater 14C activity. Radial growth rates determined from 14C age-depth regressions, 14C plateau tuning and bomb 14C reference chronologies range from 12 to 78 {\textmu}m y-1, in general agreement with previously published radiometric growth rates. We document potential biases to 14C growth rate determinations resulting from water mass variability, bomb radiocarbon, secondary infilling (ontogeny), and growth rate nonlinearity. Radial growth rates for Keratoisis sp. specimens do not correlate with ambient temperature, suggesting that additional biological and/or environmental factors may influence bamboo coral growth rates.},
	keywords = {Bamboo coral, Deep-sea coral, Growth rates, radiocarbon},
	issn = {09670637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.08.004},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0967063715001405http://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0967063715001405?httpAccept=text/xmlhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0967063715001405?httpAccept=text/plain},
	author = {Farmer, Jesse R. and Robinson, Laura F. and {\"o}nisch, {\"a}rbel}
}
@article {2481,
	title = {Sedimentation Pulse in the NE Gulf of Mexico following the 2010 DWH Blowout},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2015},
	month = {Feb-07-2016},
	pages = {e0132341},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil discharge at the seafloor as recorded in bottom sediments of the DeSoto Canyon region in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Through a close coupling of sedimentological, geochemical, and biological approaches, multiple independent lines of evidence from 11 sites sampled in November/December 2010 revealed that the upper ~1 cm depth interval is distinct from underlying sediments and results indicate that particles originated at the sea surface. Consistent dissimilarities in grain size over the surficial ~1 cm of sediments correspond to excess 234Th depths, which indicates a lack of vertical mixing (bioturbation), suggesting the entire layer was deposited within a 4{\textendash}5 month period. Further, a time series from four deep-sea sites sampled up to three additional times over the following two years revealed that excess 234Th depths, accumulation rates, and 234Th inventories decreased rapidly, within a few to several months after initial coring. The interpretation of a rapid sedimentation pulse is corroborated by stratification in solid phase Mn, which is linked to diagenesis and redox change, and the dramatic decrease in benthic formanifera density that was recorded in surficial sediments. Results are consistent with a brief depositional pulse that was also reported in previous studies of sediments, and marine snow formation in surface waters closer to the wellhead during the summer and fall of 2010. Although sediment input from the Mississippi River and advective transport may influence sedimentation on the seafloor in the DeSoto Canyon region, we conclude based on multidisciplinary evidence that the sedimentation pulse in late 2010 is the product of marine snow formation and is likely linked to the DWH discharge.},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0132341},
	url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132341},
	author = {Brooks, Gregg R. and Larson, Rebekka A. and Schwing, Patrick T. and Romero, Isabel and Moore, Christopher and Reichart, Gert-Jan and Jilbert, Tom and Chanton, Jeff P. and Hastings, David W. and Overholt, Will A. and Marks, Kala P. and Kostka, Joel E. and Holmes, Charles W. and Hollander, David},
	editor = {Chin, Wei-Chun}
}
@article {23,
	title = {Single cell genomics indicates horizontal gene transfer and viral infections in a deep subsurface Firmicutes population},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2015},
	note = {PT: J; TC: 0; UT: WOS:000352551600004},
	pages = {349-349},
	abstract = {A major fraction of Earth{\textquoteright}s prokaryotic biomass dwells in the deep subsurface, where cellular abundances per volume of sample are lower, metabolism is slower, and generation times are longer than those in surface terrestrial and marine environments. How these conditions impact biotic interactions and evolutionary processes is largely unknown. Here we employed single cell genomics to analyze cell-to-cell genome content variability and signatures of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and viral infections in five cells of Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator, which were collected from a three km-deep fracture water in the 2.9 Ga-old Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa. Between 0 and 32 \% of genes recovered from single cells were not present in the original, metagenomic assembly of Desulforudis, which was obtained from a neighboring subsurface fracture. We found a transposable prophage, a retron, multiple clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) and restriction-modification systems, and an unusually high frequency of transposases in the analyzed single cell genomes. This indicates that recombination, HGT and viral infections are prevalent evolutionary events in the studied population of microorganisms inhabiting a highly stable deep subsurface environment.},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.00349},
	author = {Labonte, Jessica M. and Field, Erin K. and Lau, Maggie and Chivian, Dylan and Van Heerden, Esta and Wommack, K. Eric and Kieft, Thomas L. and Onstott, Tullis C. and Stepanauskas, Ramunas}
}
@article {2584,
	title = {What do benthic ? <sup>13</sup>               C and ? <sup>18</sup>               O data tell us about Atlantic circulation during Heinrich Stadial 1?},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2015},
	month = {Jan-04-2015},
	pages = {353 - 368},
	abstract = {Approximately synchronous with the onset of Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), δ13C decreased throughout most of the upper (~1000{\textendash}2500 m) Atlantic, and at some deeper North Atlantic sites. This early deglacial δ13C decrease has been alternatively attributed to a reduced fraction of high-δ13C North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) or to a decrease in the NADW δ13C source value. Here we present new benthic δ18O and δ13C records from three relatively shallow (~1450{\textendash}1650 m) subpolar Northeast Atlantic cores. With published data from other cores, these data form a depth transect (~1200{\textendash}3900 m) in the subpolar Northeast Atlantic. We compare Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and HS1 data from this transect with data from a depth transect of cores from the Brazil Margin. The largest LGM-to-HS1 decreases in both benthic δ13C and δ18O occurred in upper waters containing the highest NADW fraction during the LGM. We show that the δ13C decrease can be explained entirely by a lower NADW δ13C source value, entirely by a decrease in the proportion of NADW relative to Southern Ocean Water, or by a combination of these mechanisms. However, building on insights from model simulations, we hypothesize that reduced ventilation due to a weakened but still active Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation also contributed to the low δ13C values in the upper North Atlantic. We suggest that the benthic δ18O gradients above ~2300 m at both core transects indicate the depth to which heat and North Atlantic deglacial freshwater had mixed into the subsurface ocean by early HS1.},
	doi = {10.1002/2014PA002667},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2014PA002667},
	author = {Oppo, Delia W. and Curry, William B. and McManus, Jerry F.}
}
@article {2510,
	title = {Cryostratigraphy and Permafrost Evolution in the Lacustrine Lowlands of West-Central Alaska},
	journal = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2014},
	month = {Jan-01-2014},
	pages = {14 - 34},
	abstract = {The influence of permafrost growth and thaw on the evolution of ice-rich lowland terrain in the Koyukuk-Innoko region of interior Alaska is fundamental but poorly understood. To elucidate this influence, the cryostratigraphy and properties of perennially frozen sediments from three areas in this region are described and interpreted in terms of permafrost history. The upper part of the late Quaternary sediments at the Koyukuk and Innoko Flats comprise frozen organic soils up to 4.5 m thick underlain by ice-rich silt characterised by layered and reticulate cryostructures. The volume of visible segregated ice in silt locally reaches 50 per cent, with ice lenses up to 10 cm thick.

A conceptual model of terrain evolution from the Late Pleistocene to the present day identifies four stages of yedoma degradation and five stages of subsequent permafrost aggradation-degradation: (1) partial thawing of the upper ice wedges and the formation of small shallow ponds in the troughs above the wedges; (2) formation of shallow thermokarst lakes above the polygons; (3) deepening of thermokarst lakes and yedoma degradation beneath the lakes; (4) complete thawing of yedoma beneath the lakes; (5) lake drainage; (6) peat accumulation; (7) permafrost aggradation in drained lake basins; (8) formation of permafrost plateaus; and (9) formation and expansion of a new generation of thermokarst features. These stages can occur in differing places and times, creating a highly complex mosaic of terrain conditions, complicating predictions of landscape response to future climatic changes or human impact. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2014 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	doi = {10.1002/ppp.v25.110.1002/ppp.1800},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ppp.v25.1http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ppp.1800https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002\%2Fppp.1800},
	author = {Kanevskiy, Mikhail and Jorgenson, Torre and Shur, Yuri and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Jonathan A. and Harden, Jennifer W. and Zhuang, Qianlai and Fortier, Daniel}
}
@article {2588,
	title = {Decreased influence of Antarctic intermediate water in the tropical Atlantic during North Atlantic cold events},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {389},
	year = {2014},
	month = {Jan-03-2014},
	pages = {200 - 208},
	abstract = {Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) is a key player in the global ocean circulation, contributing to the upper limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and influencing interhemispheric heat exchange and the distribution of salinity, nutrients and carbon. However, the deglacial history of AAIW flow into the North Atlantic is controversial. Here we present a multicore-top neodymium isotope calibration, which confirms the ability of unclean foraminifera to faithfully record bottom water neodymium isotopic composition () values in their authigenic coatings. We then present the first foraminifera-based reconstruction of from three sediment cores retrieved from within modern AAIW, in the western tropical North Atlantic. Our records reveal similar glacial and interglacial contributions of AAIW, and a pronounced decrease in the AAIW fraction during North Atlantic deglacial cold episodes, Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) and Younger Dryas (YD). Our results suggest two separate phases of reduced fraction of AAIW in the tropical Atlantic during HS1, with a greater reduction during early HS1. If a reduction in AAIW fraction also reflects reduced AMOC strength, this finding may explain why, in many regions, there are two phases of hydrologic change within HS1, and why atmospheric CO2 rose more rapidly during early than late HS1. Our result suggesting less flow of AAIW into the Atlantic during North Atlantic cold events contrasts with evidence from the Pacific, where intermediate-depth records may indicate increased flow of AAIW into the Pacific during the these same events. Antiphased behavior between intermediate depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific implies that the flow of AAIW into Atlantic and Pacific seesawed during the last deglaciation.},
	keywords = {antarctic intermediate water, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, deglacial variability, Nd isotopes, North Atlantic cold events},
	issn = {0012821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.037},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.037},
	author = {Huang, Kuo-Fang and Oppo, Delia W. and Curry, William B.}
}
@article {2587,
	title = {Deglacial ?18O and hydrologic variability in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {387},
	year = {2014},
	month = {Jan-02-2014},
	pages = {240 - 251},
	abstract = {Evidence from geologic archives suggests that there were large changes in the tropical hydrologic cycle associated with the two prominent northern hemisphere deglacial cooling events, Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1; \~{}19 to 15 kyr BP; kyr BP = 1000 yr before present) and the Younger Dryas (\~{}12.9 to 11.7 kyr BP). These hydrologic shifts have been alternatively attributed to high and low latitude origin. Here, we present a new record of hydrologic variability based on planktic foraminifera-derived δ18O of seawater (δ18Osw) estimates from a sediment core from the tropical Eastern Indian Ocean, and using 12 additional δ18Osw records, construct a single record of the dominant mode of tropical Eastern Equatorial Pacific and Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) hydrologic variability. We show that deglacial hydrologic shifts parallel variations in the reconstructed interhemispheric temperature gradient, suggesting a strong response to variations in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and the attendant heat redistribution. A transient model simulation of the last deglaciation suggests that hydrologic changes, including a southward shift in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) which likely occurred during these northern hemisphere cold events, coupled with oceanic advection and mixing, resulted in increased salinity in the Indonesian region of the IPWP and the eastern tropical Pacific, which is recorded by the δ18Osw proxy. Based on our observations and modeling results we suggest the interhemispheric temperature gradient directly controls the tropical hydrologic cycle on these time scales, which in turn mediates poleward atmospheric heat transport.},
	keywords = {Deglaciation, Eastern Equatorial Pacific, heat transport, Indo-Pacific, δ18O of seawater},
	issn = {0012821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2013.11.032},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.11.032},
	author = {Gibbons, Fern T. and Oppo, Delia W. and Mohtadi, Mahyar and Rosenthal, Yair and Cheng, Jun and Liu, Zhengyu and Linsley, Braddock K.}
}
@article {2537,
	title = {Glacial to deglacial ventilation and productivity changes in the southern Okhotsk Sea},
	journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
	volume = {395},
	year = {2014},
	month = {Jan-02-2014},
	pages = {53 - 66},
	abstract = {As a source region of North Pacific Intermediate Water, the Okhotsk Sea plays an important role in the ventilation of the North Pacific. To understand the detailed oceanographic changes in this marginal sea since the last glaciation, we studied decadal to centennial scale proxy records from new sediment cores from the southwestern Okhotsk Sea. Glacial to Holocene Δ14C records of benthic foraminiferal shells suggested enhanced ventilation in the Okhotsk Sea during the early deglacial period between 18 and 15 ka, corresponding to Heinrich Event 1. Although the Δ14C reconstruction has considerable uncertainties, the Okhotsk Sea may have acted as a source for vigorous ventilation of the subarctic Pacific during this period. CaCO3 preservation events appear to be better explained by the ventilation history of the Okhotsk Sea than by coccolithophores and foraminifera production. CaCO3 preservation started to improve during 18 to 15 ka, and pronounced peaks in the CaCO3 content corresponded to the B{\o}lling{\textendash}Aller{\o}d (15 to 13 ka) and Preboreal (11.5 to 10 ka) warm periods. Diatom and coccolithophore productivity remained low in the Okhotsk Sea throughout the glacial to deglacial periods, different from the situation in the open subarctic Pacific, where high productivity was observed during the B{\o}lling{\textendash}Aller{\o}d period. After the Preboreal period, biogenic opal gradually increased and δ15N decreased in the southern Okhotsk Sea, suggesting that productivity was enhanced by a relaxation of the nitrate limitation.},
	keywords = {Glacial{\textendash}deglacial change, Okhotsk Sea, productivity, ventilation},
	issn = {00310182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.12.013},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.12.013},
	author = {Okazaki, Yusuke and Kimoto, Katsunori and Asahi, Hirofumi and Sato, Miyako and Nakamura, Yuriko and Harada, Naomi}
}
@article {2585,
	title = {Indonesian vegetation response to changes in rainfall seasonality over the past 25,000 years},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {7449278721172063253871891072011563523665412739429544323},
	year = {2014},
	month = {Jan-06-2014},
	pages = {513 - 517},
	abstract = {The hydrologic response to climate forcing in the Indo-Pacific warm pool region has varied spatially over the past 25,000 years1, 2, 3, 4, 5. For example, drier conditions are inferred on Java and Borneo for the period following the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, whereas wetter conditions are reconstructed for northwest Australia4. The response of vegetation to these past rainfall variations is poorly constrained. Using a suite of 30 surface marine sediment samples from throughout the Indo-Pacific warm pool, we demonstrate that today the stable isotopic composition of vascular plant fatty acids (δ13Cfa) reflects the regional vegetation composition. This in turn is controlled by the seasonality of rainfall consistent with dry season water stress6. Applying this proxy in a sediment core from offshore northeast Borneo, we show broadly similar vegetation cover during the Last Glacial Maximum and the Holocene, suggesting that, despite generally drier glacial conditions1, 7, there was no pronounced dry season. In contrast, δ13Cfa and pollen data from a core off the coast of Sumba indicate an expansion of C4 herbs during the most recent glaciation, implying enhanced aridity and water stress during the dry season. Holocene vegetation trends are also consistent with a response to dry season water stress. We therefore conclude that vegetation in tropical monsoon regions is susceptible to increases in water stress arising from an enhanced seasonality of rainfall, as has occurred8 in past decades.},
	keywords = {Palaeoclimate, Palaeoecology},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo2182},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ngeo2182},
	author = {Dubois, Nathalie and Oppo, Delia W. and Galy, Valier V. and Mohtadi, Mahyar and van der Kaars, Sander and Tierney, Jessica E. and Rosenthal, Yair and Eglinton, Timothy I. and L?ckge, Andreas and Linsley, Braddock K.}
}
@article {2586,
	title = {North Atlantic forcing of tropical Indian Ocean climate},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {509},
	year = {2014},
	month = {Jun-04-2016},
	pages = {76 - 80},
	abstract = {The response of the tropical climate in the Indian Ocean realm to abrupt climate change events in the North Atlantic Ocean is contentious. Repositioning of the intertropical convergence zone is thought to have been responsible for changes in tropical hydroclimate during North Atlantic cold spells1, 2, 3, 4, 5, but the dearth of high-resolution records outside the monsoon realm in the Indian Ocean precludes a full understanding of this remote relationship and its underlying mechanisms. Here we show that slowdowns of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during Heinrich stadials and the Younger Dryas stadial affected the tropical Indian Ocean hydroclimate through changes to the Hadley circulation including a southward shift in the rising branch (the intertropical convergence zone) and an overall weakening over the southern Indian Ocean. Our results are based on new, high-resolution sea surface temperature and seawater oxygen isotope records of well-dated sedimentary archives from the tropical eastern Indian Ocean for the past 45,000 years, combined with climate model simulations of Atlantic circulation slowdown under Marine Isotope Stages 2 and 3 boundary conditions. Similar conditions in the east and west of the basin rule out a zonal dipole structure as the dominant forcing of the tropical Indian Ocean hydroclimate of millennial-scale events. Results from our simulations and proxy data suggest dry conditions in the northern Indian Ocean realm and wet and warm conditions in the southern realm during North Atlantic cold spells.},
	keywords = {Palaeoceanography, Palaeoclimate},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature13196},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature13196},
	author = {Mohtadi, Mahyar and Prange, Matthias and Oppo, Delia W. and De Pol-Holz, Ricardo and Merkel, Ute and Zhang, Xiao and Steinke, Stephan and {\"u}ckge, Andreas}
}
@article { ISI:000359186200001,
	title = {Phylogeny and phylogeography of functional genes shared among seven terrestrial subsurface metagenomes reveal N-cycling and microbial evolutionary relationships},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	month = {OCT 31},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Comparative studies on community phylogenetics and phylogeography of microorganisms living in extreme environments are rare. Terrestrial subsurface habitats are valuable for studying microbial biogeographical patterns due to their isolation and the restricted dispersal mechanisms. Since the taxonomic identity of a microorganism does not always correspond well with its functional role in a particular community, the use of taxonomic assignments or patterns may give limited inference on how microbial functions are affected by historical, geographical and environmental factors. With seven metagenomic libraries generated from fracture water samples collected from five South African mines, this study was carried out to (1) screen for ubiquitous functions or pathways of biogeochemical cycling of CH4, S, and N; (2) to characterize the biodiversity represented by the common functional genes; (3) to investigate the subsurface biogeography as revealed by this subset of genes; and (4) to explore the possibility of using metagenomic data for evolutionary study. The ubiquitous functional genes are NarV, NPD, PAPS reductase, NifH, NifD, NifK, NifE, and NifN genes. Although these eight common functional genes were taxonomically and phylogenetically diverse and distinct from each other, the dissimilarity between samples did not correlate strongly with geographical or environmental parameters or residence time of the water. Por genes homologous to those of Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii detected in all metagenomes were deep lineages of Nitrospirae, suggesting that subsurface habitats have preserved ancestral genetic signatures that inform the study of the origin and evolution of prokaryotes.},
	keywords = {evolution, functional genes, N-cycle, phylogenetics, phylogeny, phylogeography, terrestrial subsurface},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00531},
	author = {Lau, Maggie C. Y. and Cameron, Connor and Magnabosco, Cara and Brown, C. Titus and Schilkey, Faye and Grim, Sharon and Hendrickson, Sarah and Pullin, Michael and Lollar, Barbara Sherwood and Van Heerden, Esta and Kieft, Thomas L. and Onstott, Tullis C.}
}
@article {74,
	title = {Radiocarbon signatures and size{\textendash}age{\textendash}composition relationships of major organic matter pools within a unique California upwelling system},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {126},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1-17},
	abstract = {Coastal upwelling zones are among the most productive regions in the world and play a major role in the global carbon cycle. Radiocarbon (as Δ14C) is a powerful tool for tracing the source and fate of suspended particulate and dissolved organic matter (POM, DOM), and has the potential to reconcile key carbon budgets within upwelling systems. However, the extent to which upwelling processes influence the Δ14C signature of surface DIC, or that of POM or DOM remains almost completely unknown. Here we present a time series of stable carbon (δ13C) and Δ14C isotopic data of major water column carbon pools, including dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), large (0.7{\textendash}500 μm) and small (0.1{\textendash}100 μm) POM, and high molecular weight (HMW; \~{}1 nm{\textendash}0.1 μm) DOM from an upwelling center along the Big Sur coast. We show that DIC Δ14C values (ranging between +29{\textperthousand} and -14{\textperthousand}) are strongly correlated to coastal upwelling processes, and that this 14C-signal readily propagates into both the POM and HMW DOM pool. However, the presence of negative POM and HMW DOM Δ14C values (ranging between +46{\textperthousand} and -56{\textperthousand}, +6{\textperthousand} and -123{\textperthousand} and -1{\textperthousand} and -150{\textperthousand}, respectively) suggests contributions of {\textquotedblleft}pre-aged{\textquotedblright} OM, complicating the direct use of {\textquotedblleft}bulk{\textquotedblright} Δ14C for tracing upwelling-derived carbon production/export. Using a triple-isotope mixing model (δ13C, δ15N, Δ14C) we estimate that 50{\textendash}90\% and 45{\textendash}51\% of large and small POM is newly-produced OM, while between 6{\textendash}22\% and 12{\textendash}44\% of large and small POM are derived from {\textquotedblleft}pre-aged{\textquotedblright} re-suspended sediments. Finally, we observe quantitative relationships between OM size, composition (C:N ratio) and Δ14C within this upwelling system, possibly representing a new tool for modeling ocean C and N biogeochemical cycles.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2013.10.039},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001670371300611X},
	author = {Walker, B. D. and Guilderson, T. P. and Okimura, K. M. and Peacock, M. B. and McCarthy, M. D.}
}
@article {117,
	title = {Changes in sub-fossil chironomid assemblages in two Northern Patagonian lake systems associated to the occurrence of historical fires},
	journal = {Journal of Paleolimnology},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2013},
	note = {id: 2121},
	pages = {41-56},
	abstract = {Patagonia is commonly seen as an exceptionally pristine area because of its wildlife and practically unpolluted waters. However, during the twentieth century the burning of natural forests was one of the most important human activities in Northern Chilean Patagonia. Some estimations indicate that three million hectares were burned during the first three decades of the century. Hence the objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of the historical fires in Lake Burgos (45{\textordmasculine}42'S) and Lake Thompson (45{\textordmasculine}38'S) in Chilean Patagonia. The impact was measured by evaluating chironomid assemblage since they are sensitive enough to be used as an indicator of aquatic ecosystem health. Fires have a direct and drastic effect on a lake watershed but also indirectly affect a lake ecosystem, changing sedimentation patterns or increasing nutrient inputs. In the studied lakes the periods with higher prevalence of fires were identified by charcoal analysis, while organic matter and magnetic susceptibility allowed the confirmation of pre-fire and post-fire periods. The chironomid composition was evaluated through a PCA and an analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) to test the significance among periods while a Detrended Correspondence Analysis was applied to the chironomid assemblage downcore to assess compositional structure and taxa turnover. In Lake Burgos the ANOSIM test indicated significant differences between the pre-fire and fire periods (p},
	doi = {10.1007/s10933-013-9703-0},
	author = {Araneda, A. and Ortega, C. and Jana, P. and Torrejon, F. and Bertrand, S. and Vargas, P. and Fagel, N. and Alvarez, D. and Urrutia, R.}
}
@article {2547,
	title = {Long-term variations in Iceland{\textendash}Scotland overflow strength during the Holocene},
	journal = {Climate of the Past},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2013},
	month = {Jan-01-2013},
	pages = {2073 - 2084},
	abstract = {The overflow of deep water from the Nordic seas into the North Atlantic plays a critical role in global ocean circulation and climate. Approximately half of this overflow occurs via the Iceland{\textendash}Scotland (I{\textendash}S) overflow, yet the history of its strength throughout the Holocene (~ 0{\textendash}11 700 yr ago, ka) is poorly constrained, with previous studies presenting apparently contradictory evidence regarding its long-term variability. Here, we provide a comprehensive reconstruction of I{\textendash}S overflow strength throughout the Holocene using sediment grain size data from a depth transect of 13 cores from the Iceland Basin. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the main axis of the I{\textendash}S overflow on the Iceland slope was shallower during the early Holocene, deepening to its present depth by ~ 7 ka. Our results also reveal weaker I{\textendash}S overflow during the early and late Holocene, with maximum overflow strength occurring at ~ 7 ka, the time of a regional climate thermal maximum. Climate model simulations suggest a shoaling of deep convection in the Nordic seas during the early and late Holocene, consistent with our evidence for weaker I{\textendash}S overflow during these intervals. Whereas the reduction in I{\textendash}S overflow strength during the early Holocene likely resulted from melting remnant glacial ice sheets, the decline throughout the last 7000 yr was caused by an orbitally induced increase in the amount of Arctic sea ice entering the Nordic seas. Although the flux of Arctic sea ice to the Nordic seas is expected to decrease throughout the next century, model simulations predict that under high emissions scenarios, competing effects, such as warmer sea surface temperatures in the Nordic seas, will result in reduced deep convection, likely driving a weaker I{\textendash}S overflow.},
	doi = {10.5194/cp-9-2073-201310.5194/cp-9-2073-2013-supplement},
	url = {http://www.clim-past.net/9/2073/2013},
	author = {Thornalley, D. J. R. and Blaschek, M. and Davies, F. J. and Praetorius, S. and Oppo, D. W. and McManus, J. F. and Hall, I. R. and Kleiven, H. and Renssen, H. and McCave, I. N.}
}
@article { ISI:000320212400003,
	title = {Mid-Late Holocene coastal environmental changes in southeastern Sri Lanka: New evidence for sea level variations in southern Bay of Bengal},
	journal = {QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL},
	volume = {298},
	year = {2013},
	month = {JUN 17},
	pages = {20-36},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami highlighted the need to better understand the dynamics of the South Asian coastlines. Very little knowledge on paleo-coastal variability hinders the development of a paleo-tsunami chronology of the western Bay of Bengal. Also, limited sea level records for the southern Bay of Bengal are remarkably different from rest of the Indian Ocean due to alternating highstands and lowstands during mid-late Holocene. This study was undertaken to recognize how the coastal environment in tectonically stable eastern and southeastern coasts of Sri Lanka changed during mid-late Holocene and to derive evidence of sea level variability. Sediment cores were collected from Kirinda and Panama estuaries, Okanda lagoon and Vakarai beach ridge plain, situated on the eastern and southeastern coasts of Sri Lanka. Physical and chemical variations in sediments, caused by the coastal environmental changes occurred due to fluctuating eustatic sea level, were determined using X-ray fluorescence, visible reflectance, magnetic susceptibility and grain size. Chronology of events were developed using AMS C-14 dates on bulk organic matter, wood, inorganic carbonate and mollusk shells. Results suggest that key periods of transition in the coastal environment in the studied area occurred between about 7300 and 3000 BP. Submergence of coastal environments by mid-Holocene transgression began around 7300 BP. Barrier development initiated at the end of the submergence phase around 4900 BP. Onset of beach ridge development in areas with high sediment supply took place around 4000 BP and continued later than 2400 BP. Marine influence ended around 3000 BP. These coastal environmental changes suggest that Holocene transgression, which started flooding southeastern coastal lowlands, either slowed or the sea level stabilized around 4900 BP. Sea level fell down to its present level at around 3000 BP by the subsequent slow regression. Some cores carry evidence for a possible pause in the transgression or a short lowstand that ended around 5200 BR (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {1040-6182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quaint.2013.02.030},
	author = {Ranasinghe, R. N. and Ortiz, J. D. and Moore, A. L. and McAdoo, B. and Wells, N. and Siriwardana, C. H. E. R. and Wijesundara, D. T. D. S.}
}
@article {90,
	title = {Moisture and temperature changes associated with the mid-Holocene Tsuga decline in the northeastern United States},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {129-142},
	abstract = {A decline of hemlock (Tsuga) populations at ca 5.5 ka (thousands of calibrated radiocarbon years before 1950 AD) stands out as the most abrupt vegetation change of the Holocene in North America, but remains poorly understood after decades of study. Recent analyses of fossil pollen have revealed a concurrent, abrupt oak (Quercus) decline and increases in the abundance of beech (Fagus) and pine (Pinus) on Cape Cod in eastern Massachusetts, but the replacement of drought-tolerant oaks by moisture-sensitive beeches appears inconsistent with low lake levels in the region at the same time. The oak and beech changes are also limited to coastal areas, and the coastal-inland differences require an explanation. Here, we develop a new lake-level reconstruction from Deep Pond, Cape Cod by using a transect of sediment cores and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles to constrain the past elevations of the sandy, littoral zone of the pond. The reconstruction shows that a series of multi-century episodes of low water coincide with the abrupt hemlock and oak declines, and interrupt subsequent phases of hemlock recovery. The lake-level variations equal precipitation deficits of \~{}100 mm superimposed on a Holocene long moisture increase of >400 mm. However, because moisture deficits do not easily explain the oak and beech changes, we also evaluate how the climate preferences of the regional vegetation changed over time by matching the fossil pollen assemblages from Deep Pond with their modern equivalents. Reconstructions of the precipitation requirements of the vegetation correlate well even in detail with the lake-level record (r = 0.88 at Deep Pond), and indicate close tracking of effective moisture (precipitation minus evapotranspiration) by the vegetation despite the abrupt species declines, which could have decoupled climate and vegetation trends. Reconstructions of the temperature preferences of the vegetation indicate that coastal sites may have cooled by 0.5{\textendash}2.5 {\textdegree}C after ca 5.5 ka, while inland sites warmed by 0.5{\textendash}1 {\textdegree}C. The change in coastal temperature preferences agrees with sea surface cooling in the western Atlantic Ocean of >1 {\textdegree}C. Consequently, the persistence of low hemlock abundance after 5.5 ka in the northeast U.S. may have resulted from oceanic changes that produced multi-century droughts and thus delayed the post-decline recovery of hemlock populations.},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.09.001},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379113003375},
	author = {Marsicek, Jeremiah P. and Shuman, Bryan and Brewer, Simon and Foster, David R. and Oswald, W. Wyatt}
}
@article {139,
	title = {Postglacial (after 18 ka) deep-sea sedimentation along the Hikurangi subduction margin (New Zealand): Characterisation, timing and origin of turbidites},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {295{\textendash}298},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2142},
	pages = {51-76},
	abstract = {Recent sedimentation along the Hikurangi subduction margin off northeastern New Zealand is investigated using a series of piston cores collected between 2003 and 2008. The active Hikurangi Margin lies along the Pacific{\textendash}Australia subduction plate boundary and contains a diverse range of geomorphologic settings. Slope basin stratigraphy is thick and complex, resulting from sustained high rates of sedimentation from adjacent muddy rivers throughout the Quaternary. Turbidites deposited since c. 18 ka in the Poverty, Ruatoria and Matakaoa re-entrants are central to this study in that they provide a detailed record of the past climatic conditions and tectonic activity. Here, alternating hemipelagite, turbidite, debrite and tephra layers reflect distinctive depositional modes of marine sedimentation, turbidity current, debris flow and volcanic eruption, respectively. Turbidites dominate the record, ranging in lithofacies from muddy to sandy turbidites, and include some basal-reverse graded turbidites inferred to be derived from hyperpycnal flows. Stacked turbidites are common and indicate multiple gravity-flows over short time periods. The chronology of turbidites is determined by collating an extremely dense set of radiocarbon ages and dated tephra, which facilitate sedimentation rate calculation and identification of the origin of turbidites. Sedimentation rates range from 285 cm/ka during late glacial time (18.5{\textendash}17 ka) to 15 to 109 cm/ka during postglacial time (17{\textendash}0 ka). Turbidite deposition is controlled by: (1) the emplacement of slope avalanches reorganising sediment pathways; (2) the postglacial marine transgression leading to a five-fold reduction in sediment supply to the slope due to disconnection of river mouths from the shelf edge, and (3) the Holocene/Pleistocene boundary climate warming resulting in a drastic decrease in the average turbidite grain-size. Flood-induced turbidites are scarce: nine hyperpycnites are recognised since 18 ka and the youngest is correlated to the largest ENSO-related storm event recorded onland (Lake Tutira). Other turbidites contain a benthic foraminiferal assemblage which is strictly reworked from the upper slope and which relates to large earthquakes over the last c. 7 ka. They yield a shorter return time (270{\textendash}430 years) than the published coastal records for large earthquakes (c. 670 years), but the offshore record is likely to be more complete. The deep-sea sedimentation along the New Zealand active margin illustrates the complex interaction of tectonic and climate in turbidite generation. Climate warming and glacio-eustatic fluctuations are well recorded at a millennial timescale (18 ka), while tectonic deformation and earthquakes appear predominant in fostering turbidite production at a centennial timescale (270{\textendash}430 years).},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2011.11.002},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322711002507},
	author = {Pouderoux, Hugo and Proust, Jean-No{\"e}l and Lamarche, Geoffroy and Orpin, Alan and Neil, Helen}
}
@article {119,
	title = {A reconstruction of late Pleistocene relative sea level in the south Bohai Sea, China, based on sediment grain-size analysis},
	journal = {Sedimentary Geology},
	volume = {281},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2312},
	pages = {88-100},
	abstract = {Future anthropogenic sea-level rise and its impact on coastal regions is an important issue facing human civilizations. Due to the short nature of the instrumental record of sea-level change, development of proxies for sea-level change prior to the advent of instrumental records is essential to reconstruct long-term background sea-level changes on local, regional and global scales. Here, we employ numerical methods to partition sediment grain size using a combined database of marine surface and core samples, and to quantitatively reconstruct sea-level variation since the late Pleistocene in the south Bohai Sea, China. Our sea-level reconstruction indicates that relative sea-level changes in the southern Bohai Sea track global sea-level variation for the duration of the record. The results also indicate substantial regression from 70 to 30 cal kyr BP, and potentially subarial exposure from 38 to 20 cal kyr BP. Our results document the feasibility of reconstructing relative sea-level change by numerical partitioning of sediment grain size data, demonstrating the potential for future applications.},
	issn = {0037-0738},
	doi = {10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.08.007},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0037073812002333},
	author = {Yi, Liang and Yu, Hongjun and Ortiz, Joseph D. and Xu, Xingyong and Qiang, Xiaoke and Huang, Haijun and Shi, Xuefa and Deng, Chenglong}
}
@article {2548,
	title = {Strengthening of the Northeast Monsoon over the Flores Sea, Indonesia, at the time of Heinrich event 1},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jan-07-2012},
	pages = {635 - 638},
	abstract = {Paleoclimate evidence from South America and Asia has been interpreted to indicate that tropical rainfall migrated southward during the Northern Hemisphere cooling associated with Heinrich stadial 1 (HS1), an event of massive iceberg discharge to the North Atlantic ca. 18{\textendash}15 ka. Although arid conditions associated with such a shift are well documented in southern Asia, as far south as Borneo, debate still exists regarding the precipitation response in southern Indonesia and Australia during HS1. This study utilizes concentrations of the long-lived nuclide 232Th as a proxy for detrital riverine input and 230Th normalization to estimate the history of preserved fluxes reaching the seafloor in the Flores Sea, located between southern Sulawesi and the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Because the only source of 232Th to the ocean is continental minerals, this proxy is a robust indicator of continental weathering. The 230Th normalized burial fluxes of lithogenic and biogenic matter demonstrate that both detrital and biogenic fluxes in the Flores Sea were higher during HS1 than any other period in the past 22 k.y. High detrital fluxes indicate enhanced precipitation runoff from surrounding landmasses during a period of maximum southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. This study further constrains the northern limit of enhanced rainfall associated with a southward shift of Australian monsoon-related rainfall at the time of HS1 and highlights the value of 232Th as a proxy of continental input to deep-sea sediment records.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G32878.1},
	url = {http://geology.gsapubs.org/cgi/doi/10.1130/G32878.1},
	author = {Muller, J. and McManus, J. F. and Oppo, D. W. and Francois, R.}
}
@article { ISI:000300878100002,
	title = {Ventilation changes in the western North Pacific since the last glacial period},
	journal = {CLIMATE OF THE PAST},
	volume = {8},
	number = {{1}},
	year = {2012},
	month = {JAN},
	pages = {17-24},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We reconstructed the ventilation record of deep water at 2100m depth in the mid-latitude western North Pacific over the past 25 kyr from radiocarbon measurements of coexisting planktic and benthic foraminiferal shells in sediment with a high sedimentation rate. The C-14 data on fragile and robust planktic foraminiferal shells were concordant with each other, ensuring high quality of the reconstructed ventilation record. The radiocarbon activity changes were consistent with the atmospheric record, suggesting that no massive mixing of old carbon from the abyssal reservoir occurred throughout the glacial to deglacial periods. margin of the North Pacific, in a deep western boundary current analogous to the present one in the North Atlantic. However, our knowledge of paleo-ventilation, particularly in water deeper than 2000m in the western North Pacific, is limited because of poor preservation of foraminiferal shells in sediment. Here we present a detailed account of ventilation changes in the mid-latitude western North Pacific based on radiocarbon records from coexisting planktic and benthic foraminifera in sediment with high sedimentation rates. Because our ventilation reconstruction is based on radiocarbon data from multiple planktic species in the mid to high-latitude western North Pacific, our record provides robust evidence for the ventilation history in the region.},
	issn = {1814-9324},
	doi = {10.5194/cp-8-17-2012},
	author = {Okazaki, Y. and Sagawa, T. and Asahi, H. and Horikawa, K. and Onodera, J.}
}
@book {2453,
	title = {Geological Society of America Special PapersGeology and Geoarchaeology of the Black Sea Region: Beyond the Flood HypothesisPontic-Baltic pathways for invasive aquatic species: Geoarchaeological implications},
	volume = {473},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {189 - 196},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America},
	organization = {Geological Society of America},
	abstract = {An accurate chronology for the exchange of aquatic species between water basins is important for paleoenvironmental reconstruction on both regional and continental scales. During the early Holocene, the range of zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, was limited to the Black, Azov, Caspian, and Aral Seas, as well as the estuaries and lower and middle reaches of the Pontic-Caspian rivers. We present new fi ndings that challenge the currently held view that this species migrated into the Baltic Sea watershed during the early 1800s through the canals joining the tributaries of rivers that drain into the Black and Baltic Sea basins. Geological investigations along the southeast Baltic Sea coast (Curonian and Vistula spits and lagoons) have uncovered shells of D. polymorpha that yielded radiocarbon ages older than 1000 radiocarbon yr B.P. We propose two scenarios to explain the new radiocarbon dates for D. polymorpha. The fi rst scenario involves an anomalously large reservoir effect{\textemdash}as large as 600{\textendash} 800 yr{\textemdash}however, several lines of evidence cast doubt upon the validity of such a large reservoir correction. The second scenario that might explain the old zebra mussel ages is the earlier arrival of Dreissena polymorpha into the Baltic region. Natural exchange may have been facilitated by the proximity of the tributaries draining thePontic and Baltic watersheds. Human-mediated transport is also considered in association with Viking voyages from the Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas between A.D. 800 and 1000, and the riverine trade exchange during the Lithuanian expansion into the Pontic steppe in subsequent centuries. It is likely that both scenarios played a role, with implications for late Holocene biogeography and paleoecology of the Pontic-Caspian and Baltic basins. 

Pontic-Baltic pathways for invasive aquatic species: Geoarchaeological implications (PDF Download Available). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256375044_Pontic-Baltic_pathways_for_invasive_aquatic_species_Geoarchaeological_implications [accessed May 25, 2017].},
	doi = {10.1130/978081372473710.1130/2011.2473(12)},
	url = {http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org//content/473http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/lookup/doi/10.1130/2011.2473(12)},
	author = {Buynevich, Ilya V. and {\v s}yte, Aldona and Bitinas, Albertas and Olenin, Sergej and {\v z}eika, Jonas and {\v s}ius, Rimantas}
}
@article {196,
	title = {Glacial to Holocene swings of the Australian-Indonesian monsoon},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2012; PT: J; UT: WOS:000293277100016},
	pages = {540-544},
	abstract = {The Australian-Indonesian monsoon is an important component of the climate system in the tropical Indo-Pacific region(1). However, its past variability, relation with northern and southern high-latitude climate and connection to the other Asian monsoon systems are poorly understood. Here we present high-resolution records of monsoon-controlled austral winter upwelling during the past 22,000 years, based on planktic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes and faunal composition in a sedimentary archive collected offshore southern Java. We show that glacial-interglacial variations in the Australian-Indonesian winter monsoon were in phase with the Indian summer monsoon system, consistent with their modern linkage through cross-equatorial surface winds. Likewise, millennial-scale variability of upwelling shares similar sign and timing with upwelling variability in the Arabian Sea. On the basis of element composition and grain-size distribution as precipitation-sensitive proxies in the same archive, we infer that (austral) summer monsoon rainfall was highest during the Bolling-Allerod period and the past 2,500 years. Our results indicate drier conditions during Heinrich Stadial 1 due to a southward shift of summer rainfall and a relatively weak Hadley cell south of the Equator. We suggest that the Australian-Indonesian summer and winter monsoon variability were closely linked to summer insolation and abrupt climate changes in the northern hemisphere.},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/NGEO1209},
	author = {Mohtadi, Mahyar and Oppo, Delia W. and Steinke, Stephan and Stuut, Jan-Berend W. and De Pol-Holz, Ricardo and Hebbeln, Dierk and Lueckge, Andreas}
}
@article {190,
	title = {Methane hydrate-bearing seeps as a source of aged dissolved organic carbon to the oceans},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2030; PT: J; UT: WOS:000285498600015},
	pages = {37-41},
	abstract = {Marine sediments contain about 500-10,000 Gt of methane carbon(1-3), primarily in gas hydrate. This reservoir is comparable in size to the amount of organic carbon in land biota, terrestrial soils, the atmosphere and sea water combined(1,4), but it releases relatively little methane to the ocean and atmosphere(5). Sedimentary microbes convert most of the dissolved methane to carbon dioxide(6,7). Here we show that a significant additional product associated with microbial methane consumption is methane-derived dissolved organic carbon. We use Delta(14)C and delta(13)C measurements and isotopic mass-balance calculations to evaluate the contribution of methane-derived carbon to seawater dissolved organic carbon overlying gas hydrate-bearing seeps in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. We show that carbon derived from fossil methane accounts for up to 28\% of the dissolved organic carbon. This methane-derived material is much older, and more depleted in (13)C, than background dissolved organic carbon. We suggest that fossil methane-derived carbon may contribute significantly to the estimated 4,000-6,000 year age of dissolved organic carbon in the deep ocean(8), and provide reduced organic matter and energy to deep-ocean microbial communities.},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/NGEO1016},
	author = {Pohlman, John W. and Bauer, James E. and Waite, William F. and Osburn, Christopher L. and Chapman, N. Ross}
}
@inbook {691,
	title = {Pontic-Baltic pathways for invasive aquatic species: geoarchaeological implications},
	booktitle = {Geology and Geoarchaeology of the Black Sea Region: Beyond the Flood Hypothesis},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2122},
	pages = {189-196},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America},
	organization = {Geological Society of America},
	abstract = {An accurate chronology for the exchange of aquatic species between water basins is important for paleoenvironmental reconstruction on both regional and continental scales. During the early Holocene, the range of zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, was limited to the Black, Azov, Caspian, and Aral Seas, as well as the estuaries and lower and middle reaches of the Pontic-Caspian rivers. We present new findings that challenge the currently held view that this species migrated into the Baltic Sea watershed during the early 1800s through the canals joining the tributaries of rivers that drain into the Black and Baltic Sea basins. Geological investigations along the southeast Baltic Sea coast (Curonian and Vistula spits and lagoons) have uncovered shells of D. polymorpha that yielded radiocarbon ages older than 1000 radiocarbon yr B.P. We propose two scenarios to explain the new radiocarbon dates for D. polymorpha. The first scenario involves an anomalously large reservoir effect{\textemdash}as large as 600{\textendash}800 yr{\textemdash}however, several lines of evidence cast doubt upon the validity of such a large reservoir correction. The second scenario that might explain the old zebra mussel ages is the earlier arrival of Dreissena polymorpha into the Baltic region. Natural exchange may have been facilitated by the proximity of the tributaries draining the Pontic and Baltic watersheds. Human-mediated transport is also considered in association with Viking voyages from the Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas between A.D. 800 and 1000, and the riverine trade exchange during the Lithuanian expansion into the Pontic steppe in subsequent centuries. It is likely that both scenarios played a role, with implications for late Holocene biogeography and paleoecology of the Pontic-Caspian and Baltic basins.},
	issn = {9780813724737},
	doi = {10.1130/2011.2473(12)​},
	author = {Buynevich, I. V. and Damu{\v s}yte, A. and Bitinas, A. and Olenin, S. and Ma{\v z}eika, J. and Petro{\v s}ius, R.},
	editor = {Buynevich, I. V.}
}
@article {222,
	title = {Trace metal enrichments in Lake Tanganyika sediments: Controls on trace metal burial in lacustrine systems},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2144},
	pages = {483-499},
	abstract = {We investigate the distributions of several key diagenetic reactants (C, S, Fe) and redox-sensitive trace metals (Mo, Cd, Re, U) in sediments from Lake Tanganyika, East Africa. This study includes modern sediments from a chemocline transect, which spans oxygenated shallow waters to sulfidic conditions at depth, as well as ancient sediments from a longer core (\~{}2 m) taken at \~{}900 m water depth. Modern sediments from depths spanning \~{}70{\textendash}335 m are generally characterized by increasing enrichments of C, S, Mo, Cd, and U with increasing water depth but static Fe distributions. It appears that the sedimentary enrichments of these elements are, to varying degrees, influenced by a combination of organic carbon cycling and sulfur cycling. These modern lake characteristics contrast with a period of high total organic carbon (Corg), total sulfur (STot), and trace metal concentrations observed in the 900 m core, a period which follows the most recent deglaciation (\~{}18{\textendash}11 ky). This interval is followed abruptly by an interval (\~{}11{\textendash}6 ky) that is characterized by lower C, S, U, and Mo. Consistent with other work we suspect that the low concentrations of S, Mo, and U may indicate a period of intense lake mixing, during which time the lake may have been less productive and less reducing as compared to the present. An alternative, but not mutually exclusive, hypothesis is that changes in the lake{\textquoteright}s chemical inventory, driven by significant hydrological changes, could be influencing the distribution of sedimentary trace elements through time.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.09.041},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703710005739},
	author = {Brucker, Rebecca Poulson and McManus, James and Severmann, Silke and Owens, Jeremy and Lyons, Timothy W.}
}
@article {243,
	title = {Coordinated hydrological regimes in the Indo-Pacific region during the past two millennia},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 795; 565UW Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:42Y},
	abstract = {Instrumental data suggest that major shifts in tropical Pacific atmospheric dynamics and hydrology have occurred within the past century, potentially in response to anthropogenic warming. To better understand these trends, we use the hydrogen isotopic ratios of terrestrial higher plant leaf waxes ( delta D-wax) in marine sediments from southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia, to compile a detailed reconstruction of central Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) hydrologic variability spanning most of the last two millennia. Our paleodata are highly correlated with a monsoon reconstruction from Southeast Asia, indicating that intervals of strong East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) activity are associated with a weaker Indonesian monsoon (IM). Furthermore, the centennial-scale oscillations in our data follow known changes in Northern Hemisphere climate ( e. g., the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period) implying a dynamic link between Northern Hemisphere temperatures and IPWP hydrology. The inverse relationship between the EASM and IM suggests that migrations of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and associated changes in monsoon strength caused synoptic hydrologic shifts in the IPWP throughout most of the past two millennia.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2009pa001871},
	author = {Tierney, J. E. and Oppo, D. W. and Rosenthal, Y. and Russell, J. M. and Linsley, B. K.}
}
@article {2538,
	title = {Deepwater Formation in the North Pacific During the Last Glacial Termination},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {329},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Sep-07-2010},
	pages = {200 - 204},
	abstract = {Between ~17,500 and 15,000 years ago, the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation weakened substantially in response to meltwater discharges from disintegrating Northern Hemispheric glacial ice sheets. The global effects of this reorganization of poleward heat flow in the North Atlantic extended to Antarctica and the North Pacific. Here we present evidence from North Pacific paleo surface proxy data, a compilation of marine radiocarbon age ventilation records, and global climate model simulations to suggest that during the early stages of the Last Glacial Termination, deep water extending to a depth of ~2500 to 3000 meters was formed in the North Pacific. A switch of deepwater formation between the North Atlantic and the North Pacific played a key role in regulating poleward oceanic heat transport during the Last Glacial Termination.},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1190612},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1190612},
	author = {Okazaki, Y. and Timmermann, A. and Menviel, L. and Harada, N. and Abe-Ouchi, A. and Chikamoto, M. O. and Mouchet, A. and Asahi, H.}
}
@article { ISI:000281467500020,
	title = {Holocene evolution of the Indonesian throughflow and the western Pacific warm pool},
	journal = {NATURE GEOSCIENCE},
	volume = {3},
	number = {{8}},
	year = {2010},
	month = {AUG},
	pages = {578-583},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {High sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific warm pool fuel atmospheric convection and influence tropical climate. This region also hosts the Indonesian throughflow, the network of currents through which surface and thermocline waters are transported from the western equatorial Pacific Ocean into the Indian Ocean. Here we show, using records of the delta O-18 and Mg/Ca of planktonic foraminifera from eight sediment cores, that from about 10,000 to 7,000 years ago, sea surface temperatures in the western sector of the western Pacific warm pool were about 0.5 degrees C higher than during pre-industrial times. We also find that about 9,500 years ago, when the South China and Indonesian seas were connected by rising sea level, surface waters in the Makassar Strait became relatively fresher. We suggest that the permanent reduction of surface salinity initiated the enhanced flow at lower, thermocline depths seen in the modern Indonesian throughflow. However, the uniformly warm sea surface temperatures found upstream and downstream of the Indonesian throughflow indicate that the early Holocene warmth in this region was not directly related to reduced heat transport by the throughflow that may have resulted from surface freshening of the Makassar Strait. Instead, we propose that the elevated temperatures were the result of a westward shift or expansion of the boundaries of the western Pacific warm pool.},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo920},
	author = {Linsley, Braddock K. and Rosenthal, Yair and Oppo, Delia W.}
}
@article {2567,
	title = {Implications for chloro- and pheopigment synthesis and preservation from combined compound-specific δ13C, δ15N, and Δ14C analysis},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jan-01-2010},
	pages = {4105 - 4118},
	abstract = {Chloropigments and their derivative pheopigments preserved in sediments can directly be linked to photosynthesis. Their carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic compositions have been shown to be a good recorder of recent and past surface ocean environmental conditions tracing the carbon and nitrogen sources and dominant assimilation processes of the phytoplanktonic community. In this study we report results from combined compound-specific radiocarbon and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis to examine the time-scales of synthesis and fate of chlorophyll-a and its degradation products pheophytin-a, pyropheophytin-a, and 132,173-cyclopheophorbide-a-enol until burial in Black Sea core-top sediments. The pigments are mainly of marine phytoplanktonic origin as implied by their stable isotopic compositions. Pigment delta15N values indicate nitrate as the major uptake substrate but 15N-depletion towards the open marine setting indicates either contribution from N2-fixation or direct uptake of ammonium from deeper waters. Radiocarbon concentrations translate into minimum and maximum pigment ages of approximately 40 to 1200 years. This implies that protective mechanisms against decomposition such as association with minerals, storage in deltaic anoxic environments, or eutrophication-induced hypoxia and light limitation are much more efficient than previously thought. Moreover, seasonal variations of nutrient source, growth period, and habitat and their associated isotopic variability are likely at least as strong as long-term trends. Combined triple isotope analysis of sedimentary chlorophyll and its primary derivatives is a powerful tool to delineate biogeochemical and diagenetic processes in the surface water and sediments, and to assess their precise time-scales. 

},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-7-4105-201010.5194/bg-7-4105-2010-supplement},
	url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/7/4105/2010},
	author = {Kusch, S. and Kashiyama, Y. and Ogawa, N. O. and Altabet, M. and Butzin, M. and Friedrich, J. and Ohkouchi, N. and Mollenhauer, G.}
}
@article {470,
	title = {Modern sediment dispersal and accumulation on the outer Poverty continental margin},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {270},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 792; Sp. Iss. SI 576IF Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:72Y},
	pages = {213-226},
	abstract = {The Poverty margin was sampled in 2005 and 2006 as part of an international initiative to examine the terrestrial and marine sedimentary response to natural and human impacts on dispersal systems at mud-dominated coasts: the NSF MARGINS Source-to-Sink Initiative. Pb-210 accumulation rates generally decrease from similar to 1 g/cm(2) y in the mid-shelf depocenter on the outer shelf to similar to 0.1 g/cm2 y on the mid-slope plateau (range 0.04-2.53 g/cm(2) y). Higher accumulation rates are observed all along the outer Poverty shelf, extending over the shelf break onto the upper Poverty slope in canyons and gullies. Rates are fast in gullies that incise into the shelf edge (0.75-1 g/cm(2) y), particularly in the area between Waipaoa Canyon and Poverty Canyon, and in the axis of Poverty Canyon (1.29-1.89 g/cm(2) y). Below similar to 1200 m water depth, rates in the axis of Poverty Canyon are no more rapid than those found at open slope cores in similar water depths (0.12-0.15 g/cm(2) y). Excess Pb-210 profiles generally exhibit steady state characteristics, except in the axis of Poverty Canyon, where non-steady-state Pb-210 profiles are observed. Cs-137 was not found above minimum detection limits or above statistical background levels in any cores from the Poverty margin. Be-7 was found distributed widely along and across the margin during both summer and winter periods, observed to depths of up to 4cm. Widespread presence of Be-7 on the margin in both winter and summer suggests that terrestrially derived sediment is reaching the outer shelf and upper slope throughout the year. A sediment budget based on Pb-210 accumulation rate data shows that approximately 13-18\% of the Waipaoa annual discharge is accumulating on the outer Poverty margin as a whole, and approximately 11-15\% of the annual discharge is accumulating on the continental slope alone. Notably, approximately 28\% of the sediment annually accumulating in the outer margin is being sequestered in slope gullies and canyons, although they represent only 6\% of the area of the outer margin. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2009.10.015},
	author = {Alexander, C. R. and Walsh, J. P. and Orpin, A. R.}
}
@article {513,
	title = {Photosynthetic isotope biosignatures in laminated micro-stromatolitic and non-laminated nodules associated with modern, freshwater microbialites in Pavilion Lake, BC RID B-8520-2011},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {274},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 2056; PT: J; UT: WOS:000279094700005},
	pages = {56-67},
	abstract = {The influence of microbial activity on carbonate precipitation was investigated within micro-stromatolitic nodules associated with modem, freshwater microbialites located in Pavilion Lake, B.C. Observed carbonate delta(13)C values enriched by up to +3.6 parts per thousand as compared to predicted abiotic carbonate delta(13)C values from measured dissolved inorganic carbon (mean -1.2 parts per thousand, n=13) were consistent with microbial photosynthetic influence on in situ precipitation within the nodule microenvironment. Estimated carbonate precipitation temperatures within the nodules based on delta(18)O were consistent with recorded summertime temperatures, indicative of precipitation during the period of highest levels of photosynthetic activity. Low delta(13)C values of organic matter within the nodules (-30.6 to 21.1 parts per thousand) and an average inorganic to organic carbon Delta delta(13)C value of 26.8 parts per thousand reflected the preferential uptake of (12)C during non-CO(2) limited photosynthesis, supporting the generation of (13)C-enriched DIC. Microelectrode profiles through the nodules showed oxygen supersaturation of up to similar to 275\%, elevated pH compared to ambient water and a lack of any observable dissolved sulphide, Mn or Fe further indicated that photosynthetic activity was the predominant metabolic process within the nodule during light exposure. Microbial phospholipid fatty acid profiles of the nodule communities were indicative of bacteria rather than eukaryotes and PLFA delta(13)C values were depleted relative to the bulk cell by 2.6-6.6 parts per thousand, consistent with a predominance of photosynthetic microbes. Scanning electron microscopy images of the relationship between carbonate minerals and filaments indicated that carbonate precipitation had occurred in situ due to microbial influences on the geochemistry within the nodule microenvironment rather than due to cell surface effects or trapping and binding. The observation of photosynthetically induced (13)C-enrichment of in situ precipitated carbonate within the nodule microenvironment is thus a biosignature of the activity of these surface communities and is consistent with the hypothesized role of biology in the formation of microbialites. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.03.016},
	author = {Brady, A. L. and Slater, G. F. and Omelon, C. R. and Southam, G. and Druschel, G. and Andersen, D. T. and Hawes, I. and Laval, B. and Lim, D. S. S.}
}
@article {314,
	title = {Postglacial changes in El Nino and La Nina behavior},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 1985; PT: J; UT: WOS:000273346200011},
	pages = {43-46},
	abstract = {Paleoclimate reconstructions suggest distinctive changes in the Ell Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the dominant mode of tropical climate variability, over the last glacial cycle and throughout the Holocene. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies provide parallel reconstructions of warm (El Nino) and cold (La Nina) phase variability, thus precluding distinction between variations in ENSO activity and the mean state of the tropical Pacific. Here we provide the first such records, generated using molecular organic geochemical proxies in a sediment core from the Peru margin region. The opposing influences of El Nino and La Nina on coastal upwelling and phytoplankton community structure produce distinct sedimentary sterol records describing the evolution of each ENSO phase. We document changes in surface ocean productivity on the Peru margin over the past 16 ka that indicate enhanced La Nina-like conditions alone during deglaciation, but concomitant increases in both El Nino and La Nina activity during the past 2 ka. We propose that the preponderance of La Nina-like conditions prior to 11.5 ka reflects the influence of waning glacial boundary conditions. By contrast, warm and cold phase covariability during the late Holocene suggests centennial-scale changes in ENSO activity, rather than the Pacific mean state, driven by tropical insolation.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G30366.1},
	author = {Makou, Matthew C. and Eglinton, Timothy I. and Oppo, Delia W. and Hughen, Konrad A.}
}
@article {241,
	title = {The potential of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) for testing the synchronicity of abrupt climate change during the Last Glacial Interval (60,000-11,700 years ago)},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 1982; PT: J; UT: WOS:000285222000001},
	pages = {3677-3682},
	abstract = {The latter part of the Last Glacial Interval (LGI; 60,000 to 11,700 years ago) experienced a range of climatic and environment extremes. To elucidate the mechanisms of these changes requires records of past variability that are precisely dated and correlated on the same absolute timescale. However, despite decades of research, it is still not possible to align most marine and terrestrial records of past change with ice-core records, largely because of ongoing uncertainties over the conversion of pre-Holocene (14)C ages on to a calendar timescale and uncertainties with in ice-core chronologies. As a result, it is equivocal whether climate changes in both hemispheres during the LGI led, lagged or were synchronous with one another. A decadally-resolved radiocarbon calibration is urgently required to test these models of the Earth system. Here we report radiocarbon measurements obtained from subfossil New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) spanning a collective 3500 years dated between 25,000 and 45,000 years ago. The results are compared to the recently published international calibration curve IntCal09 and to the marine Cariaco Basin datasets. We show that kauri have considerable potential for development of a Southern Hemisphere component of a unified global calibration curve suite, and that tree-ring sequences can be superposed on other radiocarbon records to constrain atmospheric marine offsets and precisely test the synchronicity of abrupt climate change. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.08.017},
	author = {Turney, Chris S. M. and Fifield, L. Keith and Hogg, Alan G. and Palmer, Jonathan G. and Hughen, Konrad and Baillie, Mike G. L. and Galbraith, Rex and Ogden, John and Lorrey, Andrew and Tims, Stephen G. and Jones, Richard T.}
}
@article {2551,
	title = {Temperature and salinity changes in the deglacial North Atlantic},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {3336-3345},
	author = {Benway, H.M. and McManus, J.F. and Oppo, D.W. and Cullen, J.F.}
}
@article {368,
	title = {2,000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the Indo-Pacific warm pool},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {460},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 860; ISI Document Delivery No.: 487YE Times Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 29 Cited References: *INT AT ENAG WORLD, 2006, GNIP PROGR RES *NAT RES COUNC, 2006, SURF TEMP REC LAST 2 ALDRIAN E, 2003, INT J CLIMATOL, V23, P1435, DOI 10.1002/joc.950 ANAND P, 2003, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V18, ARTN 1050 BARSUGLI JJ, 2002, J CLIMATE, V15, P3427 BROCCOLI AJ, 2006, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V33, ARTN L01702 CHIANG JCH, 2005, CLIM DYNAM, V25, P477, DOI 10.1007/s00382-005-0040-5 CONROY JL, 2008, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V27, P1166, DOI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.02.015 GORDON AL, 2003, NATURE, V425, P824, DOI 10.1038/nature02038 HAUG GH, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P1304 JANSEN E, 2007, CLIMATE CHANGE 2007, P466 KAWAHATA H, 2002, DEEP-SEA RES PT II, V49, P2783 LEA DW, 2000, SCIENCE, V289, P1719 LOCARNINI RA, 2006, NOAA ATLAS NESDIS, V61 MANN ME, 2008, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V105, P13252, DOI 10.1073/pnas.0805721105 MOHTADI M, 2009, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V24, ARTN PA1201 MOY CM, 2002, NATURE, V420, P162 NEWTON A, 2006, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V33, ARTN L19710 QU T, 2005, OCEANOGRAPHY, V18, P50 ROSENTHAL Y, 2003, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V30, DOI 10.1029/2002GL016612 SMITH TM, 2008, J CLIMATE, V21, P2283, DOI 10.1175/2007JCLI2100.1 SONTAKKE NA, 1993, J CLIMATE, V6, P1807 STOTT L, 2004, NATURE, V431, P56, DOI 10.1038/nature02903 THUNELL RC, 1984, MICROPALEONTOLOGY, V30, P243 VUILLE M, 2005, J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS, V110, ARTN D23108 WANG YJ, 2005, SCIENCE, V308, P854, DOI 10.1126/science.1106296 XIE PP, 1996, J CLIMATE, V9, P840 YANCHEVA G, 2007, NATURE, V445, P74, DOI 10.1038/nature05431 ZHANG PZ, 2008, SCIENCE, V322, P940, DOI 10.1126/science.1163965 Oppo, Delia W. Rosenthal, Yair Linsley, Braddock K.; YY},
	pages = {1113-1116},
	abstract = {Northern Hemisphere surface temperature reconstructions suggest that the late twentieth century was warmer than any other time during the past 500 years and possibly any time during the past 1,300 years (refs 1, 2). These temperature reconstructions are based largely on terrestrial records from extra-tropical or high-elevation sites; however, global average surface temperature changes closely follow those of the global tropics(3), which are 75\% ocean. In particular, the tropical Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP) represents a major heat reservoir that both influences global atmospheric circulation(4) and responds to remote northern high-latitude forcings(5,6). Here we present a decadally resolved continuous sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction from the IPWP that spans the past two millennia and overlaps the instrumental record, enabling both a direct comparison of proxy data to the instrumental record and an evaluation of past changes in the context of twentieth century trends. Our record from the Makassar Strait, Indonesia, exhibits trends that are similar to a recent Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction(2). Reconstructed SST was, however, within error of modern values from about AD 1000 to AD 1250, towards the end of the Medieval Warm Period. SSTs during the Little Ice Age ( approximately AD 1550-1850) were variable, and similar to 0.5 to 1 degrees C colder than modern values during the coldest intervals. A companion reconstruction of delta O-18 of sea water-a sea surface salinity and hydrology indicator-indicates a tight coupling with the East Asian monsoon system and remote control of IPWP hydrology on centennial-millennial timescales, rather than a dominant influence from local SST variation.},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature08233},
	author = {Oppo, D. W. and Rosenthal, Y. and Linsley, B. K.}
}
@article {295,
	title = {Age Validation of Freshwater Drum using Bomb Radiocarbon},
	journal = {Transactions of the American Fisheries Society},
	volume = {138},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 802; 477EI Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:58Y},
	pages = {385-396},
	abstract = {The ages of freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens have typically been estimated by counting the growth increments on their scales or otoliths, but the accuracy of these estimates has not been validated. We used accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) bomb radiocarbon dating to validate age estimates from sagittal otoliths of freshwater drum from the Lake Winnebago system, Wisconsin. The freshwater drum Delta C-14 chronology from the AMS assay closely reflects the timing and shape of other bomb radiocarbon chronologies, thus validating the accuracy of otolith growth increments to at least age 52 +/- 2 years. The progression of a strong 1983 year-class, which was detected every year sampled over the course of the study (1986, 2003-2007), and indices of year-class abundance calculated from trawling assessments on Lake Winnebago (1986-2007) corroborated otolith ages. Age estimate comparisons between scales, anal spines, dorsal spines, and otoliths showed scales and spines to be completely unreliable as aging structures after age 2. Freshwater drum live to very old ages relative to most other Great Lakes fishes; our oldest specimen based on an otolith age estimate was 58 years old.},
	issn = {0002-8487},
	doi = {10.1577/T08-097.1},
	author = {Davis-Foust, S. L. and Bruch, R. M. and Campana, S. E. and Olynyk, R. P. and Janssen, J.}
}
@article {1541,
	title = {Dynamics and Vulnerability of Delta Systems},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 1898; 35; Y},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {54},
	institution = {GKSS Research Center},
	address = {Geesthacht},
	author = {Overeem, I. and Syvitski, J. P. M. and al, et}
}
@article {431,
	title = {Exploring typhoon variability over the mid-to-late Holocene: evidence of extreme coastal flooding from Kamikoshiki, Japan},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2009},
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V210, P63, DOI 10.1016/j.mangeo.2004.05.021 SUGIHARA K, 2003, SEDIMENT GEOL, V159, P5, DOI 10.1016/S0037-0738(03)00092-7 SUZUKI A, 2008, QUAT GEOCHRONOL, V3, P226, DOI 10.1016/j.quageo.2007.12.002 TAIRA A, 2001, ANNU REV EARTH PL SC, V29, P109 TAKISHITA K, 2007, PROTIST, V158, P51, DOI 10.1016/j.protis.2006.07.003 THOMSON J, 2006, GEOL SOC SPEC PUBL, V267, P65 TRENBERTH KE, 2007, CLIMATE CHANGE 2007 WANG B, 2002, J CLIMATE, V15, P1643 WATANABE H, 1998, COMPREHENSIVE LIST T WEBSTER JM, 1998, CORAL REEFS, V17, P289 WHITE PS, 1979, BOT REV, V45, P229 WOODRUFF JD, 2008, GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYS, V9 WOODRUFF JD, 2008, GEOLOGY, V36, P391, DOI 10.1130/G24731A.1 WOODRUFF JD, 2008, THESIS MIT YOKOYAMA Y, 1996, PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL, V123, P4 YU KF, 2004, PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL, V210, P89 ZHU YZ, 1991, S 1 GEOL GEOPH REEF, P224 Woodruff, Jonathan D. Donnelly, Jeffrey P. Okusu, Akiko Pergamon-elsevier science ltd Oxford Sp. Iss. SI; YY},
	pages = {1774-1785},
	abstract = {Sediment cores from two coastal lakes located on the island of Kamikoshiki in southwestern Japan (Lake Namakoike and Lake Kaiike) provide evidence for the response of a backbarrier beach system to episodic coastal inundation over the last 6400 years. Sub-bottom seismic surveys exhibit acoustically laminated, parallel to subparallel seismic reflectors, intermittently truncated by erosional unconformities. Sediment cores collected from targeted depocenters in both lakes contain finely laminated organic mud interbedded with coarse-grained units, with depths of coarse deposits concurrent with prominent seismic reflectors. The timing of the youngest deposit at Kamikoshiki correlates to the most recently documented breach in the barrier during a typhoon in 1951 AD. Assuming that this modern deposit provides an analog for identifying past events, paleo-typhoons may be reconstructed from layers exhibiting an increase in grain-size, a break in fine-scale stratigraphy, and elevated Sr concentrations. Periods of barrier breaching are concurrent with an increase in El Nino frequency, indicating that the El Nino/Southern Oscillation has potentially played a key role in governing typhoon variability during the mid-to-late Holocene. An inverse correlation is observed between tropical cyclone reconstructions from the western North Atlantic and the Kamikoshiki site, which may indicate an oscillating pattern in tropical cyclone activity between the western Northern Atlantic and the western North Pacific, or at least between the western Northern Atlantic and regions encompassing southern Japan. The two kamikaze typhoons which contributed to the failed Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 AD and 1281 AD occur during a period with more frequent marine-sourced deposition at the site, suggesting that the events took place during a period of greater regional typhoon activity. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.005},
	author = {Woodruff, J. D. and Donnelly, J. P. and Okusu, A.}
}
@article {529,
	title = {Holocene Adelie penguin diet in Victoria Land, Antarctica},
	journal = {Polar Biology},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 1916; PT: J; NR: 60; TC: 2; J9: POLAR BIOL; PG: 10; GA: 457FQ; UT: WOS:000266914300013},
	pages = {1077-1086},
	abstract = {Ornithogenic soils (N = 97) dated up to 7000 Before Present (Ebp) were sampled in 16 relict and modern breeding colonies of Ad,lie penguin along the Victoria Land coast (Ross Sea, Antarctica). Taxonomic identification of fish otoliths (N = 677) recovered in these soils allowed to identify the Antarctic silverfish as the most eaten prey (90.1\%) throughout the investigated period. A morphometric analysis of the otoliths revealed that the Ad,lie penguin primarily selected prey averaging 67.23 +/- A 23 mm of standard length. Temporal distribution of Pleuragramma antarcticum showed a peak between 2,000 and 4,000 years bp, a period corresponding to the maximum spread of Ad,lie penguin in the Victoria Land. Possible explanations of the variations of the abundance of the fish prey in the diet are discussed in the context of the paleoclimatic events and as possible consequences of dietary shifts due to the temporal variation of prey availability in the Ross Sea ecosystem.},
	issn = {0722-4060},
	doi = {10.1007/s00300-009-0607-4},
	author = {Lorenzini, Sandra and Olmastroni, Silvia and Pezzo, Francesco and Salvatore, Maria Cristina and Baroni, Carlo}
}
@article {302,
	title = {Land-sea linkage of Holocene paleoclimate on the Southern Bering Continental Shelf},
	journal = {Holocene},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 1878; 470HQ Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:76Y},
	pages = {747-756},
	abstract = {Detailed diatom records within surface and core sediments from the Southern Bering Continental Shelf (SBCS) reveal that the Holocene evolution of sea-ice distribution is associated with low pressure patterns. Holocene sea-ice distribution over the SBCS was mainly controlled by the location of the Aleutian Low. The corresponding paleoceanographic and paleoclimate conditions can be divided into three stages. (1) the early Holocene K before 7000 cal. yr BP) was characterized by extensive sea-ice distribution under two low-pressure cells, which covered the western Bering-Sea and the Gulf of Alaska, respectively. (2) Between 3000 and 7000 cal. yr BP, the low-pressure system over the Gulf of Alaska became weak, causing total sea-ice mass over the SBCS to retreat. (3) In the past 3000 years, prevailing southwesterly winds over the SBCS due to the developing Aleutian Low have reduced further sea-ice cover on the SBCS. These paleoclimatic changes were probably a response to ENSO variation. The timings of water mass exchanges on the SBCS coincided with sea-level change along the Alaskan Peninsula. As a result, subsequent morphologic alterations have also influenced the paleoceanographic condition of the SBCS. The effect of the surface coastal water and bottom marine water on the SBCS intensified about 6000 cal. yr BP when sea level increased.},
	issn = {0959-6836},
	doi = {10.1177/0959683609105298},
	author = {Katsuki, K. and Khim, B. K. and Itaki, T. and Harada, N. and Sakai, H. and Ikeda, T. and Takahashi, K. and Okazaki, Y. and Asahi, H.}
}
@article {1851,
	title = {Millennial time scale changes in surface to intermediate-deep layer circulation recorded in the sediment cores from the northwestern North Pacific},
	journal = {The Quaternary Research},
	volume = {48},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 1877},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {179-194},
	author = {Harada, N. and Kimoto, K. and Okazaki, Y. and Nagashima, K. and Timmermann, A. and Abe-Ouchi, A.}
}
@article {539,
	title = {A record of Lateglacial and early Holocene environmental and ecological change from southwestern Connecticut, USA},
	journal = {Journal of Quaternary Science},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 783; 494LO Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:27Y},
	pages = {553-556},
	abstract = {Analyses of a sediment core from Highstead Swamp in southwestern Connecticut, USA, reveal Lateglacial and early Holocene ecological and hydrological changes. Lateglacial pollen assemblages are dominated by Picea and Pinus subg. Pinus, and the onset of the Younger Dryas (YD) cold interval is evidenced by higher abundance of Abies and Alnus viridis subsp. crispa. As climate warmed at the end of the YD, Picea and Abies declined and Pinus strobus became the dominant upland tree species. A shift from lacustrine sediment to organic peat at the YD-Holocene boundary Suggests that the lake that existed in the basin during the Lateglacial interval developed into a swamp in response to reduced effective moisture. A change in wetland vegetation from Myrica gale to Alnus incana subsp. rugosa and Sphagnum is consistent with this interpretation of environmental changes at the beginning of the Holocene. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {0267-8179},
	doi = {10.1002/Jqs.1299},
	author = {Oswald, W. W. and Foster, D. R. and Doughty, E. D. and Faison, E. K.}
}
@article {363,
	title = {Sinking deltas due to human activities},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 799; 501BW Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:38; YY},
	pages = {681-686},
	abstract = {Many of the world{\textquoteright}s largest deltas are densely populated and heavily farmed. Yet many of their inhabitants are becoming increasingly vulnerable to flooding and conversions of their land to open ocean. The vulnerability is a result of sediment compaction from the removal of oil, gas and water from the delta{\textquoteright}s underlying sediments, the trapping of sediment in reservoirs upstream and floodplain engineering in combination with rising global sea level. Here we present an assessment of 33 deltas chosen to represent the world{\textquoteright}s deltas. We find that in the past decade, 85\% of the deltas experienced severe flooding, resulting in the temporary submergence of 260,000 km(2). We conservatively estimate that the delta surface area vulnerable to flooding could increase by 50\% under the current projected values for sea-level rise in the twenty-first century. This figure could increase if the capture of sediment upstream persists and continues to prevent the growth and buffering of the deltas.},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/Ngeo629},
	author = {Syvitski, J. P. M. and Kettner, A. J. and Overeem, I. and Hutton, E. W. H. and Hannon, M. T. and Brakenridge, G. R. and Day, J. and Vorosmarty, C. and Saito, Y. and Giosan, L. and Nicholls, R. J.}
}
@article {319,
	title = {3500 yr record of centennial-scale climate variability from the Western Pacific Warm Pool},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 1894; ISI Document Delivery No.: 357HB Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 36 Cited References: ALDRIAN E, 2003, INT J CLIMATOL, V23, P1435, DOI 10.1002/joc.950 ALTABET MA, 1994, GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY, V8, P103 ALTABET MA, 2001, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V46, P368 ARRUDA WZ, 2003, J PHYS OCEANOGR, V33, P2815 BRANDES JA, 1998, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V43, P1680 BRANDES JA, 2002, GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICA, V16 CASCIOTTI KL, 2002, ANAL CHEM, V74, P4905, DOI 10.1021/ac020113w CHRISTIAN JR, 2004, DEEP-SEA RES PT II, V51, P209, DOI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.06.002 DEUTSCH C, 2007, NATURE, V445, P163, DOI 10.1038/nature05392 GANESHRAM RS, 2000, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V15, P361 GRANGER J, 2004, EOS T AM GEOPHYS U S, V85 GRANGER J, 2004, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V49, P1763 HAUG GH, 1998, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V13, P427 HAUG GH, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P1304 HODELL DA, 2005, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V24, P1413, DOI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.013 LIU KK, 1989, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V34, P820 MAKOU MC, 2007, ORG GEOCHEM, V38, P1680, DOI 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.06.003 MARIOTTI A, 1981, PLANT SOIL, V62, P413 MASUMOTO Y, 2001, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V28, P1631 MIDDELBURG JJ, 1990, GEOL ULTRIECTIN, V71, P177 MOY CM, 2002, NATURE, V420, P162 NEWTON A, 2006, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V33, ARTN L19710 REIN B, 2004, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V31, ARTN L17211 REIN B, 2005, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V20, ARTN PA4003 REYNOLDS RW, 1994, J CLIMATE, V7, P929 RODBELL DT, 1999, SCIENCE, V283, P516 SIGMAN DM, 2003, GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY, V4, ARTN 1040 SIGMAN DM, 2005, GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY, V19, ARTN GB4022 STOTT L, 2004, NATURE, V431, P56, DOI 10.1038/nature02903 STREETPERROTT FA, 1997, SCIENCE, V278, P1422 THUNELL R, 2004, GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICA, V18, UNSP GB3001 UEKI I, 2003, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V108, ARTN 3243 VANAKEN HMV, 1988, NETHERLANDS J SEA RE, V22, P403, DOI 10.1016/0077-7579(88)90011-7 VANDERWEIJDEN CH, 1989, NETH J SEA RES, V24, P583 VANRIEL PM, 1943, OCEANOGRAPHIC RESU 5, V2 WYRTKI K, 1961, NAGA REPORT, V2 Langton, S. J. Linsley, B. K. Robinson, R. S. Rosenthal, Y. Oppo, D. W. Eglinton, T. I. Howe, S. S. Djajadihardja, Y. S. Syamsudin, F. U.S. National Science Foundation [OCE-0502550, OCE-0502504, OCE-052960] This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (grants OCE-0502550, OCE-0502504, and OCE-052960). We thank the captain, crew, technicians, and the scientific crew who helped with sample collection on the R/V Baruna Jaya VIII. Geological soc amer, inc Boulder; YY},
	pages = {795-798},
	abstract = {We use geochemical data from a sediment core in the shallow-silled and intermittently dysoxic Kau Bay in Halmahera (Indonesia, lat 1 degrees N, long 127.5 degrees E) to reconstruct century-scale climate variability within the Western Pacific Warm Pool over the past similar to 3500 yr. Downcore variations in bulk sedimentary delta N-15 appear to reflect century-scale variability in basin ventilation, attributed to changes in oceanographic conditions related to century-scale fluctuations in El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). We infer an increase in century-scale El Nino activity beginning ca. 1700 yr B.P. with peaks in El Nino activity ca. 1500 yr B.P., 1150 yr B.P., and ca. 700 yr B.P. The Kau Bay results suggest that there was diminished ENSO amplitude or frequency, or a departure from El Nino-like conditions during the Medieval Warm Period, and distinctive, but steadily decreasing, El Nino activity during and after the Little Ice Age.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/g24926a.1},
	author = {Langton, S. J. and Linsley, B. K. and Robinson, R. S. and Rosenthal, Y. and Oppo, D. W. and Eglinton, T. I. and Howe, S. S. and Djajadihardja, Y. S. and Syamsudin, F.}
}
@article {357,
	title = {Abrupt climate change and collapse of deep-sea ecosystems},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 1884; 261KQ Times Cited:12 Cited References Count:71Y},
	pages = {1556-1560},
	abstract = {We investigated the deep-sea fossil record of benthic ostracodes during periods of rapid climate and oceanographic change over the past 20,000 years in a core from intermediate depth in the northwestern Atlantic. Results show that deep-sea benthic community "collapses" occur with faunal turnover of up to 50\% during major climatically driven oceanographic changes. Species diversity as measured by the Shannon-Wiener index falls from 3 to as low as 1.6 during these events. Major disruptions in the benthic communities commenced with Heinrich Event 1, the Inter-Allerod Cold Period (IACP: 13.1 ka), the Younger Dryas (YD: 12.9-11.5 ka), and several Holocene Bond events when changes in deep-water circulation occurred. The largest collapse is associated with the YD/IACP and is characterized by an abrupt two-step decrease in both the upper North Atlantic Deep Water assemblage and species diversity at 13.1 ka and at 12.2 ka. The ostracode fauna at this site did not fully recover until approximate to 8 ka, with the establishment of Labrador Sea Water ventilation. Ecologically opportunistic slope species prospered during this community collapse. Other abrupt community collapses during the past 20 ka generally correspond to millennial climate events. These results indicate that deep-sea ecosystems are not immune to the effects of rapid climate changes occurring over centuries or less.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0705486105},
	author = {Yasuhara, M. and Cronin, T. M. and deMenocal, P. B. and Okahashi, H. and Linsley, B. K.}
}
@article {261,
	title = {Constraints on the Pleistocene chronology of sediments from the Lomonosov Ridge},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 868; 281YL Times Cited:22 Cited References Count:55; YY},
	pages = {@Citation PA1S19},
	abstract = {[1] Despite its importance in the global climate system, age-calibrated marine geologic records reflecting the evolution of glacial cycles through the Pleistocene are largely absent from the central Arctic Ocean. This is especially true for sediments older than 200 ka. Three sites cored during the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program{\textquoteright}s Expedition 302, the Arctic Coring Expedition ( ACEX), provide a 27 m continuous sedimentary section from the Lomonosov Ridge in the central Arctic Ocean. Two key biostratigraphic datums and constraints from the magnetic inclination data are used to anchor the chronology of these sediments back to the base of the Cobb Mountain subchron ( 1215 ka). Beyond 1215 ka, two best fitting geomagnetic models are used to investigate the nature of cyclostratigraphic change. Within this chronology we show that bulk and mineral magnetic properties of the sediments vary on predicted Milankovitch frequencies. These cyclic variations record "glacial{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} and "interglacial{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} modes of sediment deposition on the Lomonosov Ridge as evident in studies of ice-rafted debris and stable isotopic and faunal assemblages for the last two glacial cycles and were used to tune the age model. Potential errors, which largely arise from uncertainties in the nature of downhole paleomagnetic variability, and the choice of a tuning target are handled by defining an error envelope that is based on the best fitting cyclostratigraphic and geomagnetic solutions.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2007pa001551},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Regan, M. and King, J. and Backman, J. and Jakobsson, M. and Palike, H. and Moran, K. and Heil, C. and Sakamoto, T. and Cronin, T. M. and Jordan, R. W.}
}
@article {2540,
	title = {Coupled North Atlantic slope water forcing on Gulf of Maine temperatures over the past millennium},
	journal = {Climate Dynamics},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan-08-2008},
	pages = {183 - 194},
	abstract = {To investigate ocean variability during the last millennium in the Western Gulf of Maine (GOM), we collected a 142-year-old living bivalve (Arctica islandica L.) in 2004, and three fossil A. islandica shells (calibrated 14CAMS = 1030 {\textpm} 78 ad; 1320 {\textpm} 45 ad; 1357 {\textpm} 40 ad) for stable isotope and growth increment analysis. A statistically significant relationship exists between modern GOM temperature records [shell isotope-derived (30 m) (r = -0.79; P < 0.007), Prince 5 (50 m) (r = -0.72; P < 0.019), Boothbay Harbor SST (r = -0.76; P < 0.011)], and Labrador Current (LC) transport data from the Eastern Newfoundland Slope during 1993{\textendash}2003. In all cases, as LC transport increased, GOM water temperatures decreased the following year. Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) influence GOM water temperatures in the most recent period, with water temperatures decreasing during NAO and AMO negative modes most likely linked to LC transport and Gulf Stream interaction. Mean shell-derived isotopic changes (δ18Oc) during the last 1,000 years were +0.47{\textperthousand} and likely reflect a 1{\textendash}2{\textdegree}C cooling from 1000 ad to present. Based on these results, we suggest that observed cooling in the GOM during the last millennium was due to increased transport and/or cooling of the LC, and decreased Gulf Stream influence on the GOM.},
	issn = {0930-7575},
	doi = {10.1007/s00382-007-0344-8},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/pdf/10.1007/s00382-007-0344-8},
	author = {Wanamaker, Alan D. and Kreutz, Karl J. and {\"o}ne, Bernd R. and Pettigrew, Neal and Borns, Harold W. and Introne, Douglas S. and Belknap, Daniel and Maasch, Kirk A. and Feindel, Scott}
}
@article {260,
	title = {Deglacial variability in the surface return flow of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 838; 281YL Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:41; YY},
	abstract = {[1] Benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca from a Florida Current sediment core documents the history of the northward penetration of southern source waters within the surface return flow of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Cd seawater estimates (Cd-W) indicate that intermediate-depth southern source waters crossed the equator and contributed to the Florida Current during the Bolling-Allerod warm period of the last deglaciation, consistent with evidence of only a modest AMOC reduction compared to today. The Cd-W estimates also provide the first paleoceanographic evidence of a reduction in the influence of intermediate-depth southern source waters within the Florida Current during the Younger Dryas, a deglacial cold event characterized by a weak North Atlantic AMOC. Our results reveal a close correspondence between the northward penetration of intermediate-depth southern source waters and the influence of North Atlantic Deep Water, suggesting a possible link between intermediate-depth southern source waters and the strength of the Atlantic AMOC.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2007pa001450},
	author = {Came, R. E. and Oppo, D. W. and Curry, W. B. and Lynch-Stieglitz, J.}
}
@article {366,
	title = {Episodic reductions in bottom-water currents since the last ice age},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 1896; ISI Document Delivery No.: 331AG Times Cited: 9 Cited Reference Count: 34 Cited References: ALLEY RB, 1997, GEOLOGY, V25, P483 BARBER DC, 1999, NATURE, V400, P344 BARD E, 1994, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V126, P275 BIANCHI GG, 1999, NATURE, V397, P515 BIANCHI GG, 1999, SEDIMENTOLOGY, V46, P1001 BOND G, 1992, NATURE, V360, P245 BOYLE EA, 1987, NATURE, V330, P35 BROECKER WS, 1989, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V53, P2465 BROECKER WS, 1989, NATURE, V341, P318 CAME RE, 2007, GEOLOGY, V35, P315, DOI 10.1130/G23455A.1 CURRY WB, 2005, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V20, ARTN PA1017 DUPLESSY JC, 1980, NATURE, V286, P479 DUPLESSY JC, 1988, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V3, P343 ELLISON CRW, 2006, SCIENCE, V312, P1929, DOI 10.1126/science.1127213 FIRESTONE RB, 2007, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V104, P16016, DOI 10.1073/pnas.0706977104 GHERARDI JM, 2005, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V240, P710, DOI 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.061 GROOTES PM, 1993, NATURE, V366, P552 HALL IR, 2004, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V23, P1529, DOI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.04.004 KENNETT JP, 2007, EOS T AGU JOINT AS S, V88, UNSP PP41A05 KROOPNICK P, 1980, EARTH PLAN, V49, P469 LEGRAND P, 1995, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V10, P1011 MANABE S, 1995, NATURE, V378, P165 MCCARTNEY MS, 1996, OCEANUS, V39, P19 MCCAVE IN, 1995, NATURE, V374, P149 MCCAVE IN, 1995, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V10, P593 MCCAVE IN, 2006, GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY, V7, P37 MCMANUS JF, 2004, NATURE, V428, P824 OPPO DW, 1993, SCIENCE, V259, P1148 ROHLING EJ, 2005, NATURE, V434, P975, DOI 10.1038/nature03421 RUDDIMAN WF, 1981, PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL, V35, P145 SARNTHEIN M, 1994, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V9, P209 TARASOV L, 2005, NATURE, V435, P662, DOI 10.1038/nature03617 WORTHINGTON LV, 1976, N ATLANTIC CIRCULATI YU EF, 1996, NATURE, V379, P689 Praetorius, Summer K. McManus, Jerry F. Oppo, Delia W. Curry, William B. Nature publishing group New york; YY},
	pages = {449-452},
	abstract = {Past changes in the freshwater balance of the surface North Atlantic Ocean are thought to have influenced the rate of deep-water formation, and consequently climate(1,2). Although water-mass proxies are generally consistent with an impact of freshwater input on meridional overturning circulation(3), there has been little dynamic evidence to support this linkage. Here we present a 25,000 year record of variations in sediment grain size from south of Iceland, which indicates vigorous bottom-water currents during both the last glacial maximum and the Holocene period. Together with reconstructions of North Atlantic water-mass distribution, vigorous bottom currents suggest a shorter residence time of northern-source waters during the last glacial maximum, relative to the Holocene period. The most significant reductions in flow strength occur during periods that have been associated with freshening of the surface North Atlantic. The short-term deglacial oscillations in bottom current strength are closely coupled to changes in Greenland air temperature, with a minimum during the Younger Dryas cold reversal and a maximum at the time of rapid warming at the onset of the Holocene. Our results support a strong connection between ocean circulation and rapid climate change.},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo227},
	author = {Praetorius, S. K. and McManus, J. F. and Oppo, D. W. and Curry, W. B.}
}
@article {386,
	title = {Interpreting sea surface temperature from strontium/calcium ratios in Montastrea corals: Link with growth rate and implications for proxy reconstructions},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 864; ISI Document Delivery No.: 333MS Times Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 49 Cited References: *DEP CONS CULT AFF, 1986, MAR WAT QUAL MEAS CH *NAT RES COUNC, 2006, SURF TEMP REC LAST 2 BEVINGTON PR, 1969, DATA REDUCTION ERROR, P56 BLACK DE, 2004, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V19, ARTN PA2022 BLACK DE, 2007, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V22, ARTN PA4204 CARDINAL D, 2001, CHEM GEOL, V176, P213 CARRICARTGANIVET JP, 2004, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V302, P249, DOI 10.1016/j.jembe.2003.10.015 CHIANG JCH, 2002, J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS, V107, ARTN 4004 COBB KM, 2003, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V210, P91, DOI 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00138-9 COHEN AL, 2004, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V31, ARTN L16310 COHEN AL, 2004, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V271, P147 COHEN AL, 2006, GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY, V7, ARTN Q12004 COHEN AL, 2007, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V34, ARTN L17706 CRONIN TM, 2003, GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE, V36, P17 DEVILLIERS S, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P1247 DEVILLIERS S, 1999, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V171, P623 FELIS T, 2004, NATURE, V429, P164, DOI 10.1038/nature02546 GABITOV RI, 2006, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM S, V70, A187, DOI 10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.377 GAETANI GA, 2006, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V70, P4617, DOI 10.1016/j.gca.2006.07.008 GOODKIN NF, 2005, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V20, ARTN PA4016 HAASESCHRAMM A, 2003, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V18, ARTN 1073 HAASESCHRAMM A, 2005, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V20, ARTN PA4015 HAUG GH, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P1304 HENDY EJ, 2002, SCIENCE, V295, P1511 HERNANDEZGUERRA A, 2000, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V27, P3497 HODELL DA, 2005, QUATERNARY RES, V63, P109, DOI 10.1016/j.yqres.2004.11.004 HUBBARD DK, 2005, J SEDIMENT RES, V75, P97, DOI 10.2110/jsr.2005.009 HUGHEN KA, 2004, RADIOCARBON, V46, P1059 JONES PD, 2004, REV GEOPHYS, V42, ARTN RG2002 LEDER JJ, 1996, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V60, P2857 LOUGH JM, 2004, PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL, V204, P115, DOI 10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00727-2 LUND DC, 2006, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V21, ARTN PA2009 MEIBOM A, 2006, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V33, ARTN L11608 MOHIUDDIN MM, 2004, DEEP-SEA RES PT I, V51, P1659, DOI 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.06.002 NYBERG J, 2002, PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL, V183, P25 OSTERMANN DR, 2000, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V15, P353 PFLAUMANN U, 2003, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V18, ARTN 1065 REYNAUD S, 2007, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V71, P354, DOI 10.1016/j.gca.2006.09.009 REYNOLDS RW, 1994, J CLIMATE, V7, P929 ROSENTHAL Y, 1999, ANAL CHEM, V71, P3248 SCHMIDT MW, 2006, GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY, V7, ARTN Q02P10 SMITH JM, 2006, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V21, ARTN PA1010 SWART PK, 2002, GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY, V3, ARTN 8402 THUNELL RC, 1984, MICROPALEONTOLOGY, V30, P243 VELLINGA M, 2004, J CLIMATE, V17, P4498 WATANABE T, 2001, MAR GEOL, V173, P21 WEIL E, 1994, B MAR SCI, V55, P151 WINTER A, 2000, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V27, P3365 YOO JM, 1990, J PHYS OCEANOGR, V20, P831 Saenger, Casey Cohen, Anne L. Oppo, Delia W. Hubbard, Dennis Amer geophysical union Washington; YY},
	abstract = {[1] We analyzed strontium/calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) in four colonies of the Atlantic coral genus Montastrea with growth rates ranging from 2.3 to 12.6 mm a(-1). Derived Sr/Ca-sea surface temperature (SST) calibrations exhibit significant differences among the four colonies that cannot be explained by variations in SST or seawater Sr/Ca. For a single coral Sr/Ca ratio of 8.8 mmol mol(-1), the four calibrations predict SSTs ranging from 24.0 degrees to 30.9 degrees C. We find that differences in the Sr/Ca-SST relationships are correlated systematically with the average annual extension rate (ext) of each colony such that Sr/Ca ( mmol mol(-1)) = 11.82 (+/- 0.13) - 0.058 (+/- 0.004) x ext ( mm a(-1)) - 0.092 (+/- 0.005) x SST (degrees C). This observation is consistent with previous reports of a link between coral Sr/Ca and growth rate. Verification of our growth-dependent Sr/Ca - SST calibration using a coral excluded from the calibration reconstructs the mean and seasonal amplitude of the actual recorded SST to within 0.3 degrees C. Applying a traditional, nongrowth-dependent Sr/Ca - SST calibration derived from a modern Montastrea to the Sr/Ca ratios of a conspecific coral that grew during the early Little Ice Age (LIA) ( 400 years B. P.) suggests that Caribbean SSTs were > 5 degrees C cooler than today. Conversely, application of our growth-dependent Sr/Ca - SST calibration to Sr/Ca ratios derived from the LIA coral indicates that SSTs during the 5-year period analyzed were within error (+/- 1.4 degrees C) of modern values.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2007pa001572},
	author = {Saenger, C. and Cohen, A. L. and Oppo, D. W. and Hubbard, D.}
}
@article {490,
	title = {Origins of archaeal tetraether lipids in sediments: Insights from radiocarbon analysis RID A-6723-2009},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 2051; PT: J; UT: WOS:000259107700010},
	pages = {4577-4594},
	abstract = {Understanding the supply and preservation of glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) in marine sediments helps inform their use in paleoceanography. Compound-specific radiocarbon measurements of sedimentary alkenones from multiple environments have been used to gain insight into processes that affect U-37(K{\textquoteright}) paleotemperature reconstructions. Similar analyses are warranted to investigate how analogous processes affecting GDGTs impact TEX86 paleotemperatures. Here we present radiocarbon measurements on individual GDGTs from Bermuda Rise and Santa Monica Basin sediments and discuss the results in the context of previous studies of co-depositional alkenones and foraminifera. The C-14 contents of GDGTs and planktonic foraminifera in Bermuda Rise are very similar, suggesting a local source; and TEX86-derived temperatures agree more closely with foraminiferal temperatures than do U-37(K{\textquoteright}) temperatures. In contrast, GDGTs in Santa Monica Basin are depleted in C-14 relative to both alkenones and foraminifera, and TEX86 temperatures agree poorly with known surface water values. We propose three possible factors that could explain these results: (i) GDGTs may be labile relative to alkenones during advective transport through oxic waters; (ii) archaeal production deep in the water column may contribute C-14-depleted GDGTs to sediments; and (iii) some GDGTs also may derive from sedimentary archaeal communities. Each of these three processes is likely to occur with varying relative importance depending on geographic location. The latter two may help to explain why TEX86 temperature reconstructions from Santa Monica Basin do not appear to reflect actual sea surface temperatures. Terrigenous GDGTs are unlikely to be major contributors to Bermuda Rise or Santa Monica Basin sediments, based on values of the BIT index. The results also indicate that the crenarchaeol regioisomer is governed by processes different from other GDGTs. Individual measurements of the crenarchaeol regioisomer are significantly depleted in C-14 relative to co-occurring GDGTs, indicating an alternative origin for this compound that presently remains unknown. Re-examination of the contribution of crenarchaeol regioisomer to the TEX86 index shows that it is a significant influence on the sensitivity of temperature reconstructions. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2008.06.021},
	author = {Shah, Sunita R. and Mollenhauer, Gesine and Ohkouchi, Naohiko and Eglinton, Timothy I. and Pearson, Ann}
}
@article {262,
	title = {Quaternary paleoceanography of the central arctic based on Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Arctic Coring Expedition 302 foraminiferal assemblages},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 813; 281VR Times Cited:10 Cited References Count:84Y},
	abstract = {The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Arctic Coring Expedition (ACEX) Hole 4C from the Lomonosov Ridge in the central Arctic Ocean recovered a continuous 18 m record of Quaternary foraminifera yielding evidence for seasonally ice-free interglacials during the Matuyama, progressive development of large glacials during the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT) similar to 1.2-0.9 Ma, and the onset of high-amplitude 100-ka orbital cycles similar to 500 ka. Foraminiferal preservation in sediments from the Arctic is influenced by primary (sea ice, organic input, and other environmental conditions) and secondary factors (syndepositional, long-term pore water dissolution). Taking these into account, the ACEX 4C record shows distinct maxima in agglutinated foraminiferal abundance corresponding to several interglacials and deglacials between marine isotope stages (MIS) 13-37, and although less precise dating is available for older sediments, these trends appear to continue through the Matuyama. The MPT is characterized by nearly barren intervals during major glacials (MIS 12, 16, and 22-24) and faunal turnover (MIS 12-24). Abundant calcareous planktonic (mainly Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sin.) and benthic foraminifers occur mainly in interglacial intervals during the Brunhes and very rarely in the Matuyama. A distinct faunal transition from calcareous to agglutinated foraminifers 200-300 ka in ACEX 4C is comparable to that found in Arctic sediments from the Lomonosov, Alpha, and Northwind ridges and the Morris Jesup Rise. Down-core disappearance of calcareous taxa is probably related to either reduced sea ice cover prior to the last few 100-ka cycles, pore water dissolution, or both.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2007pa001484},
	author = {Cronin, T. M. and Smith, S. A. and Eynaud, F. and O{\textquoteright}Regan, M. and King, J.}
}
@article {318,
	title = {Subtropical Atlantic salinity variability and Atlantic meridional circulation during the last deglaciation},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 862; ISI Document Delivery No.: 381WN Times Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 32 Cited References: *CLIMAP PROJ MEMB, 1981, GEOL SOC AM MAP CHAR ANAND P, 2003, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V18, ARTN 1050 BENWAY HM, 2006, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V21, ARTN PA3008 BEVINGTON P, 2002, DATA REDUCTION ERROR BOYLE EA, 1987, NATURE, V330, P35 BROECKER WS, 1990, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V5, P469 CARLSON AE, 2007, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V104, P6556, DOI 10.1073/pnas.0611313104 CLARK PU, 2004, SCIENCE, V304, P1141 GRIMM EC, 2006, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V25, P2197, DOI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.008 GROOTES PM, 1993, NATURE, V366, P552 KASPI Y, 2004, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V19, ARTN PA3004 KNORR G, 2003, NATURE, V424, P532, DOI 10.1038/nature01855 LEA DW, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P1361 LEDUC G, 2007, NATURE, V445, P908, DOI 10.1038/nature05578 LEGRANDE AN, 2006, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V33, ARTN L12604 LEGRANDE AN, 2008, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V23, DOI 10.1029/2008PA001610 MCMANUS JF, 2004, NATURE, V428, P834, DOI 10.1038/nature02494 OPPO DW, 2007, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V34, ARTN L13701 PEETERS FJC, 2004, NATURE, V430, P661, DOI 10.1038/nature02785 PETERSON LC, 2000, SCIENCE, V290, P1947 ROBINSON LF, 2005, SCIENCE, V310, P1469, DOI 10.1126/science.1114832 RUHLEMANN C, 1999, NATURE, V402, P511 SCHMIDT GA, 2007, J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS, V112, ARTN D10103 SCHMIDT MW, 2004, NATURE, V428, P160, DOI 10.1038/nature02346 SCHMIDT MW, 2006, NATURE, V443, P561, DOI 10.1038/nature05121 SCHMITZ WJ, 1995, REV GEOPHYS, V33, P151 SKINNER LC, 2006, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V25, P3312, DOI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.07.005 STOUFFER RJ, 2006, J CLIMATE, V19, P1365 THOMAS AL, 2006, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V241, P493, DOI 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.031 WANG XF, 2004, NATURE, V432, P740, DOI 10.1038/nature03067 WEAVER AJ, 2003, SCIENCE, V299, P1709 WELDEAB S, 2006, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V241, P699, DOI 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.012 Carlson, Anders E. Oppo, Delia W. Came, Rosemarie E. LeGrande, Allegra N. Keigwin, Lloyd D. Curry, William B. Geological soc amer, inc Boulder; YY},
	pages = {991-994},
	abstract = {During the last deglaciation (ca. 21-10 ka), freshening of the North Atlantic surface likely caused reductions in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC); the mechanisms related to AMOC recovery remain poorly understood. Here we present three new deglacial surface temperature and delta O-18(seawater) (delta O-18(sw)) reconstructions from the western subtropical North and South Atlantic. Similarities to tropical Caribbean and western Atlantic delta O-18(sw) records suggest that a salty surface water mass accumulated in the western Atlantic from 27 degrees S to 33 degrees N during periods of reduced AMOC. However, delta O-18(sw) decreases led deep AMOC resumption by hundreds of years. We suggest that the northward export of salt previously trapped in the western Atlantic resulted in the early establishment of a shallow overturning circulation that eventually culminated in deep AMOC resumption, implying that AMOC may constitute a self-limiting system.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/g25080a.1},
	author = {Carlson, A. E. and Oppo, D. W. and Came, R. E. and LeGrande, A. N. and Keigwin, L. D. and Curry, W. B.}
}
@article {273,
	title = {Terrigenous organic matter in sediments from the Fly River delta-clinoform system (Papua New Guinea)},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface},
	volume = {113},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 826; 257VD Times Cited:8 Cited References Count:78Y},
	abstract = {Although an inordinate fraction of the global sediment flux to the ocean occurs in tropical mountainous river margins, little is known regarding the sources and fate of organic matter in these systems. To address these knowledge gaps, the distribution and composition of organic matter in sediments from the Fly River delta-clinoform were examined in the context of the source-to-sink study of the Papuan Continuum. The significant contrasts in the texture of seabed sediments measured across the study area coincided with stark contrasts in concentration and composition of the sedimentary organic matter. Coarser sediments displayed significantly lower organic carbon and nitrogen contents, more enriched stable carbon and nitrogen compositions, lower lignin product yields, and distinctly different lignin and nonlignin product compositions than their fine-textured counterparts. Compositional differences were also measured between high-and low-density fractions of selected sediment samples. Subsurface sediments showed marked compositional variations that were predominantly associated with changes in the texture of the deposits. Most sediments were characterized by moderate carbon loadings (0.5-1.0 mg C m(-2)), although several samples from the outer topset region, an area of sediment bypass, were characterized by lower carbon loadings indicative of enhanced carbon losses. Overall, the organic matter in both surface and subsurface sediments appeared to have predominantly a terrigenous origin, with no evidence for dilution and/or replacement by marine carbon. The measured compositions were consistent with contributions from modern vascular plant detritus, aged soil organic matter, and very old or fossil organic matter devoid of recognizable biochemicals.},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2006jf000653},
	author = {Go{\~n}i, M. A. and Monacci, N. and Gisewhite, R. and Crockett, J. and Nittrouer, C. and Ogston, A. and Alin, S. R. and Aalto, R.}
}
@article {1018,
	title = {Amplitude and timing of temperature and salinity variability in the subpolar North Atlantic over the past 10 k.y.},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 983},
	pages = {315-318},
	abstract = {Paired planktic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg/Ca data reveal trends of increasing temperatures (\~{}3 {\textdegree}C) and salinities in the subpolar North Atlantic over the course of the Holocene, which were punctuated by abrupt events. The trends likely reflect an insolation-forced northward retreat of the boundary between polar and North Atlantic subsurface waters. The superimposed variability does not appear to be periodic, but tends to recur within a broad millennial band. The records provide convincing evidence of open-ocean cooling (nearly 2 {\textdegree}C) and freshening during the 8.2 ka event, and suggest similar conditions at 9.3 ka. However, the two largest temperature oscillations in our record (\~{}2 {\textdegree}C) occurred during the past 4 k.y., suggesting a recent increase in temperature variability relative to the mid-Holocene, perhaps in response to neoglaciation, which began at about this time. },
	keywords = {Bj{\"o}rn Drift, Mg/Ca, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma dextral, Ocean Drilling Program Site 984, paleotemperature},
	doi = {10.1130/G23455A.1 },
	author = {Came, R. E. and Oppo, D. W. and McManus, J. F.}
}
@article {401,
	title = {Contributions of toluene and alpha-pinene to SOA formed in an irradiated toluene/alpha-pinene/NOx/air mixture: Comparison of results using C-14 content and SOA organic tracer methods},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 1882; 172ZM Times Cited:13 Cited References Count:19Y},
	pages = {3972-3976},
	abstract = {An organic tracer method, recently proposed for estimating individual contributions of toluene and alpha-pinene to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, was evaluated by conducting a laboratory study where a binary hydrocarbon mixture, containing the anthropogenic aromatic hydrocarbon, toluene, and the biogenic monoterpene, alpha-pinene, was irradiated in air in the presence of NOx to form SOA. The contributions of toluene and alpha-pinene to the total SOA concentration, calculated using the organic tracer method, were compared with those obtained with a more direct C-14 content method. In the study, SOA to SOC ratios of 2.07 +/- 0.08 and 1.41 +/- 0.04 were measured for toluene and alpha-pinene SOA, respectively. The individual tracer-based SOA contributions of 156 mu g m(-3) for toluene and 198 mu g m(-3) for alpha-pinene, which together accounted for 82\% of the gravimetrically determined total SOA concentration, compared well with the C-14 values of 182 and 230 mu g m(-3) measured for the respective SOA precursors. While there are uncertainties associated with the organic tracer method, largely due to the chemical complexity of SOA forming chemical mechanisms, the results of this study suggest the organic tracer method may serve as a useful tool for determining whether a precursor hydrocarbon is a major SOA contributor.},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	doi = {10.1021/Es070089+},
	author = {Offenberg, J. H. and Lewis, C. W. and Lewandowski, M. and Jaoui, M. and Kleindienst, T. E. and Edney, E. O.}
}
@article {263,
	title = {Demise of a submarine canyon? Evidence for highstand infilling on the Waipaoa River continental margin, New Zealand},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 791; 228BW Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:42Y},
	abstract = {Submarine canyons are major geomorphologic features on the Earth{\textquoteright}s surface. Their formation has received considerable debate, but their demise has received less attention. Research of modern canyons with cores and moorings has documented active sediment transport and deposition, but extrapolation of these local observations over larger areas is precluded by complex canyon geomorphology. High-resolution multibeam and chirp data presented here provide convincing evidence of an infilling canyon head on the Waipaoa River margin of New Zealand. Tens of meters of Holocene sediment have accumulated on the outer shelf and in Lachlan canyon as a result of off-shelf sediment transport. Regardless of the ultimate fate of this system over geological time scales, this research demonstrates highstand sedimentation as a possible mechanism for canyon burial and cause of canyon demise, which has important implications for the evolution of canyons globally.},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2007gl031142},
	author = {Walsh, J. P. and Alexander, C. R. and Gerber, T. and Orpin, A. R. and Sumners, B. W.}
}
@article {422,
	title = {A late-glacial transition from Picea glauca to Picea mariana in southern New England},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 1841; 160RU Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:61Y},
	pages = {502-508},
	abstract = {Picea is an important taxon in late-glacial pollen records from eastern North America, but little is known about which species of Picea were present. We apply a recently developed palynological method for discriminating the three Picea species in eastern North America to three records from New England. Picea glauca was dominant at similar to 14,500-14,000 cal yr BP, followed by a transition to Picea mariana between similar to 14,000 and 13,500 cal yr BP. Comparison of the pollen data with hydrogen isotope data shows clearly that this transition began before the beginning of the Younger Dryas Chronozone. The ecological changes of the late-glacial interval were not a simple oscillation in the position of a single species{\textquoteright} range, but rather major changes in vegetation structure and composition occurring during an interval of variations in several environmental factors, including climate, edaphic conditions, and atmospheric CO2 levels. (c) 2007 University of Washington. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yqres.2007.01.010},
	author = {Lindbladh, M. and Oswald, W. W. and Foster, D. R. and Faison, E. K. and Hou, J. Z. and Huang, Y. S.}
}
@article {693,
	title = {Marine radiocarbon evidence for the mechanism of deglacial atmospheric CO2 rise},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {316},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Marchitto, Thomas MLehman, Scott JOrtiz, Joseph DFluckiger, Jacquelinevan Geen, AlexanderengResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.2007/05/15 09:00Science. 2007 Jun 8;316(5830):1456-9. Epub 2007 May 10.},
	month = {Jun 08},
	pages = {1456-9},
	abstract = {We reconstructed the radiocarbon activity of intermediate waters in the eastern North Pacific over the past 38,000 years. Radiocarbon activity paralleled that of the atmosphere, except during deglaciation, when intermediate-water values fell by more than 300 per mil. Such a large decrease requires a deglacial injection of very old waters from a deep-ocean carbon reservoir that was previously well isolated from the atmosphere. The timing of intermediate-water radiocarbon depletion closely matches that of atmospheric carbon dioxide rise and effectively traces the redistribution of carbon from the deep ocean to the atmosphere during deglaciation.},
	issn = {0036-8075 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1138679},
	author = {Marchitto, T. M. and Lehman, S. J. and Ortiz, J. D. and Fluckiger, J. and van Geen, A.}
}
@inbook {1390,
	title = {North Atlantic intermediate depth variability during the Younger Dryas; evidence from benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and the GFDL R30 coupled climate model},
	booktitle = {Geophysical Monograph, vol. 173},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 857; American Geophysical Union 2005 fall meeting, San Francisco, CA, United States, Dec 5-9, 2005 NSF grants OCE-0096495, ATM-0502428, OCE-0096472, OCE-0220776 and ATM-0501351 References: 72; illus.; Y},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {247-263},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union},
	address = {Washington},
	keywords = {24, Quaternary geology, Atlantic Ocean, benthic environment, Cenozoic, chemical ratios, Foraminifera, Glaciation, Gulf of Mexico, ice cores, Invertebrata, isotope ratios, isotopes, Little Bahama Bank, Mg/Ca, microfossils, North Atlantic, O-18/O-16, oxygen, paleo-oceanography, paleobathymetry, paleosalinity, paleotemperature, Pleistocene, Protista, Quaternary, Stable isotopes, Straits of Florida, upper, upper Weichselian, Weichselian, Younger Dryas},
	isbn = {9780875904382},
	author = {Came, Rosemarie E. and Curry, William B. and Oppo, Delia W. and Broccoli, Anthony J. and Stouffer, Ronald J. and Lynch-Stieglitz, Jean},
	editor = {Schmittner, Andreas}
}
@article {663,
	title = {Paleoenvironmental change in the middle Okinawa Trough since the last deglaciation: Evidence from the sedimentation rate and planktonic foraminiferal record},
	journal = {Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology},
	volume = {243},
	year = {2007},
	note = {134kzTimes Cited:48Cited References Count:62},
	month = {Jan 22},
	pages = {378-393},
	abstract = {Well-dated, high-resolution records of planktonic foraminifera and oxygen isotopes from two sediment cores, A7 and E017, in the middle Okinawa Trough reveal strong and rapid millennial-scale climate changes since similar to 18 to 17 thousand years before present (kyr B.P.). Sedimentation rate shows a sudden drop at similar to 11.2 cal. kyr B.P. due to a rapid rise of sea level after the Younger Dryas (YD) and consequently submergence of the large continental shelf on the East China Sea (ECS) and the retreat of the estuary providing sediment to the basin. During the last deglaciation, the relative abundance of warm and cold species of planktonic foraminifera fluctuates strongly, consistent with the timing of sea surface temperature (SST) variations determined from Mg/Ca measurements of planktonic foraminifera from one of the two cores. These fluctuations are coeval with climate variation recorded in the Greenland ice cores and North Atlantic sediments, namely Heinrich event 1 (H1), Bolling-Allerod (B/A) and YD events. At about 9.4 kyr B.P., a sudden change in the relative abundance of shallow to deep planktonic species probably indicates a sudden strengthening of the Kuroshio Current in the Okinawa Trough, which was synchronous with a rapid sea-level rise at 9.5-9.2 kyr B.P. in the ECS, Yellow Sea (YS) and South China Sea (SCS). The abundance of planktonic foraminiferal species, together with Mg/Ca based SST, exhibits millennial-scale oscillations during the Holocene, with 7 cold events (at about 1.7, 2.3-4.6, 6.2, 7.3, 8.2, 9.6, 10.6 cal. kyr BP) superimposed on a Holocene warming trend. This Holocene trend, together with centennial-scale SST variations superimposed on the last deglacial trend, suggests that both high and low latitude influences affected the climatology of the Okinawa Trough. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.08.016},
	author = {Xiang, R. and Sun, Y. B. and Li, T. G. and Oppo, D. W. and Chen, M. H. and Zheng, F.}
}
@article {1359,
	title = {Paleoseismology of the Nephi segment of the Wasatch fault zone, Juab County, Utah--Preliminary results from two large exploratory trenches at Willow Creek},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 1116; Investigations Map 2966, 2 oversize plates},
	month = {2007},
	publisher = {U. S. Geological Survey},
	author = {Machette, M. N. and Crone, A. J. and Personius, S. F. and Dart, R. L. and Lidke, D. J. and Mahan, S. A. and Olig, S. S.}
}
@article {348,
	title = {Post-glacial changes in spatial patterns of vegetation across southern New England},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 1840; 157BN Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:70Y},
	pages = {900-913},
	abstract = {Aim We analysed lake-sediment pollen records from eight sites in southern New England to address: (1) regional variation in ecological responses to post-glacial climatic changes, (2) landscape-scale vegetational heterogeneity at different times in the past, and (3) environmental and ecological controls on spatial patterns of vegetation. Location The eight study sites are located in southern New England in the states of Massachusetts and Connecticut. The sites span a climatic and vegetational gradient from the lowland areas of eastern Massachusetts and Connecticut to the uplands of north-central and western Massachusetts. Tsuga canadensis and Fagus grandifolia are abundant in the upland area, while Quercus, Carya and Pinus species have higher abundances in the lowlands. Methods We collected sediment cores from three lakes in eastern and north-central Massachusetts (Berry East, Blood and Little Royalston Ponds). Pollen records from those sites were compared with previously published pollen data from five other sites. Multivariate data analysis (non-metric multi-dimensional scaling) was used to compare the pollen spectra of these sites through time. Results Our analyses revealed a sequence of vegetational responses to climate changes occurring across southern New England during the past 14,000 calibrated radiocarbon years before present (cal yr BP). Pollen assemblages at all sites were dominated by Picea and Pinus banksiana between 14,000 and 11,500 cal yr BP; by Pinus strobus from 11,500 to 10,500 cal yr BP; and by P. strobus and Tsuga between 10,500 and 9500 cal yr BP. At 9500-8000 cal yr BP, however, vegetation composition began to differentiate between lowland and upland sites. Lowland sites had higher percentages of Quercus pollen, whereas Tsuga abundance was higher at the upland sites. This spatial heterogeneity strengthened between 8000 and 5500 cal yr BP, when Fagus became abundant in the uplands and Quercus pollen percentages increased further in the lowland records. The differentiation of upland and lowland vegetation zones remained strong during the mid-Holocene Tsuga decline (5500-3500 cal yr BP), but the pattern weakened during the late-Holocene (3500-300 cal yr BP) and European-settlement intervals. Within-group similarity declined in response to the uneven late-Holocene expansion of Castanea, while between-group similarity increased due to homogenization of the regional vegetation by forest clearance and ongoing disturbances. Main conclusions The regional gradient of vegetation composition across southern New England was first established between 9500 and 8000 cal yr BP. The spatial heterogeneity of the vegetation may have arisen at that time in response to the development or strengthening of the regional climatic gradient. Alternatively, the differentiation of upland and lowland vegetation types may have occurred as the climate ameliorated and an increasing number of species arrived in the region, arranging themselves in progressively more complex vegetation patterns across relatively stationary environmental gradients. The emergence of a regional vegetational gradient in southern New England may be a manifestation of the increasing number of species and more finely divided resource gradient.},
	issn = {0305-0270},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01650.x},
	author = {Oswald, W. W. and Faison, E. K. and Foster, D. R. and Doughty, E. D. and Hall, B. R. and Hansen, B. C. S.}
}
@article {977,
	title = {Quantity, C-14 age and lability of desorbed soil organic carbon in fresh water and seawater},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 1161},
	pages = {1547-1557},
	abstract = {Soil organic carbon (OC) resulting from terrestrial photosynthesis is one of the largest reactive pools of sequestered atmospheric CO2. As an intermediate storage mechanism for organic material through time, the vertical distribution of carbon in a soil profile generally shows an age continuum with depth. Aged soil carbon is often the result of sorptive preservation, a physical mechanism that protects organic matter (OM) from microbial decay. Sorptive preservation is, however, a reversible process. Upon desorption, previously protected OM could be available for decomposition. Here we present simple fresh and salt water desorption experiments designed to determine the amount, 14C age and lability of {\textquotedblleft}reversible{\textquotedblright} OM. Results suggest that 1.1{\textendash}3.9\% and 1.5{\textendash}6.7\% of OC, and 0.7{\textendash}3\% and 0.6{\textendash}5\% of total soil nitrogen can be desorbed using fresh and salt water, respectively. Radiocarbon data suggest this desorbed carbon is Δ14C-enriched compared to the bulk soil, with Δ14C values close to modern atmospheric Δ14CO2 at the soil surface, and aging with depth. Of this extractable aged carbon, upwards of 23{\textendash}56\% is labile across all treatments and with depth. Additional carbon is extracted with salt water compared to fresh water and this surplus is non-labile and younger than the labile component. Radiocarbon dating shows that the 14C age of soil carbon increases with depth and that there is a pool of Δ14C-depleted OC that is readily remineralized upon entering an aquatic/marine environment. These results indicate that eroded soil particles can release OC and organic N when entering rivers and oceans and that up to 50\% of this carbon is available for aquatic metabolism.},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.05.011},
	author = {Butman, D. and Raymond, P. A. and Oh, N. H. and Mull, K.}
}
@article {1921,
	title = {14C methane and DIC in the deep terrestrial subsurface: implications for microbial methanogenesis},
	journal = {Geomicrobiology Journal},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 1100},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {453-462},
	author = {Slater, Greg F. and Lippmann-Pipke, Johanna and Moser, Duane P. and Reddy, Christopher M. and Onstott, T. C. and Lacrampe-Couloume, Georges and Lollar, Barbara Sherwood}
}
@article {571,
	title = {Anthropogenic markers in the Holocene stratigraphic sequence of the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic Sea)},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {230},
	year = {2006},
	note = {069seTimes Cited:37Cited References Count:61},
	month = {Aug 2},
	pages = {29-51},
	abstract = {The Gulf of Trieste is a shallow serni-enclosed marine basin in the northernmost part of the Adriatic Sea that has been affected by the relative rise in sea-level during the Holocene. The sedimentary sequences in three cores, ranging in length from 130 to 320 cm, were investigated through the variability in grain-size parameters, major (Al, Fe, S, N, Ca and Mg) and trace (Ti, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Hg) elements, organic and inorganic C, delta C-13 and C-14 dating in order to obtain information on paleoenvironmental evolution and the historical development of heavy metal contamination. The potential sources of pollution are: urban sewage from nearly 400,000 inhabitants, industrial effluents, and 500 yr of Hg mining activity in the Idrija region (western Slovenia), located in the upper basin of the Isonzo river, the main freshwater input to the coastal zone. The conventional 14 C ages of bulk sedimentary OC in the basal part of the three cores were 9030 +/- 70 (GTI), 8270 +/- 50 (GT2) and 9160 +/- 120 (GT3) yr BP. An upward increase in highly negative delta C-13(org) values from the core bottoms indicates that lacustrine-swamp conditions in the study area were rapidly followed by a typical marine depositional environment. Cluster analysis performed on the geochemical data for all subsamples of the three cores identifies several groups with a clear stratigraphic meaning. Factor analysis of the data shows related element groups that can be interpreted as being related to, for instance, the natural contribution from alummosilicates and carbonates, from organic matter (peat) and the more recent anthropogenic "impact". Predicted natural linear relationships for metal-Al were obtained from the core subsamples and they can be used as a baseline to evaluate metal enrichments on a regional scale. Results show that more recent sediments in the central sector of the Gulf of Trieste are slightly enriched in Cu (max Enrichment Factor EF=2.1) and Zn (max EF=1.6), and noticeably contaminated by Hg (up to 23.32 mu g g(-1)) to a maximum depth of 90 cm and up to 60 times above the estimated regional background (0.13 mu g g(-1)). The Hg historical trend is well correlated with extraction activity at the Idrija mine, thus allowing indicative sedimentation rate estimation and tentative assessment of the rate of Hg accumulation in bottom sediments (from 1.77 to 31.49 mg m(-2) yr(-1) at the surface). The large inventory of Hg in the core GT2 appeared to be the result of proximity to the fluvial source, which is still active in supplying Hg to the coastal areas and makes the Gulf of Trieste one of the most Hg contaminated area in the whole Mediterranean basin. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2006.03.013},
	author = {Covelli, S. and Fontolan, G. and Faganeli, J. and Ogrinc, N.}
}
@article {1932,
	title = {Carbon isotopic constraints on relict organic carbon contributions to Ross Sea sediments},
	journal = {G-cubed},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 759},
	month = {2006},
	author = {Ohkouchi, N. and Eglinton, T. I.}
}
@article {1954,
	title = {A climatic driver for abrupt mid-Holocene vegetation dynamics and the hemlock decline in New England},
	journal = {Ecology},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Foster, David ROswald, W Wyatt
Faison, Edward K
Doughty, Elaine D
Hansen, Barbara C S
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
2007/01/26 09:00
Ecology. 2006 Dec;87(12):2959-66.
},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {2959-66},
	abstract = {The mid-Holocene decline of eastern hemlock is widely viewed as the sole prehistorical example of an insect- or pathogen-mediated collapse of a North American tree species and has been extensively studied for insights into pest-host dynamics and the consequences to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of dominant-species removal. We report paleoecological evidence implicating climate as a major driver of this episode. Data drawn from sites across a gradient in hemlock abundance from dominant to absent demonstrate: a synchronous, dramatic decline in a contrasting taxon (oak); changes in lake sediments and aquatic taxa indicating low water levels; and one or more intervals of intense drought at regional to continental scales. These results, which accord well with emerging climate reconstructions, challenge the interpretation of a biotically driven hemlock decline and highlight the potential for climate change to generate major, abrupt dynamics in forest ecosystems.},
	keywords = {*Climate, *Ecosystem, Geologic Sediments, new england, Tsuga/*physiology},
	isbn = {0012-9658 (Print)0012-9658 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2959:ACDFAM]2.0.CO;2},
	author = {Foster, D. R. and Oswald, W. W. and Faison, E. K. and Doughty, E. D. and Hansen, B. C.}
}
@conference {1596,
	title = {Continental slope sediment delivery and storage on an active margin: the Waipaoa Margin example},
	booktitle = {2006 AGU meeting},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 1121},
	month = {2006},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	author = {Alexander, C. and Walsh, J. P. and Sumner, B. and Orpin, A. R. and Kuehl, S. A.}
}
@article {1955,
	title = {Early holocene openlands in southern New England},
	journal = {Ecology},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Faison, E KFoster, D R
Oswald, W W
Hansen, B C S
Doughty, E
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
2006/11/09 09:00
Ecology. 2006 Oct;87(10):2537-47.
},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {2537-47},
	abstract = {The pre-historical vegetation structure in temperate forest regions is much debated among European and North American ecologists and conservationists. Frans Vera{\textquoteright}s recent hypothesis that large mammals created mosaics of forest and openland vegetation in both regions throughout the Holocene has been particularly controversial and has provoked new approaches to conservation management. Thirty years earlier, American paleoecologists Herb Wright and Margaret Davis debated whether abundant ragweed pollen at Rogers Lake, Connecticut at 9500 yr BP signified local forest openings or long-distance transport of pollen from Midwestern prairies. Using new pollen records from Harvard Forest and the North American Pollen Database, we address this question and offer insights to the openland discussion. Ragweed and other forbs exceed 3.5\% at five sites in a restricted area of southern New England between 10,100 and 7700 yr BP. Strong evidence suggests this pollen originated from the landscapes surrounding these sites (supporting Davis), as ragweed pollen percentages do not increase with longitude from New England to the Midwest. Ragweed pollen percentages are also unrelated to basin size and therefore unrelated to the proportion of extraregional pollen in New England. High forbs values were associated with increases in oak, decreases in white pine, and relatively high charcoal values. Modern pollen records with similar forb and tree percentages occur along the Prairie Peninsula region of the Upper Midwest. However, the closest analogue to the southern New England early Holocene assemblages comes from Massachusetts{\textquoteright} Walden Pond in the early 18th century. These results and the affiliation of ragweed for open, disturbed habitats suggest that oak-pine forests with large openings persisted for over 2000 years due to dry conditions and perhaps increased fire frequency. This conclusion is corroborated by independent lake level and climate reconstructions. Because these early Holocene openlands have no detectable analogue in New England for the past 7000 years before European settlement, we suggest that all important openlands today are almost exclusively a legacy of Colonial agriculture and should be managed accordingly. Nonetheless, our results may have implications for forest dynamics accompanying projected climate change to more arid conditions in New England over the next century.},
	keywords = {*Ambrosia, *Pollen, Ecosystem, Geography, new england, Paleontology},
	isbn = {0012-9658 (Print)0012-9658 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2537:EHOISN]2.0.CO;2},
	author = {Faison, E. K. and Foster, D. R. and Oswald, W. W. and Hansen, B. C. and Doughty, E.}
}
@article {358,
	title = {Holocene elephant seal distribution implies warmer-than-present climate in the Ross Sea},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {103},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 1918; PT: J; NR: 25; TC: 14; J9: P NATL ACAD SCI USA; PG: 5; GA: 064DM; UT: WOS:000239069400013},
	pages = {10213-10217},
	abstract = {We show that southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) colonies existed proximate to the Ross Ice Shelf during the Holocene, well south of their core sub-Antarctic breeding and molting grounds. We propose that this was due to warming (including a previously unrecognized period from approximate to 1,100 to 2,300 C-14 yr B.P.) that decreased coastal sea ice and allowed penetration of warmer-than-present climate conditions into the Ross Embayment. If, as proposed in the literature, the ice shelf survived this period, it would have been exposed to environments substantially warmer than present.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0604002103},
	author = {Hall, B. L. and Hoelzel, A. R. and Baroni, C. and Denton, G. H. and Le Boeuf, B. J. and Overturf, B. and Topf, A. L.}
}
@article {1026,
	title = {Meridional overturning circulation in the South Atlantic at the last glacial maximum},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	note = {092siTimes Cited:17Cited References Count:46},
	month = {Oct 3},
	abstract = {The geostrophic shear associated with the meridional overturning circulation is reflected in the difference in density between the eastern and western margins of the ocean basin. Here we examine how the density difference across 30 degrees S in the upper 2 km of the Atlantic Ocean ( and thus the magnitude of the shear associated with the overturning circulation) has changed between the last glacial maximum and the present. We use oxygen isotope measurements on benthic foraminifera to reconstruct density. Today, the density in upper and intermediate waters along the eastern margin in the South Atlantic is greater than along the western margin, reflecting the vertical shear associated with the northward flow of surface and intermediate waters and the southward flowing North Atlantic Deep Waters below. The greater density along the eastern margin is reflected in the higher delta(18)O values for surface sediment benthic foraminifera than those found on the western margin for the upper 2 km. For the last glacial maximum the available data indicate that the eastern margin foraminifera had similar delta(18)O to those on the western margin between 1 and 2 km and that the gradient was reversed relative to today with the higher delta(18)O values in the western margin benthic foraminifera above 1 km. If this reversal in benthic foraminifera delta(18)O gradient reflects a reversal in seawater density gradient, these data are not consistent with a vigorous but shallower overturning cell in which surface waters entering the Atlantic basin are balanced by the southward export of Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water.},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001226},
	author = {Lynch-Stieglitz, J. and Curry, W. B. and Oppo, D. W. and Ninneman, U. S. and Charles, C. D. and Munson, J.}
}
@article {731,
	title = {Mid-Holocene El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) attenuation revealed by individual foraminifera in eastern tropical Pacific sediments},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2006},
	note = {113wzTimes Cited:128Cited References Count:26},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {993-996},
	abstract = {Holocene reconstructions of the Ell Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) provide valuable perspective on its recent evolution and can be important for assessing its future. Optimal assessment of past ENSO variability requires observations from its center of action in the eastern equatorial Pacific, but these are limited due to paucity of high-resolution paleoceanographic archives (e.g., corals). Here we use a new approach to quantify past ENSO variance based on the oxygen isotopic composition (delta O-18) of individual foraminifera (Globigerinoides ruber) from deep-sea sediments in the ENSO source region.. Individual G. ruber foraminifera behave as monthly recorders of sea-surface conditions, including ENSO extremes, circumventing the lack of annual resolution in the sediments. Intrapopulation delta O-18 distributions derived with this method from a core near the Galapagos Islands reveal mid-Holocene reductions in variance or 50\%, requiring drastic attenuation of the ENSO amplitude. Furthermore, Mg/Ca thermometry indicates that mid-Holocene background conditions were accompanied by a stronger zonal temperature gradient that coincided with a northward-displaced Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The results suggest that the position of the ITCZ is an important factor in the low-frequency modulation of ENSO and could influence its future evolution.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G22810a.1},
	author = {Koutavas, A. and deMenocal, P. B. and Olive, G. C. and Lynch-Stieglitz, J.}
}
@article {1946,
	title = {Postglacial climate reconstruction based on compound-specific D/H ratios of fatty acids from Blood Pond, New England},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	note = {031uaTimes Cited:32
Cited References Count:43
},
	month = {Mar 28},
	abstract = {We determined hydrogen isotope ratios of individual fatty acids in a sediment core from Blood Pond, Massachusetts, USA, in order to reconstruct climate changes during the past 15 kyr. In addition to palmitic acid (C-16 n-acid), which has been shown to record lake water D/H ratios, our surface sediments and down core data indicate that behenic acid (C-22 n-acid), produced mainly by aquatic macrophytes, is also effective for capturing past environmental change. Calibration using surface sediments from two transects across eastern North America indicates that behenic acid records delta D variation of lake water. Down core variations in delta D values of behenic acid and pollen taxa are consistent with the known climate change history of New England. By evaluating the hypothesis that D/H fractionations of long chain even numbered fatty acids (C-24-C-32 n-acids) relative to lake water provide independent estimates of relative humidity during the growing season, we find that differences between lake-level records and isotopically inferred humidity estimates may provide useful insight into seasonal aspects of the hydrologic cycle. Combined analyses of D/H of short and long chain fatty acids from lake sediment cores thus allow reconstructions of both past temperature and growing season relative humidity. Comparison of delta D records from two lakes in New England provides critical information on regional climate variation and abrupt climate change, such as the 8.2 ka event.},
	keywords = {atmospheric processes : paleoclimatology, eastern north-america, fatty acids, geochemistry : organic and biogenic geochemistry, geochemistry : stable isotope geochemistry, Holocene, hydrogen isotope, hydrogen isotope ratios, lacustrine organic-matter, lake-sediments, Paleoclimate, record, Stable isotopes, united-states, vegetation history, younger-dryas},
	isbn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001076},
	author = {Hou, J. Z. and Huang, Y. S. and Wang, Y. and Shuman, B. and Oswald, W. W. and Faison, E. and Foster, D. R.}
}
@article {1958,
	title = {Sediment Cd and Mo accumulation in the oxygen-minimum zone off western Baja California linked to global climate over the past 52 kyr},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2006},
	note = {110idTimes Cited:34
Cited References Count:68
},
	month = {Nov 25},
	abstract = {[ 1] Concentrations of organic carbon (orgC), cadmium (Cd), and molybdenum (Mo) were measured in two sediment cores raised from depths of 430 and 700 m within the oxygen-minimum zone (OMZ) off southern Baja California at a temporal resolution of similar to 0.5 kyr over the past 52 kyr. These records are supplemented with diffuse spectral reflectance (DSR) measurements obtained on board ship soon after collection at a resolution of similar to 0.05 kyr. In the core from 700 m depth, a component extracted from the DSR data and the three geochemical proxies generally vary in concert with each other and over a wide range ( 4 - 22\% orgC; 1 - 40 mg/kg Cd; 5 120 mg/kg Mo). Intervals of increased orgC, Cd, and Mo accumulation generally correspond to warm periods recorded in the oxygen-isotopic composition of Greenland ice, with the exception of the Bolling/Allerod which is only weakly expressed off Baja California. Concentrations of the biogenic proxies are higher in the core from 430 m depth, but erratic sediment accumulation before 15 ka precludes dating of the older intervals that are laminated and contain elevated orgC, Cd, and Mo concentrations. The new data provide further evidence of an intimate teleconnection between global climate and the intensity of the OMZ and/or productivity along the western margin of North America. On the basis of a comparison with Cd and Mo records collected elsewhere in the region, we conclude that productivity may actually have varied off southern Baja California by no more than a factor of 2 over the past 52 kyr.},
	keywords = {continental-margin, enhanced preservation, late pleistocene, marine-sediments, nitrogen isotope, northeast pacific waters, organic-carbon preservation, productivity variations, santa-barbara basin, suboxic sediments},
	isbn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2005PA001239},
	author = {Dean, W. E. and Zheng, Y. and Ortiz, J. D. and van Geen, A.}
}
@conference {1792,
	title = {Sources, fate and turnover of terrestrial organic carbon in rivers (Lecture)},
	booktitle = {Organic Geochemistry Gordon Conference},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 491},
	month = {2006},
	address = {Plymouth, NH},
	author = {Raymond, P. A. and Oh, N. H.}
}
@article {1931,
	title = {Temporal and spatial complexity in post-glacial shelf sedimentation on the tectonically active, Poverty Bay continental margin of New Zealand},
	journal = {Continental Shelf Research},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 634},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {2205-2224},
	author = {Orpin, A. R. and Alexander, C. and Carter, L. and Kuehl, S. and Walsh, J. P.}
}
@article {679,
	title = {Young Danube delta documents stable Black Sea level since the middle Holocene: Morphodynamic, paleogeographic, and archaeological implications},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2006},
	note = {084aqTimes Cited:63Cited References Count:35},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {757-760},
	abstract = {New radiocarbon and optical dates show that the Holocene Danube delta started to build out of a Black Sea embayment similar to 5200 yr ago. Delta lobe development phases differ by as much as 5 k.y. from previously proposed ages. The new chronology allows for a better understanding of the Danube delta paleogeography, including the demise of Istria, the main ancient Greek-Roman city in the region. Prior reconstructions of sea level in the Black Sea inferred fluctuations to 15 m in range; however, stratigraphy of beach ridges in the delta shows that the relative Black Sea level for the past 5 k.y. was stable in the Danube delta region within -2 m and +1.5 of the current level. Hydroisostatic effects related to a proposed catastrophic reconnection of the Black Sea to the World Ocean in the early Holocene may have been responsible for the sea level reaching the highstand earlier than estimated by models. The new sea-level data suggest that submergence at several ancient settlements around the Black Sea may be better explained by local factors such as subsidence rather than by basin-wide sea-level fluctuations.},
	issn = {0016-8505},
	doi = {10.1130/G22587.1},
	author = {Giosan, L. and Donnelly, J. P. and Constantinescu, S. and Filip, F. and Ovejanu, I. and Vespremeanu-Stroe, A. and Vespremeanu, E. and Duller, G. A. T.}
}
@article {681,
	title = {Amplitude and timing of sea-surface temperature change in the northern South China Sea: Dynamic link to the East Asian monsoon},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2005},
	note = {969rmTimes Cited:66Cited References Count:38},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {785-788},
	abstract = {Magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratios of foraminiferal shells from a sediment core from the northern South China Sea, a semi-enclosed basin in the western tropical Pacific, document variations in sea-surface temperature (SST) during the past 145 k.y. Glacial SSTs were 4 degrees C colder than interglacial SSTs. During the last deglaciation, most of the warming was accomplished in a single abrupt step after continental ice-sheet decay had already begun, but warming and ice-sheet demise were nearly synchronous during the penultimate deglaciation. Abrupt SST changes of the past 15 k.y. were apparently synchronous with events in East Asian monsoon rainfall, suggesting that variations in monsoon winds and their influence on surface circulation of the western Pacific exerted a strong control on northern South China Sea SSTs. We suggest that this link persisted for the previous 130 k.y., during which time orbital-scale 2-3 degrees C SST changes and several small (<= 2 degrees C) abrupt SST events occurred in the northern South China Sea. The similar timing of northern South China Sea SST, on a benthic delta O-18 time scale, to a well-dated speleothem record from eastern China suggests that the demise of ice sheets associated with the penultimate deglaciation did not precede Northern Hemisphere summer insolation increase. Our results suggest that surface waters had higher delta O-18 values during times of strong summer monsoon than during times of weak monsoon, likely reflecting a redistribution of O-18 depleted rainfall from land during times of strong summer monsoons, to the western Pacific during times of weaker summer monsoons.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G21867.1},
	author = {Oppo, D. W. and Sun, Y. B.}
}
@article {576,
	title = {Carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of organic matter in coastal marine sediments (the Gulf of Trieste, N Adriatic Sea): indicators of sources and preservation},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2005},
	note = {934goTimes Cited:76Cited References Count:77},
	month = {Jun 1},
	pages = {163-181},
	abstract = {Terrestrial organic carbon (OC) preserved in marine sediments is an important reservoir in the global carbon cycle, but remains poorly constrained. We determined the elemental and C- and N-isotopic compositions of organic material (OM) in surface sediments and sediment cores from the Gulf of Trieste (N Adriatic), an area characterized by relatively high riverine input. This multiple tracer approach permits evaluation of how sensitive each tracer is for constraining the terrestrial component of OM. Using the relevant terrestrial and marine OM end-members, we estimate that the terrestrial contribution ranges from about 90\% at the mouth of the Isonzo River and decreases to <= 10\% in the center of the Gulf. In the southern part of the Gulf, 32-44\% of terrestrial OC is contributed from smaller rivers, while the delta(15)N values of OM reflect more effective nutrient utilization. Analyses of different size fractions show that smaller particles are consistently more organic-rich and tend to be transported further from the river mouth, depending on river discharge. In the size fraction 2-16 mu m, elemental ratios and delta(13)C(org) and delta(15)N isotopic signatures are consistent with a sedimentary OM pool dominated by bacterially derived biomass. Radiocarbon analyses of sedimentary OC yield depleted Delta(14)C values (-338.7 parts per thousand to -429.4 parts per thousand), indicating a significant fraction of relatively old OC. The natural abundance of C-13 and C-14 tracers suggests a two-component mixture of ancient and modem C in the sediments down to approximately 60 cm sub-bottom, with an estimated similar to 45\% of sedimentary OC probably being derived from ancient sedimentary OC (kerogen). In addition, there is a significant change in the source of organic material downcore in these sediments which, along with geological evidence, indicate contributions from freshwater swamps typical of coastal lakes with intermittent connections to the sea (brackish) prior to similar to 9000 BP. Depth variations in a core from a salt marsh further indicate temporal variability of OM deposition and transformations in a changing brackish-marine environment in the past. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2004.09.003},
	author = {Ogrinc, N. and Fontolan, G. and Faganeli, J. and Covelli, S.}
}
@article {1976,
	title = {Foraminiferal isotope anomalies from northwestern Pacific marginal sediments},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2005},
	note = {917qmTimes Cited:9
Cited References Count:48
},
	month = {Apr 12},
	pages = {1525-2027},
	abstract = {[1] We evaluated the influence of methane release from methane hydrate reservoirs in the northwestern Pacific continental margin on stable isotope values. We analyzed stable isotopes of foraminifera from a piston core collected at 1066-m water depth off eastern Hokkaido, northern Japan. Carbon isotope signals indicated that planktonic and benthic foraminifera in several glacial sediment layers in the core were highly depleted in C-13; both the planktonic and benthic foraminiferal delta C-13 values ranged from about -10 parts per thousand to -2 parts per thousand. Most foraminiferal tests in these horizons were brown as a result of postdepositional alteration. Foraminiferal oxygen isotopes fluctuated abnormally in the glacial sediment layers, showing small ( about 0.5 parts per thousand) positive shifts relative to normal glacial values. We attributed the positive shifts to authigenic carbonate formation in the foraminiferal tests. The authigenic carbonates have formed when rising methane, from methane hydrate in the sediment, became oxidized as it came in contact with dissolved sulfate near the seafloor. Episodic methane-release events may be associated with great plate-boundary earthquakes with epicenters near the coring site.},
	keywords = {atmospheric processes : paleoclimatology, benthic foraminifera, California, carbon isotopes, corals, Foraminifera, gas-hydrate, kuril trench, marine geology and geophysics : marine sediments : processes and transport, methane hydrate, methane release, northwestern pacific ocean, sea-level record, tokachi-oki earthquake, western north pacific, Younger Dryas},
	isbn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000787},
	url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2\&amp;SrcAuth=Alerting\&amp;SrcApp=Alerting\&amp;DestApp=WOS\&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord;UT=WOS:000228479400002},
	author = {Ohkushi, K. and Ahagon, N. and Uchida, M. and Shibata, Y.}
}
@article {2006,
	title = {Glacial water mass geometry and the distribution of d 13 C of SCO 2 in the western Atlantic Ocean},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 416},
	month = {2005},
	author = {Curry, W. B. and Oppo, D. W.}
}
@article {1964,
	title = {Last deglaciation in the Okinawa Trough: Subtropical northwest Pacific link to Northern Hemisphere and tropical climate},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2005},
	note = {975ipTimes Cited:53
Cited References Count:55
},
	month = {Oct 7},
	abstract = {[1] Detailed deglacial and Holocene records of planktonic delta O-18 and Mg/Ca - based sea surface temperature (SST) from the Okinawa Trough suggest that at similar to 18 to 17 thousand years before present (kyr B. P.), late spring/ early summer SSTs were approximately 3 degrees C cooler than today, while surface waters were up to 1 practical salinity unit saltier. These conditions are consistent with a weaker influence of the summer East Asian Monsoon (EAM) than today. The timing of suborbital SST oscillations suggests a close link with abrupt changes in the EAM and North Atlantic climate. A tropical influence, however, may have resulted in subtle decoupling between the North Atlantic and the Okinawa Trough/EAM during the deglaciation. Okinawa Trough surface water trends in the Holocene are consistent with model simulations of an inland shift of intense EAM precipitation during the middle Holocene. Millennial-scale alternations between relatively warm, salty conditions and relatively cold, fresh conditions suggest varying influence of the Kuroshio during the Holocene.},
	keywords = {cal kyr bp, deep-ocean circulation, equatorial current, kuroshio current, late pleistocene, oxygen-isotope, planktonic-foraminifera, radiocarbon age calibration, south china sea, surface-water},
	isbn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2004PA001061},
	url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2\&amp;SrcAuth=Alerting\&amp;SrcApp=Alerting\&amp;DestApp=WOS\&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord;UT=WOS:000232654500001},
	author = {Sun, Y. B. and Oppo, D. W. and Xiang, R. and Liu, W. G. and Gao, S.}
}
@article {666,
	title = {Late-Quaternary lowstands of lake Bosumtwi, Ghana: evidence from high-resolution seismic-reflection and sediment-core data},
	journal = {Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology},
	volume = {216},
	year = {2005},
	note = {892ujTimes Cited:21Cited References Count:54},
	month = {Feb 1},
	pages = {235-249},
	abstract = {Results from the first high-resolution, single-channel seismic-reflection survey of tropical Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana, and sedimentological data from a C-14-dated sediment piston core were used to revise and extend the basin{\textquoteright}s late-Quaternary lake level history. We report four seismic sequence boundaries and an exposure surface from a sediment core. which are interpreted as erosional surfaces formed at times of drastic low lake level. The youngest erosional surf-ace occurs as much as 31 In below present lake level (bpll) and up to 0.7 in below the present sediment-water interface. This most recent unconformity observed in the seismic data is interpreted to be coeval with the basin-wide late-Holocene dry period between 0.5 and 1 cal ky BP (calendar years before present). Another exposure surface observed in a sediment core is based on an abrupt contact separating low density, wet, clay rich sediments from underlying high density, compact, silt-rich and rootlet-rich sediments, and is interpreted to have developed prior to 16.8 cal ky BP when the lake was similar to60 in bpll. Three older, erosional surfaces occur at depths of similar to92 +/- 3, 102 +/- 3, and 107 +/- 4 in bpll, suggesting numerous lowstands in Lake Bosumtwi during the late-Pleistocene. By extrapolation of average sedimentation rates (0.41 m/ky) from the upper similar to10.5 m of sediment, we estimate the ages of these older lowstands to be similar to65, similar to86 similar to108 cal ky BP. The lowstands of Lake Bosumtwi evidenced from the seismic and sediment core data are interpreted as a response to increased aridity in this part of the equatorial tropics and may correlate to other observed continent-wide shifts in African climate over the past 100 ky and possibly to rapid climatic shifts observed at high latitudes. Determining the precise timing of these lowstands will ultimately reveal much about the drought dynamics of tropical and subtropical Africa. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaco.2004.10.005},
	author = {Brooks, K. and Scholz, C. A. and King, J. W. and Peck, J. and Overpeck, J. T. and Russell, J. M. and Amoako, P. Y. O.}
}
@conference {1752,
	title = {Preliminary research results indicate modern sedimentation ont he continental slope seaward of theWaipoao River, New Zealand},
	booktitle = {New Zealand Marine Science Society Annual Meeting},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 637},
	month = {2005},
	address = {Wellington, NZ},
	author = {Alexander, C. A. and Walsh, J. P. and Orpin, A. R. and Sumners, B. W. and Gerber, T. P. and Kuehl, S. A.}
}
@article {1977,
	title = {Radiocarbon dating of alkenones from marine sediments: I. Isolation protocol},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2005},
	note = {993nkTimes Cited:13
Cited References Count:22
},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {401-412},
	abstract = {The chemical and isotopic compositions of long-chain (C-36-C-39) unsaturated ketones (alkenones), a unique class of algal lipids, encode surface ocean properties useful for paleoceanographic reconstruction. Recently, we have sought to extend the utility of alkenones as oceanic tracers through measurement of their radiocarbon contents. Here. we describe a method for isolation of alkenones from sediments as a compound class based on a sequence of wet chemical techniques. The steps involved, which include silica gel column chromatography, urea adduction, and silver nitrate-silica gel column chromatography, exploit various structural attributes of the alkenones. Amounts of purified alkenones estimated by GC/FID measurements were highly correlated with CO2 yields after sample combustion, indicating purities of greater than 90\% for samples containing >= 100 mu g C. The degree of alkenone unsaturation (U-37(K{\textquoteright})) also varied minimally through the procedure. We also describe a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to isolate individual alkenones for molecular-level structural and isotopic determination.},
	keywords = {AMS, carbon, indicators, proxy, records, tool},
	isbn = {0033-8222},
	author = {Ohkouchi, N. and Xu, L. and Reddy, C. M. and Montlucon, D. and Eglinton, T. I.}
}
@article {1978,
	title = {Radiocarbon dating of alkenones from marine sediments-III. Influence of solvent extractions procedures on 14C measurements of foraminifera},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 554},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {425-432},
	author = {Ohkouchi, N. and Eglinton, T. I. and Hughen, K. A. and Roosen, E. and Keigwin, L.}
}
@article {573,
	title = {Recent and modern marine erosion on the New Jersey outer shelf},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {216},
	year = {2005},
	note = {925kdTimes Cited:42Cited References Count:53},
	month = {May 15},
	pages = {275-296},
	abstract = {Recent chirp seismic reflection data combined with multibeam bathymetry, backscatter, and analysis of grab samples and short cores provide evidence of significant recent erosion on the outer New Jersey shelf. The timing of erosion is constrained by two factors: (1) truncation at the seafloor of what is interpreted to be the transgressive ravinement surface at the base of the surficial sand sheet, and (2) truncation of apparently moribund sand ridges along erosional swales oriented parallel to the primary direction of modem bottom flow and oblique to the strike of the sand ridges. These observations place the erosion in a marine setting, post-dating the passage of the shoreface ravinement and the evolution of sand ridges that form initially in the near shore environment. Also truncated by marine erosion are shallowly buried, fluvial channel systems, formed during the Last Glacial Maximum and filled during the transgression, and a regional reflector "R" that is > \&SIM; 40 kyr. Depths of erosion range from a few meters to \&GT; 10 m. The seafloor within eroded areas is often marked by "ribbon" morphology, seen primarily in the backscatter data as areas of alternating high and low backscatter elongated in the direction of primary bottom flow. Ribbons are more occasionally observed in the bathymetry; where observed, crests exhibit low backscatter and troughs exhibit high backscatter. Sampling reveals that the high backscatter areas of the ribbons consist of a trimodal admixture of mud, sand and shell hash, with a bimodal distribution of abraded and unabraded sand grains and microfauna. The shell hash is interpreted to be an erosional lag, while the muds and unabraded grains are, in this non-depositional environment, evidence of recent erosion at the seafloor of previously undisturbed strata. The lower-backscatter areas of the ribbon morphology were found to be a well-sorted medium sand unit only a few 10{\textquoteright}s of cm thick overlying the shelly/muddy/sandy material. Concentrations of well-rounded gravels and cobbles were also found in eroded areas with very high backscatter, and at least one of these appears to be derived from the base of an eroded fluvial channel. Seafloor reworking over the transgressive evolution of the shelf appears to have switched from sand ridge evolution, which is documented to \&SIM; 40 m water depth, to more strictly erosional modification at greater water depths. We suggest that this change may be related to the reduction with water depth in the effectiveness of sediment resuspension by waves. Resuspension is a critical factor in the grain size sorting during transport by bottom currents over large bedforms like sand ridges. Otherwise, we speculate, displacement of sand by unidirectional currents will erode the seafloor. \&COPY; 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2005.02.015},
	author = {Goff, J. A. and Austin, J. A. and Gulick, S. and Nordfjord, S. and Christensen, B. and Sommerfield, C. and Olson, H. and Alexander, C.}
}
@article {1975,
	title = {When did oxygen appear in the atmosphere?},
	journal = {Geological Society of America},
	volume = {Abstracts with Programs},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 1577},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {Paper No. 11-1},
	author = {Ono, Shuhei}
}
@article {699,
	title = {14C activity and global carbon cycle changes over the past 50,000 years},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {303},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Hughen, KLehman, SSouthon, JOverpeck, JMarchal, OHerring, CTurnbull, Jeng2004/01/13 05:00Science. 2004 Jan 9;303(5655):202-7.},
	month = {Jan 09},
	pages = {202-7},
	abstract = {A series of 14C measurements in Ocean Drilling Program cores from the tropical Cariaco Basin, which have been correlated to the annual-layer counted chronology for the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) ice core, provides a high-resolution calibration of the radiocarbon time scale back to 50,000 years before the present. Independent radiometric dating of events correlated to GISP2 suggests that the calibration is accurate. Reconstructed 14C activities varied substantially during the last glacial period, including sharp peaks synchronous with the Laschamp and Mono Lake geomagnetic field intensity minimal and cosmogenic nuclide peaks in ice cores and marine sediments. Simulations with a geochemical box model suggest that much of the variability can be explained by geomagnetically modulated changes in 14C production rate together with plausible changes in deep-ocean ventilation and the global carbon cycle during glaciation.},
	issn = {0036-8075 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1090300},
	author = {Hughen, K. and Lehman, S. and Southon, J. and Overpeck, J. and Marchal, O. and Herring, C. and Turnbull, J.}
}
@article {2032,
	title = {Enhanced marine productivity off western North America during warm climate intervals of the past 52 kyr},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 603},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {521-524},
	author = {Ortiz, J. D. and O{\textquoteright}Connell, S. and DelViscio, J. and Dean, W. E. and Carriquiry, J. and Marchitto, T. M. and Zheng, Y. and van Geen, A.}
}
@article {2015,
	title = {Episodic methane release events from Last Glacial marginal sediments in the western North Pacific},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2004},
	note = {849mvTimes Cited:13
Cited References Count:73
},
	month = {Aug 19},
	pages = {1525-2027},
	abstract = {[1] According to recent observations of anomalous bottom-simulating reflections (BSR),the northwest Pacific marginal sediments around Japan main islands bear large abundances of methane hydrate [Satoh, 2002]. During the Last Glacial, direct and indirect evidence accumulated from geochemical data suggests that methane episodically released from hydrate trapped in the seafloor sediments [ Dickens et al., 1995; Hinrichs et al., 2003; Kennett et al., 2000]. Here we show that marginal sediments from the western North Pacific contain a hopanoid 17alpha( H), 21beta(H)-hop-22(29)-ene ( diploptene) derived from the activity of methanotrophic bacteria in water column and/or surface sediment during a warming period (Interstadial 3) in the Last Glacial. The carbon isotopic compositions of diploptene range between - 41.0parts per thousand and - 27.9parts per thousand ( relative to PDB). In the horizon indicative of a contribution of methanotrophic bacteria, foraminiferal isotope signals were also found with highly depleted C-13 compositions of planktonic foraminifera ( similar to - 1.9parts per thousand, PDB) and benthic foraminifera ( similar to - 0.8parts per thousand, PDB), suggesting indirect records of enhanced incorporation of C-13-depleted CO2 formed by methanotrophic process that use C-12-enriched methane as their main source of carbon. From combined isotopic data of molecular ( diploptene) and foraminifera, the most prominent signal of methane release was detected in the sediments deposited around 25.4 cal. kyr BP ( similar to 100 year time span), corresponding to the Interstadial 3. This is the first evidence of methane hydrate instability in the open western North Pacific during the Last Glacial. Considering the glacial-interglacial hydrographic conditions in this region, the instability of methane hydrate may be modulated by intermediate water warming and/or the lowering of sea level. Our results suggest that the western North Pacific marginal regions may be a profound effect on rapid global warming climate changes during the Last Glacial.},
	keywords = {atmospheric composition and structure : geochemical cycles, atmospheric methane, carbon isotopes, carbon isotopic fractionation, climate-change, cold seeps, diploptene, Foraminifera, gas-hydrate, geochemistry : isotopic composition/chemistry, geochemistry : organic geochemistry, hydrocarbons, interglacial, intermediate water, methane hydrate, santa-barbara basin, sea sediments, subduction zone, western north pacific},
	isbn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000699},
	url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2\&amp;SrcAuth=Alerting\&amp;SrcApp=Alerting\&amp;DestApp=WOS\&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord;UT=WOS:000223543700001},
	author = {Uchida, M. and Shibata, Y. and Ohkushi, K. and Ahagon, N. and Hoshiba, M.}
}
@article {2039,
	title = {Evaluation of ocean carbon cycle models with data-based metrics},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2004},
	note = {811adTimes Cited:110
Cited References Count:17
},
	month = {Apr 2},
	abstract = {New radiocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon-11 data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment are used to assess a suite of 19 ocean carbon cycle models. We use the distributions and inventories of these tracers as quantitative metrics of model skill and find that only about a quarter of the suite is consistent with the new data-based metrics. This should serve as a warning bell to the larger community that not all is well with current generation of ocean carbon cycle models. At the same time, this highlights the danger in simply using the available models to represent the state-of-the-art modeling without considering the credibility of each model.},
	keywords = {anthropogenic co2, pacific-ocean, radiocarbon},
	isbn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2003GL018970},
	url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2\&amp;SrcAuth=Alerting\&amp;SrcApp=Alerting\&amp;DestApp=WOS\&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord;UT=WOS:000220743900001},
	author = {Matsumoto, K. and Sarmiento, J. L. and Key, R. M. and Aumont, O. and Bullister, J. L. and Caldeira, K. and Campin, J. M. and Doney, S. C. and Drange, H. and Dutay, J. C. and Follows, M. and Gao, Y. and Gnanadesikan, A. and Gruber, N. and Ishida, A. and Joos, F. and Lindsay, K. and Maier-Reimer, E. and Marshall, J. C. and Matear, R. J. and Monfray, P. and Mouchet, A. and Najjar, R. and Plattner, G. K. and Schlitzer, R. and Slater, R. and Swathi, P. S. and Totterdell, I. J. and Weirig, M. F. and Yamanaka, Y. and Yool, A. and Orr, J. C.}
}
@article {723,
	title = {Evidence for Late Holocene earthquakes on the Utsalady Point Fault, northern puget lowland, Washington},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
	volume = {94},
	year = {2004},
	note = {887giTimes Cited:18Cited References Count:46},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {2299-2316},
	abstract = {Trenches across the Utsalady Point fault in the northern Puget Lowland of Washington reveal evidence of at least one and probably two late Holocene earthquakes. The "Teeka"{\textquoteright} and "Duffers" trenches were located along a 1.4-km-long. 1- to 4-m-high, northwest-trending, southwest-facing. topographic scarp recognized from Airborne Laser Swath Mapping. Glaciomarine drift exposed in the trenches reveals evidence of about 95 to 150 cm of vertical and 200 to 220 cm of left-lateral slip in the Teeka trench. Radiocarbon ages from a buried soil A horizon and overlying slope colluvium alone, with the historical record of earthquakes suggest that this faulting occurred 100 to 400 calendar years B.P. (A.D. 1550 to 1850). In the Duffers trench, 370 to 450 cm of vertical separation is accommodated by faulting (similar to210 cm) and folding (similar to160 to 240 cm), with probable but undetermined amounts of lateral slip. Stratigraphic relations and radiocarbon ages from buried soil, colluvium. and fissure fill in the hanging wall suggest the deformation at Duffers is most likely from two earthquakes that occurred between 100 to 500 and 1100 to 2200 calendar years B.P., but deformation during a single earthquake is also possible. For the two-earthquake hypothesis, deformation at Teeka trench in the first event involved folding but not faulting. Regional relations suggest that the earthquake(s) were M greater than or equal to similar to6.7 and that offshore rupture may have produced tsunamis. Based on this investigation and related recent studies, the maximum recurrence interval for large ground-rupturing crustal-fault earthquakes in the Puget Lowland is about 400 to 600 years or less.},
	issn = {0037-1106},
	doi = {10.1785/0120040050},
	author = {Johnson, S. Y. and Nelson, A. R. and Personius, S. F. and Wells, R. E. and Kelsey, H. N. and Sherrod, B. L. and Okumura, K. and Koehler, R. and Witter, R. C. and Bradley, L. A. and Harding, D. J.}
}
@article {568,
	title = {Glacial intermediate water ventilation in the northwestern Pacific based on AMS radiocarbon dating},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments \& Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {223},
	year = {2004},
	note = {852jtTimes Cited:7Cited References Count:13},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {460-465},
	abstract = {C-14 ages of benthic foraminifera and planktonic foraminifera in sediment core PC4 (41degrees07.10{\textquoteright}N, 142degrees24.17{\textquoteright}E) collected from the northwestern Pacific were measured by accelerator mass spectrometry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in intermediate water ventilation in the northwestern Pacific during the last glacial period. We used age differences between benthic foraminifera and planktonic foraminifera from the same sediment horizons to estimate the ventilation time of intermediate water. Planktonic C-14 ages show that the core recorded paleoenvironmental changes during the last 35 kyr. Glacial benthic-planktonic age differences were smaller in the early deglacial period (15000-17000 cal yr BP) than in the period (19000-30000 cal yr BP) before and during the last glacial maximum. The results at intermediate depths are consistent with those from a Pacific deep-water site. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0168-583x},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.087},
	author = {Ohkushi, K. and Uchida, M. and Ahagon, N. and Mishima, T. and Kanematsu, T.}
}
@article {2027,
	title = {Radiocarbon evidence for a naturally-produced, bioaccumulation halogenated organic compound},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 1806},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {1992-1997},
	author = {Reddy, C. M. and Xu, L. and O{\textquoteright}Neil, G. W. and Nelson, R. K. and Eglinton, T. I. and Faulkner, D. J. and Norstrom, R. and Ross, P. S. and Tittlemier, S. A.}
}
@conference {1544,
	title = {14C activity and global carbon cycle changes over the past 50,000 years},
	booktitle = {Abstracts, 18th International Radiocarbon Conf.},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1079},
	month = {2003},
	address = {Wellington, NZ},
	author = {Hughen, K. A. and Lehman, S. J. and Southon, J. and Overpeck, J. T. and Marchal, O. and Herring, C. and Turnbull, J.}
}
@article {2061,
	title = {1999 RV Melville Baja California cruise, on the preservation of laminated sediments along the western margin of North America},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1102},
	month = {2003},
	author = {van Geen, A. and Zheng, Y. and Bernhard, J. M. and Cannariato, K. G. and Carriquiry, J. and Dean, E. and Eakins, B. W. and Ortiz, J. D. and Pike, J.}
}
@article {630,
	title = {Abrupt changes in the Asian southwest monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {421},
	year = {2003},
	note = {637uwTimes Cited:483Cited References Count:30},
	month = {Jan 23},
	pages = {354-357},
	abstract = {During the last ice age, the Indian Ocean southwest monsoon exhibited abrupt changes that were closely correlated with millennial-scale climate events in the North Atlantic region(1-3), suggesting a mechanistic link. In the Holocene epoch, which had a more stable climate, the amplitude of abrupt changes in North Atlantic climate was much smaller, and it has been unclear whether these changes are related to monsoon variability. Here we present a continuous record of centennial-scale monsoon variability throughout the Holocene from rapidly accumulating and minimally bioturbated sediments in the anoxic Arabian Sea. Our monsoon proxy record reveals several intervals of weak summer monsoon that coincide with cold periods documented in the North Atlantic region(4)-including the most recent climate changes from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age and then to the present. We therefore suggest that the link between North Atlantic climate and the Asian monsoon is a persistent aspect of global climate.},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature01340},
	author = {Gupta, A. K. and Anderson, D. M. and Overpeck, J. T.}
}
@article {2065,
	title = {The amplitude and phasing of climate change during the last deglaciation in the Sulu Sea, western equatorial Pacific},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2003},
	note = {677zxTimes Cited:122
Cited References Count:18
},
	month = {Apr 22},
	abstract = {[1] Variations in tropical sea surface temperature patterns and the phasing relative to climate change in higher-latitudes provide insight into the mechanisms of climate change on both orbital and shorter time-scales. Here, we present well-dated, high-resolution records of planktonic foraminiferal delta(18)O and Mg/Ca-based SST spanning the last deglaciation from the Sulu Sea, located in the western equatorial Pacific. The results indicate that the last glacial maximum was 2.3 +/- 0.5degreesC cooler than present in the Sulu Sea with a concomitant decrease in sea surface salinity. The similarity between variations in surface salinity in the Sulu Sea, the western and eastern equatorial Pacific, and the Greenland ice-core record suggests that the observed changes in salinity reflect large-scale rearrangement of atmospheric patterns, which were coherent and synchronous throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The results suggest that the glacial equatorial Pacific climate was strongly influenced by both tropical, and extra-tropical forcing, although it is not clear whether interannual (ENSO) variability is a good analogue of glacial-interglacial climate change.},
	keywords = {china, enso, level, monsoon, record, surface temperature},
	isbn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GL016612},
	author = {Rosenthal, Y. and Oppo, D. W. and Linsley, B. K.}
}
@inbook {1439,
	title = {Analog for Holocene and future Climate?},
	booktitle = {Geophysical Monograph 137, Earth{\textquoteright}s Climate and Orbital Eccentricity: The Marine Isotope State 11 Questions},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1166},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {69-85},
	author = {McManus, J. F. and Oppo, D. W. and Cullen, J. L. and Healey, S. L.},
	editor = {Droxler, A.}
}
@article {2075,
	title = {Asynchronous alkenone and foraminifera records from the Benguela Upwelling System},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1067},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {2157-2171},
	author = {Mollenhauer, Gesine and Eglinton, Timothy I. and Ohkouchi, Naohiko and Schneider, Ralph R. and Muller, Peter J. and Grootes, Pieter M. and Rullkotter, Jurgen}
}
@article {1016,
	title = {Atlantic Ocean circulation during the Younger Dryas: Insights from a new Cd/Ca record from the western subtropical South Atlantic},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2003},
	note = {749rtTimes Cited:30Cited References Count:39},
	month = {Nov 25},
	abstract = {[Benthic foraminiferal Cd/ Ca from an intermediate depth, western South Atlantic core documents the history of southward penetration of North Atlantic Intermediate Water ( NAIW). Cd seawater estimates ( Cd-W) for the last glacial are consistent with the production of NAIW and its export into the South Atlantic. At similar to 14.5 ka concurrently with the onset of the Bolling- Allerod to Younger Dryas cooling, the NAIW contribution to the South Atlantic began to decrease, marking the transition from a glacial circulation pattern to a Younger Dryas circulation. High Cd-W in both the deep North Atlantic and the intermediate South Atlantic imply reduced export of deep and intermediate water during the Younger Dryas and a significant decrease in northward oceanic heat transport. A modern circulation was achieved at similar to 9 ka, concurrently with the establishment of Holocene warmth in the North Atlantic region, further supporting a close linkage between deepwater variability and North Atlantic climate.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2003PA000888},
	author = {Came, R. E. and Oppo, D. W. and Curry, W. B.}
}
@article {2437,
	title = {Biomass burning and oceanic primary production estimates in the Sulu Sea area over the last 380 kyr and the East Asian monsoon dynamics},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {201},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Symposium on Asian Monsoons and Global Linkages on Milankovitch and Sub-Milankovitch Time ScalesMAY 09-11, 2001
BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA
70
},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {53-65},
	abstract = {Coccolithophorid assemblages and micro-charcoal content were analysed in giant piston core MD97-2141 recovered in the Sulu Sea (Philippines). These proxies help to reconstruct respectively the dynamics of the oceanic primary production (PP) and biomass burning in that area. PP in the Sulu Sea intensifies during the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and therefore PP constitutes a proxy for EAWM dynamics. Most of the precipitation in the Sulu Sea region occurs during the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). Because the intensity of biomass burning is related to dryness of the surrounding area, the sedimentary micro-charcoal content can be used as an inverse proxy for EASM intensity. Our results show that the EAWM intensifies during glacial times in agreement with previous studies. Precessional forcing appears to act directly on EAWN because of the early response of PP in that frequency band. The micro-charcoal record exhibits complex dynamics, which we attribute to the competing influence of the long-term El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like forcing and the glacial/interglacial cycle on EASM. These influences create an unusual frequency spectrum with power around 30 kyr and 19 kyr attributed to the non-linear response to the 100-kyr cycle (glacial) and the 23-kyr (ENSO) cycle. A factor of two increase in the amplitude of the micro-charcoal variability between 51 and 10 ka BP could correspond to Homo sapiens biomass burning in the style of the fire-stick farming of the Australian Aborigines. We also find, on precession cycles, an opposite phase between EASM and EAWM records and an advance of -delta(18)O and delta(18)O respectively by 2000 yr. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {arabian sea, atlantic, climatic-change, EARLY HOLOCENE, EQUATORIAL, fire, GLACIAL MAXIMUM, indian-ocean, late pleistocene, Late Quaternary, monsoon, nannoplankton, Pleistocene, SOUTH CHINA, Sulu Sea, WEST-JAVA},
	isbn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00208-1},
	author = {Beaufort, L. and de Garidel-Thoron, T. and Linsley, B. and Oppo, D. and Buchet, N.}
}
@conference {1594,
	title = {Compound specific radiocarbon dating of alkenones: methodological considerations and applications in paleoceanography},
	booktitle = {18th International Radiocarbon Conference},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1070},
	month = {2003},
	address = {Wellington, New Zealand},
	author = {Mollenhauer, Gesine and Eglinton, Timothy I. and Schneider, Ralph R. and Meggers, Helge and Lamy, Frank and Ohkouchi, Nao and Hayes, John M.}
}
@inbook {1448,
	title = {Cosmochemical Estimates of Mantle Composition},
	booktitle = {Treatise on Geochemistry},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1583},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {1-38},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd, Oxford},
	organization = {Elsevier Ltd, Oxford},
	author = {Palme, H. and O{\textquoteright}Neill, H. St C.},
	editor = {Holland, H. D.}
}
@article {2069,
	title = {Deep sea records from the southeast Labrador Ocean circulation changes and ice-rafting events during hte last 160,000 years},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 989},
	month = {2003},
	author = {Rasmussen, T. L. and Oppo, D. W. and Thompson, E. and Lehman, S. J.}
}
@article {2084,
	title = {East Asian monsoon forcing of suborbital variability in the Sulu Sea during Marine Isotope Stage 3: Link to Northern Hemisphere climate},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2003},
	note = {631mwTimes Cited:41
Cited References Count:53
},
	month = {Jan 2},
	abstract = {[1] We have generated a new high-resolution record of variations in planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes (delta(18)O) and Mg/Ca from a sediment core (IMAGES 97-2141) in the Sulu Sea located in the Philippine archipelago of western tropical Pacific. This record reveals distinct, suborbital-scale delta(18)O changes, most notably during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3) (similar to30,000 to 60,000 years B.P.). The amplitudes of these delta(18)O fluctuations (0.4 to 0.7parts per thousand) exceed that which can be attributed to sea level changes and must be due to changes in sea surface conditions. In the same interval, variations in planktonic foraminifera Mg/Ca suggest that suborbital surface ocean temperature variations of 1 to 1.5degreesC in the Sulu Sea were not in phase with delta(18)O. Combined, this evidence indicates that the MIS3 millennial delta(18)O events in the Sulu Sea were primarily the result of changes in surface water salinity, which today is directly related to the East Asian Monsoon (EAM) and its influence on the balance between surface water contributions from the South China Sea and Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP). Within dating uncertainties the MIS3 Sulu Sea delta(18)O suborbital variability indicates that times of fresher surface conditions in the Sulu Sea coincide with similar conditions in the WPWP [Stott et al., 2002] and also with intensifications of the summer EAM as recorded in the U-Th dated Chinese (Hulu Cave) speleothem delta(18)O record [Wang et al., 2001] and thus by inference with interstadials in the Greenland Ice core records. Combined, these results indicate that pronounced suborbital variability in the summer EAM and Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during MIS3 was tightly coupled with climate conditions in the northern high latitudes.},
	keywords = {1620 global change : climate dynamics (3309), 4267 oceanography : general : paleoceanography, dissolution, equatorial pacific, eurasian snow cover, isotope stage 3, last glacial period, late pleistocene, Mg/Ca, millennial-scale climate change, oxygen isotopes, paleoceanography, planktonic-foraminifera, records, se asian monsoon, south china sea, summer monsoon, surface temperature-variations},
	isbn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000390},
	author = {Dannenmann, S. and Linsley, B. K. and Oppo, D. W. and Rosenthal, Y. and Beaufort, L.}
}
@article {1361,
	title = {Field and laboratory data from an earthquake history study of the Waterman Point fault, Kitsap County, Washington},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 429},
	month = {2003},
	author = {Nelson, A. R. and Johnson, S. Y. and Kelsey, S. K. and Wells, R. E. and Sherrod, B. L. and Bradley, L. A. and Okumura, K. and Bogar, R.}
}
@article {2068,
	title = {Heterogeneity in the radiocarbon content of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in household soot},
	journal = {Environmental Forensics},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 507},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {191-197},
	author = {Reddy, C. M. and Xu, L. and O{\textquoteright}Connor, R.}
}
@article {1357,
	title = {Maps and data from a trench investigation of the Utsalady Point fault, Whidbey Island, Washington},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 996},
	month = {2003},
	author = {Johnson, S. Y. and Nelson, A. R. and Personius, S. F. and Wells, R. E. and Kelsey, H. M. and Sherrod, B. L. and Okumura, K. and Koehler, R., III and Witter, R. C. and Bradley, L. A. and Harding, D. J.}
}
@article {276,
	title = {Mid-depth circulation in the northwest Pacific during the last deglaciation: Evidence from foraminiferal radiocarbon ages},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 405; 742FU Times Cited:19 Cited References Count:23},
	pages = {2-1 - 2-4},
	abstract = {Sediment cores (MR01-K03 PC4/PC5, 1366 m water depth) collected from off northern Japan were studied using coexisting planktonic and benthic foraminiferal radiocarbon measurements to reconstruct the history of mid-depth circulation in the northwest Pacific. Reconstructed ventilation ages indicate that, consistent with data from a previous radiocarbon study at a shallower site, there was significant variation in mid-depth circulation during the last deglaciation, especially in the Bolling-Allerod (13-15 ka) and Younger Dryas (11.5-13 ka) intervals. Our record indicates that the ventilation changes in the North Pacific were antiphase to those of the North Atlantic, suggesting that atmospheric moisture transport associated with the Asian Monsoon might have played a great role in millennium-scale ventilation changes in the North Pacific during the last deglaciation.},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2003gl018287},
	author = {Ahagon, N. and Ohkushi, K. and Uchida, M. and Mishima, T.}
}
@article {634,
	title = {Palaeo-oceanography: Deepwater variability in the Holocene epoch},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {422},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Oppo, Delia WMcManus, Jerry FCullen, James LengEngland2003/03/21 04:00Nature. 2003 Mar 20;422(6929):277.},
	month = {Mar 20},
	pages = {277},
	issn = {0028-0836 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1038/422277b},
	author = {Oppo, D. W. and McManus, J. F. and Cullen, J. L.}
}
@article {2072,
	title = {Paleoenvironmental inferences from core Anta95-1 (Granite Harobr, Sw Ross Sea-Antarctica)},
	journal = {Terra Antarctica reports},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1001},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {133-138},
	author = {Orsini, G. and Giglio, F. and Langone, L. and Ravaioli, M.}
}
@article {2060,
	title = {On the preservation of laminated sediments along the western margin of North America},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1128},
	month = {2003},
	author = {van Geen, A. and Zheng, Y. and Bernhard, J. M. and Cannariato, K. G. and Carriquiry, J. and Dean, W. E. and Eakins, B. W. and Ortiz, J. D. and Pike, J.}
}
@article {2073,
	title = {Radiocarbon dating of individual fatty acids as a tool for refining Antarctic margin sediment chronologies},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2003},
	note = {735tqTimes Cited:25
Cited References Count:29
},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {17-24},
	abstract = {We have measured the radiocarbon contents of individual, solvent-extractable, short-chain (C-14, C-16, and C-18) fatty acids isolated from Ross Sea surface sediments. The corresponding C-14 ages are equivalent to that of the post-bomb dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) reservoir. Moreover, molecular C-14 variations in surficial (upper 15 cm) sediments indicate that these compounds may prove useful for reconstructing chronologies of Antarctic margin sediments containing uncertain (and potentially variable) quantities of relict organic carbon. A preliminary molecular C-14 chronology suggests that the accumulation rate of relict organic matter has not changed during the last 500 C-14 yr. The focus of this study is to determine the validity of compound-specific C-14 analysis as a technique for reconstructing chronologies of Antarctic margin sediments.},
	keywords = {carbon, ice-sheet, marine-sediments, north-atlantic, organic-matter, ross-sea, southern-ocean},
	isbn = {0033-8222},
	author = {Ohkouchi, N. and Eglinton, T. I. and Hayes, J. M.}
}
@article {708,
	title = {Using radiocarbon to apportion sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in household soot},
	journal = {Environmental Forensics},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2003},
	note = {731ytTimes Cited:16Cited References Count:42},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {191-197},
	abstract = {To determine whether polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (FAHs) in household soot were derived from the combustion of scrap wood or creosote that was impregnated in the wood (or some combination of both), the molecular composition and radiocarbon (C-14) content of the total carbon and several PAHs in the soot was investigated. The 5730-year half-life of C-14 makes it an ideal marker for identifying creosote-derived PAHs (C-14-free) versus those derived from the combustion of wood (contemporary C-14). The C-14 abundance of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and retene was determined by accelerator mass spectrometry after solvent extraction and purification by preparative capillary gas chromatography. The molecular analysis (presence of retene and 1,7-dimethylphenanthrene) and bulk C-14 content (contemporary) of the soot indicated that wood combustion was a strong source of carbon to the soot. The C-14 of retene in two soot samples was also contemporary, indicating that it was derived from the combustion of the scrap wood. These results are consistent with previous work that has suggested that retene is an excellent marker of wood combustion. However, the C-14 content of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene in one soot sample was much lower and revealed that these compounds had a mixed creosote and wood source. Using an isotopic mass balance approach, we estimate that 40 to 70\% of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were derived from the combustion of the scrap wood. The results of this study show that molecular marker and bulk C-14 analysis can be potentially misleading in apportioning sources of every PAH, and that molecular-level C-14 analysis of PAHs can be a powerful tool for environmental forensics.},
	issn = {1527-5922},
	doi = {10.1080/15275920390230778},
	author = {Reddy, C. M. and Xu, L. and O{\textquoteright}Connor, R.}
}
@inbook {1385,
	title = {A 20,000-yr sedimentological record from Lake Malawi, East Africa: the Late-Pleistocene/Holocene transition in the southern tropics},
	booktitle = {The East African Great Lakes: Limnology, Palaeoclimatology and Biodiversity},
	series = {Advances in global change research},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 1478},
	month = {2002},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht},
	isbn = {6610618461},
	author = {Barry, S. L. and Filippi, M. L. and Talbot, M. and Johnson, T. C.},
	editor = {Odada, E. O.}
}
@inbook {1405,
	title = {A 24,600 year diatom record from the northern basin of Lake Malawi},
	booktitle = {The East African Great Lakes, Limnology, Palaeoclimatology and Biodiversity},
	series = {Advances in global change research},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 1479},
	month = {2002},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht},
	isbn = {6610618461},
	author = {Gasse, F. and Barker, P. and Johnson, T. C.},
	editor = {Odada, E. O.}
}
@article {2120,
	title = {In situ calcium carbonate dissolution in the Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2002},
	note = {649rqTimes Cited:86
Cited References Count:60
},
	month = {Dec 31},
	abstract = {Over the past several years researchers have been working to synthesize the WOCE/JGOFS global CO(2) survey data to better understand carbon cycling processes in the oceans. The Pacific Ocean data set has over 35,000 sample locations with at least two carbon parameters, oxygen, nutrients, CFC tracers, and hydrographic parameters. In this paper we estimate the in situ CaCO(3) dissolution rates in the Pacific Ocean water column. Calcium carbonate dissolution rates ranging from 0.01-1.1 mumol kg(-1) yr(-1) are observed in intermediate and deepwater beginning near the aragonite saturation horizon. In the North Pacific Intermediate Water between 400 and 800 m, CaCO(3) dissolution rates are more than 7 times faster than observed in middle and deep water depths (average=0.051 m mol kg(-1) yr(-1)). The total amount of CaCO(3) that is dissolved within the Pacific is determined by integrating excess alkalinity throughout the water column. The total inventory of CaCO(3) added by particle dissolution in the Pacific Ocean, north of 40degreesS, is 157 Pg C. This amounts to an average dissolution rate of approximately 0.31 Pg C yr(-1). This estimate is approximately 74\% of the export production of CaCO(3) estimated for the Pacific Ocean. These estimates should be considered to be upper limits for in situ carbonate dissolution in the Pacific Ocean, since a portion of the alkalinity increase results from inputs from sediments.},
	keywords = {anthropogenic co(2), anthropogenic co2, aragonite saturation, atmospheric carbon, caco(3) dissolution, calcite saturation, carbonate lysocline, chemical lysocline, coccolithophore emiliania-huxleyi, indian-ocean, north pacific, organic-matter, Pacific Ocean, panama basin, particulate matter},
	isbn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GB001866},
	author = {Feely, R. A. and Sabine, C. L. and Lee, K. and Millero, F. J. and Lamb, M. F. and Greeley, D. and Bullister, J. L. and Key, R. M. and Peng, T. H. and Kozyr, A. and Ono, T. and Wong, C. S.}
}
@article {338,
	title = {Increase in the Asian southwest monsoon during the past four centuries},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {297},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 536; Anderson, David M Overpeck, Jonathan T Gupta, Anil K New York, N.Y. Science. 2002 Jul 26;297(5581):596-9.},
	pages = {596-9},
	abstract = {Climate reconstructions reveal unprecedented warming in the past century; however, little is known about trends in aspects such as the monsoon. We reconstructed the monsoon winds for the past 1000 years using fossil Globigerina bulloides abundance in box cores from the Arabian Sea and found that monsoon wind strength increased during the past four centuries as the Northern Hemisphere warmed. We infer that the observed link between Eurasian snow cover and the southwest monsoon persists on a centennial scale. Alternatively, the forcing implicated in the warming trend (volcanic aerosols, solar output, and greenhouse gases) may directly affect the monsoon. Either interpretation is consistent with the hypothesis that the southwest monsoon strength will increase during the coming century as greenhouse gas concentrations continue to rise and northern latitudes continue to warm.},
	issn = {1095-9203 (Electronic) 0036-8075 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1072881},
	author = {Anderson, D. M. and Overpeck, J. T. and Gupta, A. K.}
}
@inbook {1434,
	title = {Late Quaternary sedimentation and climate in the Lake Edward and George area, Uganda-Congo},
	booktitle = {The East African Great Lakes: Limnology, Palaeolimnology, and Biodiversity},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 1012},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {429-470},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands},
	author = {Laerdal, T. and Talbot, M. R. and Russell, J. M.},
	editor = {Olago, D.}
}
@article {750,
	title = {Oak, chestnut and fire: climatic and cultural controls of long-term forest dynamics in New England, USA},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2002},
	note = {618gtTimes Cited:53Cited References Count:126},
	month = {Oct-Nov},
	pages = {1359-1379},
	abstract = {Aim Despite decades of study we have limited insights into the nature of the pre-European landscape of the north-eastern USA and the forces and changes that shaped modern forest patterns. Information on such long-term forest dynamics would provide critical insights into the relationships among environmental change, land-use history and biotic responses and is greatly needed for conservation planning. To address these issues we used modern, historical, and palaeoecological approaches to reconstruct the 3500-year history of a New England upland region dominated by oak and (formerly) chestnut forests and to interpret the interactions among climate change, natural and human disturbance, and site factors in controlling vegetation patterns and dynamics at different spatial scales.Location The study focused on a broad upland ridge dominated by oak forests in the north-central Massachusetts town of New Salem. Detailed palaeoecological analyses were undertaken of wetland (Chamberlain Swamp) and lake (Lily Pond) basins in order to reconstruct local to regional scale vegetation dynamics, which were interpreted within the context of regional vegetation data from central Massachusetts.Methods Palaeoecological methods were used to reconstruct the vegetation, fire and land-use history of the local and subregional vegetation from the two basins and to place these in the context of regional information on vegetation and climate change based on other published data. Historical information including maps, archaeological and census data, and vegetation information were gathered for the landscape and areas surrounding the coring sites. Vegetation sampling in transects adjacent to the swamp coring area included tree cores for dendrochronological reconstructions.Results Stand, landscape and regional forest dynamics were most strongly driven by climate, notably an apparent cooling and increase in moisture availability c. 1500 yr BP, and European land-use activities commencing 260 yr BP. However, the abundance of oak and chestnut (fire-tolerant, sprouting species) and the distribution of hemlock (fire-intolerant) at a stand to landscape scale were also influenced by fire, which, in turn, varied with climate and human activity. Despite, or perhaps as a consequence of ongoing disturbance by fire and presumably windstorms in this hurricane-prone region, the pre-European period was marked by two 1000+ year periods of remarkably stable forest composition, separated by an abrupt compositional shift. In contrast, over the past 260 years the vegetation has changed rather continuously in response to human activity, producing stand, landscape and regional patterns that are novel as well as recent in origin.The results indicate that chestnut was a major component of some pre-European landscapes in New England, in part because of occasional fire, and that cultural and physical factors have interacted over millennia to control vegetation patterns and dynamics. Our analyses also suggest that the composition of low diversity forests can be remarkably stable over millennia. The range of ecological, cultural and management insights afforded by this study underscores the fundamental utility of very long-term research in science and policy development.},
	issn = {0305-0270},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00760.x},
	author = {Foster, D. R. and Clayden, S. and Orwig, D. A. and Hall, B.}
}
@article {2111,
	title = {Pleistocene chronology of continental margin sedimentation: New insights into traditional models, New Jersey},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {186},
	year = {2002},
	note = {582qnTimes Cited:33
Cited References Count:89
},
	month = {Jul 10},
	pages = {389-411},
	abstract = {Commonly accepted models for the evolution of continental margins link sediment erosion, transport and deposition to eustasy. To test these models, we constructed an oxygen isotope record from 520 m of Pleistocene sediment recovered by the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 174A from the New Jersey continental slope. The delta(18)O record was calibrated to SPECMAP oxygen isotope time scale [Imbrie et al. (1984), in: Berger et al. (Eds.), Milankovitch and Climate, 269-305] with radiocarbon ages, nannoplankton biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and opal and calcium carbonate stratigraphy. Sixteen glacial/interglacial fluctuations of global ice volume have been recorded in the Pleistocene: oxygen isotope stages (OIS) 1 (partial), 2-4, 5 (partial) and 8 throughout 18. Contrary to predicted sedimentation models, a classification of mass-wasting deposits, based on variations in the styles of soft-sediment deformation and grain size, shows that: (1) mass-wasting is not restricted to glacial times but is present during both glacial and interglacial stages; (2) glacial stages are dominated by fine-grained sediments some of which were deposited by gravity flows; and (3) the transitions from glacial to interglacial stages are characterized by the deposition of coarse sands. The sedimentary record shows large-scale trends that do not fit the traditional models of higher glacial sedimentation rates since there is no consistent variation in sediment accumulation between glacial and interglacial stages. Instead there are longer-term sedimentation patterns. Uniform sedimentation rates of 62 cm/kyr characterize the early middle Pleistocene (OIS 12-18), followed by varying rates from low to very high for three consecutive time periods: OIS 11 to 9 (98-560 cm/kyr), OIS 8 (52-560 cm/kyr), and OIS 5 to 2 (37-353 cm/kyr). Each of these depositional units is contained within one seismic-stratigraphic sequence and bounded by sequence boundaries. Their deposition was influenced by the supply of sediment rather than eustasy. Sediment supply was modulated by: (1) the transition from the dominance of obliquity to that of eccentricity (OIS 18-12 to OIS 11-1); and (2) the proximity of the ice sheet (located similar to 150 km away from the paleoshoreline during the last glacial maximum). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {baltimore canyon, coastal-plain, glacioeustasy, global sea-level, isotopes, late quaternary sedimentation, mass-wasting, new-york, north-atlantic, northwest atlantic, passive margin, Pleistocene, sedimentary processes, sequence stratigraphy, shelf, slope},
	isbn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00198-6},
	author = {McHugh, C. M. G. and Olson, H. C.}
}
@conference {1765,
	title = {Radiocarbon dating of alkenones in sediments from the Namibian continental margin},
	booktitle = {European Geophysical Society, XXVII General Assembly},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 546},
	month = {2002},
	address = {Nice, France},
	author = {Mollenhauer, Gesine and Eglinton, Timothy I. and Ohkouchi, Nao and Grootes, Pieter M. and Muller, Peter J. and Rullkotter, Jurgen and Schneider, Ralph R.}
}
@article {700,
	title = {Spatial and temporal offsets between proxy records in a sediment drift},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {298},
	year = {2002},
	note = {612mqTimes Cited:147Cited References Count:38},
	month = {Nov 8},
	pages = {1224-1227},
	abstract = {Chronologies for Late Quaternary marine sediment records are usually based on radiocarbon ages of planktonic foraminifera. Signals carried by other sedimentary components measured in parallel can provide complementary paleoclimate information. A key premise is that microfossils and other indicators within a given sediment horizon are of equal age. We show here that haptophyte-derived alkenones isolated from Bermuda Rise drift sediments are up to 7000 years older than coexisting planktonic foraminifera. This temporal offset, which is apparently due to lateral transport of alkenones on fine-grained particles from the Nova Scotian margin, markedly influences molecular estimates of sea surface temperatures. More broadly, the observation raises questions about both the temporal and the geographic delity of paleoenvironmental records encoded by readily transported components of sediments.},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1075287},
	author = {Ohkouchi, N. and Eglinton, T. I. and Keigwin, L. D. and Hayes, J. M.}
}
@article {966,
	title = {WOCE radiocarbon IV: Pacific Ocean results; P10, P13N, P14C, P18, P19 \& S4P},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2002},
	note = {591keTimes Cited:33Cited References Count:56},
	pages = {239-392},
	abstract = {The World Ocean Circulation Experiment, carried out between 1990 and 1997, provided the most comprehensive oceanic survey of radiocarbon to date. Approximately 10,000 samples were collected in the Pacific Ocean by U.S. investigators for both conventional large volume P counting and small volume accelerator mass spectrometry analysis techniques. Results from six cruises are presented. The data quality is as good or better than previous large-scale surveys. The C-14 distribution for the entire WOCE Pacific data set is graphically described using mean vertical profiles and sections, and property-property plots.},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	url = {https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/4097},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Quay, P. D. and Schlosser, P. and McNichol, A. P. and von Reden, K. F. and Schneider, R. J. and Elder, K. L. and Stuiver, M. and Ostlund, H. G.}
}
@article {2137,
	title = {Carbonate 14C Background: Does it have Multiple Personalities?},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1501},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {169-176},
	author = {Nadeau, Marie-Josee and Grootes, Pieter M. and Voelker, Antje and Bruhn, Frank and Duhr, Alexander and Oriwall, Angelika}
}
@article {692,
	title = {Comparative analysis of methane-oxidizing archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria in anoxic marine sediments},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Orphan, V JHinrichs, K UUssler, W 3rdPaull, C KTaylor, L TSylva, S PHayes, J MDelong, E FengComparative StudyResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.2001/04/03 10:00Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Apr;67(4):1922-34.},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {1922-34},
	abstract = {The oxidation of methane in anoxic marine sediments is thought to be mediated by a consortium of methane-consuming archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria. In this study, we compared results of rRNA gene (rDNA) surveys and lipid analyses of archaea and bacteria associated with methane seep sediments from several different sites on the Californian continental margin. Two distinct archaeal lineages (ANME-1 and ANME-2), peripherally related to the order Methanosarcinales, were consistently associated with methane seep marine sediments. The same sediments contained abundant (13)C-depleted archaeal lipids, indicating that one or both of these archaeal groups are members of anaerobic methane-oxidizing consortia. (13)C-depleted lipids and the signature 16S rDNAs for these archaeal groups were absent in nearby control sediments. Concurrent surveys of bacterial rDNAs revealed a predominance of delta-proteobacteria, in particular, close relatives of Desulfosarcina variabilis. Biomarker analyses of the same sediments showed bacterial fatty acids with strong (13)C depletion that are likely products of these sulfate-reducing bacteria. Consistent with these observations, whole-cell fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed aggregations of ANME-2 archaea and sulfate-reducing Desulfosarcina and Desulfococcus species. Additionally, the presence of abundant (13)C-depleted ether lipids, presumed to be of bacterial origin but unrelated to ether lipids of members of the order Desulfosarcinales, suggests the participation of additional bacterial groups in the methane-oxidizing process. Although the Desulfosarcinales and ANME-2 consortia appear to participate in the anaerobic oxidation of methane in marine sediments, our data suggest that other bacteria and archaea are also involved in methane oxidation in these environments.},
	issn = {0099-2240 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.4.1922-1934.2001},
	author = {Orphan, V. J. and Hinrichs, K. U. and Ussler, W. and Paull, C. K. and Taylor, L. T. and Sylva, S. P. and Hayes, J. M. and DeLong, E. F.}
}
@article {771,
	title = {Estimates of anthropogenic carbon uptake from four three-dimensional global ocean models},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2001},
	note = {417rwTimes Cited:187Cited References Count:64},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {43-60},
	abstract = {We have compared simulations of anthropogenic CO2 in the four three-dimensional ocean models that participated in the first phase of the Ocean Carbon-Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP), as a means to identify their major differences. Simulated global uptake agrees to within +/- 19\%, giving a range of 1.85 +/-0.35 Pg C yr(-1) for the 1980-1989 average, Regionally, the Southern Ocean dominates the present-day air-sea flux of anthropogenic CO2 in all models, with one third to one half of the global uptake occurring south of 30 degreesS. The highest simulated total uptake in the Southern Ocean was 70\% larger than the lowest. Comparison with recent data-based estimates of anthropogenic CO2 suggest that most of the models substantially overestimate storage in the Southern Ocean; elsewhere they generally underestimate storage by less than 20\%. Globally, the OCMIP models appear to bracket the real ocean{\textquoteright}s present uptake, based on comparison of regional data-based estimates of anthropogenic CO2 and bomb C-14. Column inventories of bomb C-14 have become more similar to those for anthropogenic CO2 with the time that has elapsed between the Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (1970s) and World Ocean Circulation Experiment (1990s) global sampling campaigns. Our ability to evaluate simulated anthropogenic CO2 would improve if systematic errors associated with the data-based estimates could be provided regionally.},
	issn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2000gb001273},
	author = {Orr, J. C. and Maier-Reimer, E. and Mikolajewicz, U. and Monfray, P. and Sarmiento, J. L. and Toggweiler, J. R. and Taylor, N. K. and Palmer, J. and Gruber, N. and Sabine, C. L. and Le Quere, C. and Key, R. M. and Boutin, J.}
}
@article {769,
	title = {Hypothesized climate forcing time series for the last 500 years},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2001},
	note = {456yeTimes Cited:108Cited References Count:89},
	month = {Jul 27},
	pages = {14783-14803},
	abstract = {A new compilation of annually resolved time series of atmospheric trace gas concentrations, solar irradiance, tropospheric aerosol optical depth, and stratospheric (volcanic) aerosol optical depth is presented for use in climate modeling studies of the period 1500 to 1999 A.D. Atmospheric CO2 CH4, and N2O concentrations over this period are well established on the basis of fossil air trapped in ice cores and instrumental measurements over the last few decades. Estimates of solar irradiance, ranging between 1364.2 and 1368.2 W/m(2), are presented using calibrated historical observations of the Sun back to 1610, along with cosmogenic isotope variations extending back to 1500. Tropospheric aerosol distributions are calculated by scaling the modern distribution of sulfate and carbonaceous aerosol optical depths back to 1860 using reconstructed regional CO2 emissions; prior to 1860 the anthropogenic tropospheric aerosol optical depths are assumed to be zero. Finally, the first continuous, annually dated record of zonally averaged stratospheric (volcanic) optical depths back to 1500 is constructed using sulfate flux data from multiple ice cores from both Greenland and Antarctica, in conjunction with historical and instrumental (satellite and pyrheliometric) observations. The climate forcings generated here are currently being used as input to a suite of transient (time dependent) paleoclimate model simulations of the past 500 years. These forcings are also available for comparison with instrumental and proxy paleoclimate data of the same period.},
	issn = {0747-7309},
	doi = {10.1029/2000jd900469},
	author = {Robertson, A. and Overpeck, J. and Rind, D. and Mosley-Thompson, E. and Zielinski, G. and Lean, J. and Koch, D. and Penner, J. and Tegen, I. and Healy, R.}
}
@article {2158,
	title = {New records show pronounced changes in Arctic Ocean circulation and climate (cover article)},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 332},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {601, 607},
	author = {Darby, D. and Bischof, J. and Cutter, G. and de Vernal, A. and Hillaire-Marcel, C. and Dwyer, G. and McManus, J. and Polyak, L. and Osterman, L. and Poore, R.}
}
@article {2136,
	title = {Optical dating, ages, and scatter from tsunami-laid sands from Bradley Lake, Oregon},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1406},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {1915-1926},
	author = {Ollerhead, Jeff and Huntley, David J. and Nelson, Alan R. and Kelsey, Harvey M.}
}
@article {805,
	title = {Optical dating of tsunami-laid sand from an Oregon coastal lake},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2001},
	note = {500nqTimes Cited:24Cited References Count:39},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1915-1926},
	abstract = {Optical ages for five samples of tsunami-laid sand from an Oregon coastal lake were determined using an infrared optical-dating method on K-feldspar separates and, as a test of accuracy, compared to ages determined by AMS C-14 dating or detrital plant fragments found in the same beds. Two optical ages were about 20\% younger than calibrated C-14 ages of about 3.1 and 4.3 ka. Correction of the optical ages using measured anomalous fading rates brings them into agreement with the C-14 ages. The approach used holds significant promise for improving the accuracy of infrared optical-dating methods.Luminescence data for the other three samples result in optical age limits much greater than the C-14 ages. These data provide a textbook demonstration of the correlation between scatter in the luminescence intensity of individual sample aliquots and their normalization values that is expected when the samples contain sand grains not adequately exposed to daylight just prior to or during deposition and burial. Thus, the data for these three samples suggest that the tsunamis eroded young and old sand deposits before dropping the sand in the lake. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00043-9},
	author = {Ollerhead, J. and Huntley, D. J. and Nelson, A. R. and Kelsey, H. M.}
}
@mastersthesis {1328,
	title = {Ricostruzioni paleoambientali nel Mare di Ross (Antartide) attraverso lo studio di associazioni di foraminiferi--Thesis},
	volume = {Dissertation/Thesis},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001},
	school = {Universita di Bologna},
	address = {Bologna, Italy},
	author = {Orsini, G.}
}
@article {2134,
	title = {A solid state 13C NMR study of kerogen degradation during black shale weathering},
	journal = {Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 277},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {1867-1882},
	author = {Petsch, S. T. and Smernik, R. J. and Eglinton, T. I. and Oades, J. M.}
}
@conference {1603,
	title = {Deep Sea Sediments off Baja California Reflect Greenland Ice Core climate cycles},
	booktitle = {Geological Society of America, Annual meeting},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 110},
	month = {2000},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America},
	organization = {Geological Society of America},
	address = {Reno, NV},
	author = {Ortiz, J. and O{\textquoteright}Connell, S. and van Geen, A. and Party, Melville {\textquoteright} Shipboard Scientific}
}
@article {2178,
	title = {An estimate of the anthropogenic offset of oceanic d13CDIC based on the ventilation of the California Current at 42N},
	journal = {Global Biogeochem. Cycles},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 307},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {917-930},
	author = {Ortiz, J. D. and Mix, A. C. and Wheeler, P. and Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2179,
	title = {Glacial deep water geometry: South Atlantic Benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca and delta13C evidence},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 13050883-8305/00/1999PA000436
},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {147-160},
	author = {Oppo, Delia W. and Horowitz, Michael}
}
@article {1486,
	title = {Gulf of Mexico Intraslope Basins (BIB) Phase 1 Project Atlas},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 354},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {110},
	institution = {Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Texas at Arlington},
	author = {Damuth, J. E. and Olson, H. C. and Moss, G.}
}
@article {2191,
	title = {The Holocene history of Lake Victoria, East Africa},
	journal = {Ambio},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 340},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {2-11},
	author = {Johnson, T. C. and Kelts, K. and Odada, E. O.}
}
@article {814,
	title = {Molecular and isotopic analysis of anaerobic methane-oxidizing communities in marine sediments},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2000},
	note = {384quTimes Cited:204Cited References Count:49},
	pages = {1685-1701},
	abstract = {Convergent lines of molecular, carbon-isotopic, and phylogenetic evidence have previously indicated (Hinrichs, K.U., Hayes, J.M., Sylva, S.P., Brewer. P.G.. DeLong, E.F., 1999. Methane-consuming archaebacteria in marine sediments. Nature 398, 802-805.) that archaea are involved in the anaerobic oxidation of methane in sediments from the Eel River Basin. offshore northern California. Now, further studies of those same sediments and of sediments from a methane seep in the Santa Barbara Basin have confirmed and extended those results. Mass spectrometric and chromatographic analyses of an authentic standard of sn-2-hydroxyarchaeol (hydroxylated at C-3 in the sn-2 phytanyl moiety) have confirmed our previous, tentative identification of this compound but shown that the previously examined product was the mono-TMS, rather than di-TMS, derivative. Further analyses of C-13-depleted lipids, appreciably more abundant in samples from the Santa Barbara Basin, have shown that the archaeal lipids are accompanied by two sets of products that are only slightly less depleted in C-13. These are additional glycerol ethers and fatty acids. The alkyl substituents in the ethers (mostly monoethers, with some diethers) are non-isoprenoidal. The carbon-number distributions and isotopic compositions of the alkyl substituents and of the fatty acids are similar, suggesting strongly that they are produced by the same organisms. Their structures, n-alkyl and methyl-branched n-alkyl, require a bacterial rather than archaeal source. The non-isoprenoidal glycerol ethers are novel constituents in marine sediments but have been previously reported in thermophilic, sulfate- and nitrate-reducing organisms which lie near the base of the rRNA-based phylogenetic tree. Based on previous observations that the anaerobic oxidation of methane involves a net transfer of electrons from methane to sulfate, it appears likely that the non-archaeal, C-13-depleted lipids are products of one or more previously unknown sulfate-reducing bacteria which grow syntrophically with the methane-utilizing archaea. Their products account for 50\% of the fatty acids in the sample from the Santa Barbara Basin. At all methane-seep sites examined, the preservation of aquatic products is apparently enhanced because the methane-oxidizing consortium utilizes much of the sulfate that would otherwise be available for remineralization of materials from the water column. Crown Copyright (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00106-6},
	author = {Hinrichs, K. U. and Summons, R. E. and Orphan, V. and Sylva, S. P. and Hayes, J. M.}
}
@conference {1763,
	title = {Radiocarbon calibration and abruptchanges in atmospheric 14Cconcentration during Marine Isotope Stage 3},
	booktitle = {American Geophysical Union},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 327},
	month = {2000},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	author = {Hughen, K. A. and Southon, J. and Lehman, S. J. and Peterson, L. C. and Overpeck, J. T.}
}
@article {2224,
	title = {A 0.5-million-year record of millennial-scale climate variability in the north atlantic},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {283},
	year = {1999},
	note = {McManusOppo
Cullen
eng
1999/02/12 03:03
Science. 1999 Feb 12;283(5404):971-5.
},
	month = {Feb 12},
	pages = {971-5},
	abstract = {Long, continuous, marine sediment records from the subpolar North Atlantic document the glacial modulation of regional climate instability throughout the past 0.5 million years. Whenever ice sheet size surpasses a critical threshold indicated by the benthic oxygen isotope (delta18O) value of 3.5 per mil during each of the past five glaciation cycles, indicators of iceberg discharge and sea-surface temperature display dramatically larger amplitudes of millennial-scale variability than when ice sheets are small. Sea-surface temperature oscillations of 1 degrees to 2 degreesC increase in size to approximately 4 degrees to 6 degreesC, and catastrophic iceberg discharges begin alternating repeatedly with brief quiescent intervals. The glacial growth associated with this amplification threshold represents a relatively small departure from the modern ice sheet configuration and sea level. Instability characterizes nearly all observed climate states, with the exception of a limited range of baseline conditions that includes the current Holocene interglacial.},
	isbn = {1095-9203 (Electronic)0036-8075 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1126/science.283.5404.971},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9974387},
	author = {McManus, J. F. and Oppo, D. W. and Cullen, J. L.}
}
@article {2222,
	title = {Evidence for Late Pleistocene-Holocene Intermediate-Water variability in the North Atlantic},
	journal = {EOS},
	volume = {80},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 172},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {S169},
	author = {McManus, J. F. and Oppo, D. W. and Curry, W. and Marchitto, T. and Cullen, J. L.}
}
@article {2223,
	title = {Glacial modulation of rapid climate change during the last 0.5 million years},
	journal = {PAGES newsletter},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 168},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {12-13},
	author = {McManus, J. F. and Oppo, D. W. and Cullen, J. L.}
}
@article {2241,
	title = {Millennial-scale climate changes in ventilation of the thermocline, intermediate and deep waters of the glacial North Atlantic},
	journal = {Geophysical Monograph series},
	volume = {AGU Chapman Conference volume 112},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 207},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {59-76},
	author = {Curry, W. B. and Marchitto, T. M. and McManus, J. F. and Oppo, D. W. and L, Laarkamp K.}
}
@article {395,
	title = {The role of oceanic forcing in mid-Holocene Northern Hemisphere climatic change},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 1943; PT: J; UT: WOS:000079325100009},
	pages = {200-210},
	abstract = {Previous model investigations suggested that changes in orbital forcing and feedbacks associated with northward expansion of the boreal forest were both required to explain the full magnitude of enhanced high-latitude Northern Hemisphere summer warming at 6 ka, thus implying that biospheric feedbacks (decreased planetary albedo associated with forest expansion) may be large in the future [Foley ct at., 1994; TEMPO (Testing Earth System Models with Paleo-Observations), 1996]. Before the magnitude of past biospheric and other feedbacks can be estimated with confidence, however, the role of realistic high-latitude oceanic forcing (i.e., sea surface temperature (SST) increases and sea ice reductions) should also be considered. Here we review existing paleoceanographic observations that suggest portions of the North Atlantic were up to 4 degrees C warmer than today at 6 ka. We then combine our estimates of mid-Holocene North Atlantic SST and sea ice conditions with new climate model simulations to suggest that a significant portion of high-latitude summer warming at 6 ka in the Northern Hemisphere can be accounted for by altered orbital forcing, SSTs, and sea ice relative to today. Our results underscore the importance of incorporating realistic boundary conditions when using paleoenvironmental data to evaluate the climate system{\textquoteright}s sensitivity to altered forcing and suggest that high-latitude oceanic feedbacks were major contributors to enhanced high-latitude summer warming in the Northern Hemisphere at 6 ka.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/1998PA900011},
	author = {Kerwin, M. W. and Overpeck, J. T. and Webb, R. S. and DeVernal, A. and Rind, D. H. and Healy, R. J.}
}
@article {2225,
	title = {Variability in shallow- and intermediate-water hydrography during the last climate cycle of the Quaternary},
	journal = {EOS},
	volume = {80},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 170},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {F10},
	author = {McManus, J. F. and Healey, S. L. and Oppo, D. W. and Curry, W. B.}
}
@inbook {1466,
	title = {Geoforma Ediciones, Logrono, Barcelona},
	booktitle = {Investigaciones recientes de la Geomorfologia esponola},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 384},
	month = {1998},
	author = {Valero-Garces, B. L. and Matri Bono, C. and Kelts, K.},
	editor = {Ortiz, A. G.}
}
@article {762,
	title = {Millennial-scale changes in North Atlantic circulation since the last glaciation},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {393},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Zt988Times Cited:106Cited References Count:30},
	month = {Jun 11},
	pages = {557-561},
	abstract = {Ocean circulation is closely linked to climate change on glacial-interglacial and shorter timescales. Extensive reorganizations in the circulation of deep and intermediate-depth waters in the Atlantic Ocean have been hypothesized for both the last glaciation(1-6) and the subsequent Younger Dryas cold interval(3,6-10), but there has been little palaeoceanographic study of the subtropical gyres(11-13). These gyres are the dominant oceanic features of wind-driven circulation, and as such they reflect changes in climate and are a significant control on nutrient cycling and, possible, atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Here we present Cd/Ca ratios in the shells of benthic foraminifera from the Bahama banks that confirm previous suggestions(11,12) that nutrient concentrations in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre were much lower during the Last Glacial Maximum than they are today (up to 50\% lower according to our data). These contrasting nutrient burdens imply much shorter residence times for waters within the thermocline of the Last Glacial Maximum. Below the glacial thermocline, nutrient concentrations were reduced owing to the presence of Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water. A high-resolution Cd/Ca record from an intermediate depth indicates decreased nutrient concentrations during the Younger Dryas interval as well, mirroring opposite changes at a nearby deep site(3,9). Together, these observations suggest that the formation of deep and intermediate waters-North Atlantic Deep Water and Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water, respectively-wax and wane alternately on both orbital and millennial timescales.},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/31197},
	author = {Marchitto, T. M. and Curry, W. B. and Oppo, D. W.}
}
@article {2276,
	title = {Status Report of the National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Operations and Recent Developments},
	journal = {15th International Conference on the Applications of Accelerators in Research and Industry},
	volume = {A.I.P. Conference Proceedings},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 1647},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {644-647},
	author = {Bellino, M. and von Reden, K. F. and Schneider, R. J. and Peden, J. C. and Donoghue, J. and Elder, K. L. and Gagnon, A. R. and Long, P. and McNichol, A. P. and Odegaard, A. P. and Stuart, D. and Handwork, S. and Hayes, J. M.}
}
@article {802,
	title = {Temporal variations of bomb radiocarbon inventory in the Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {60},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Zm128Times Cited:22Cited References Count:18},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {3-13},
	abstract = {The natural and anthropogenic components of the radiocarbon measurements from seawater samples can be successfully separated by an improved method, which is based on a very well-defined relationship between natural radiocarbon and dissolved silica observed mainly during the GEOSECS survey for waters beneath 1000 m depth. This relationship is further reconfirmed by the C-14 measurements from large volume samples taken in the deep waters in the Pacific Ocean during the recent WOCE survey program. Analysis of upper ocean C-14 measurements made along 152 degrees W, and north of 20 degrees N, in the northeastern Pacific Ocean during the NOAA{\textquoteright}s CGC91 cruise, which is a part of the WOCE survey program, indicates that the bomb C-14 inventory in this part of the ocean has increased by 22\% since the GEOSECS measurements made in 1974, This increase is consistent with the model prediction of 25\% for the northern hemisphere ocean. Change of the surface water bomb Delta(14)C values during this period is insignificant, This feature is also consistent with the model simulation. Results of this new analysis will provide useful information of the temporal variations of bomb C-14 inventory in the ocean, in addition to the spatial distribution, which can be used as powerful constraints in calibrating the global ocean carbon cycle models, especially those based on three-dimensional ocean general circulation models, for estimating the uptake of CO2 by the ocean. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00089-3},
	author = {Peng, T. H. and Key, R. M. and Ostlund, H. G.}
}
@article {2289,
	title = {The first trans-Arctic 14C section: comparison of the mean ages of the deep waters in the Eurasian and Canadian basins fo the Arctic Ocean},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research},
	volume = {123},
	year = {1997},
	note = {id: 67},
	month = {1997},
	author = {Schlosser, Peter and Kromer, Bernd and Ekwurzel, Brenda and Bonisch, Gerhard and McNichol, Ann and Schneider, Robert and von Reden, Karl and Ostlund, H. G. and Swift, J. H.}
}
@article {2290,
	title = {The first trans-Arctic 14C section: comparison of the mean ages of the deep waters in the Eurasian and Canadian Basins of the Arctic Ocean; in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
	volume = {B},
	year = {1997},
	note = {id: 1751},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {431-437},
	author = {Schlosser, P. and Kromer, B. and Ekwurzel, B. and Bonisch, G. and McNichol, A. and Schneider, R. and von Reden, K. and Ostlund, H. and Swift, J.}
}
@article {721,
	title = {Foraminiferal constraints on very high-resolution seismic stratigraphy and late Quaternary glacial history, New Jersey continental shelf},
	journal = {Palaios},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Xf026Times Cited:19Cited References Count:39},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {249-266},
	abstract = {Internal stratigraphy of a Late Quaternary sediment wedge on the New Jersey outer continental shelf has been investigated using regional and 3-D seismic surveys, sediment cores and foraminiferal biofacies analysis. Results from the study help constrain Late Wisconsinan glacial/deglacial history in this area. Three major reflectors (channels, S and R) define 5 stratigraphic units: S1-modern sediments; S2-sands overlying a channelized surface (Channels reflector); S3-muds, clays and sandy muds below the channelized surface and above reflector S; S4-an unsampled unit between reflectors S and R; and S5-sands underlying reflector R, the fatter surface defining the base of the sediment wedge. Multivariate quantitative analysis delineates four major faunal groups characterizing these stratigraphic units. Faunal patterns are interpreted in terms of modern foraminiferal distributions, planktonic/benthic ratios and faunal abundance patterns. Group A dominates units S2 and S5 and is characterized by Cibicides lobatulus and Cassidulina islandica. The fauna indicates middle neritic water depths, moderate to high current energy, and moderate accumulation rates. Group B dominates unit S3 (muddy unit) and is characterized by Elphidium excavatum s.l., Buccella frigida, Fursenkoina fusiformis and miliolid spp. This fauna represents an environment with no modern analogue on the New Jersey continental shelf reflecting middle neritic, low-energy conditions and the accumulation of predominantly muddy sediments. Group C dominates the modern sediment veneer (unit S1), and its diverse fauna is consistent with modern faunal distributions and environmental conditions. Group D consists of a low-diversity fauna dominated by Fursenkoina fusiformis and Nonionella sp., which characterizes a few samples in unit S3. Environmental conditions are probably similar to those described for faunal group B. The distribution and interpretation of these faunas, combined with preliminary C-14 AMS dates, indicate that the Quaternary history of the outer-shelf sediment wedge involves a middle Wisconsinan unconformity (R), overlain by an unsampled unit (S4) and several meters of mud (S3). This relationship may represent a middle Wisconsinan outwash event. The muddy deposit was later incised by the {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Channels{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} horizon, possibly reflecting the Late Wisconsinan maximum lowering of sea level. This horizon is overlain by sandy transgressive deposits associated with rising sea level, presumably during the Holocene.},
	issn = {0883-1351},
	doi = {10.2307/3515426},
	author = {Lagoe, M. B. and Davies, T. A. and Austin, J. K. and Olson, H. C.}
}
@article {812,
	title = {Lignin phenols in sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia: application to paleoenvironmental studies},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Yq252Times Cited:29Cited References Count:61},
	month = {Sep-Oct},
	pages = {153-172},
	abstract = {Sediments from three cores obtained from distinct depositional environments in Lake Baikal, Siberia were analyzed for organic carbon, total nitrogen and lignin phenol concentration and composition. Results were used to examine changes in paleoenvironmental conditions during climatic cycles of the late Quaternary (<125 ka). Average organic carbon, and total nitrogen concentrations, atomic C/N ratios and organic carbon accumulation rates were significantly higher in the Holocene compared with the late Pleistocene, reflecting overall warmer temperatures and increased runoff during the Holocene. A Holocene maximum in organic carbon was observed at about 6 ka, and may represent the warmest/wettest period of the Holocene. At one site (Academician Ridge) pronounced late Pleistocene maxima in organic carbon and biogenic silica were observed at about 80-85 ka, probably indicative of an interstadial period with enhanced aquatic productivity. Total sedimentary lignin phenol contents were generally lower in the late Pleistocene compared to the Holocene, but with several peaks in concentration during the late Pleistocene. These late Pleistocene peaks in total sedimentary lignin content (dated at about 80, 50 and 30 ka) directly precede or occur during peaks in sedimentary biogenic silica contents. These periods likely represent relatively warm interstadial times, with increased precipitation producing the observed increase in terrestrial runoff and aquatic productivity. Lignin phenol ratios (S/V, C/V and P/V) were used to examine changes in terrestrial vegetation type resulting from changes in paleoenvironmental conditions during the late Pleistocene. A degree of caution must be used in the interpretation of these ratios with regard to vegetation sources and paleoenvironmental conditions, because of potential compositional changes in lignin resulting from biodegradation. Nevertheless, results show that long glacial periods were characterized by terrestrial vegetation composed of a mix of non-woody angiosperm vegetation and minor gymnosperm forest. Shorter interstadial periods are defined by a change to dominant gymnosperm forest and were observed at about 80, 75, 63, 50 and 30 ka, ranging from about 2-6 kyr in duration. These interstadial periods of the late Pleistocene defined by lignin phenol ratios generally occur during longer periods of enhanced sedimentary biogenic silica content (about 10-15 ka in duration), providing corroborative evidence of these warm interstadial periods. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00079-X},
	author = {Orem, W. H. and Colman, S. M. and Lerch, H. E.}
}
@article {2305,
	title = {Preliminary results of the first scientific drilling on Lake Baikal, Buguldeika site, southeastern Siberia},
	journal = {Quaternary International},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Vq100Times Cited:44
Cited References Count:29
},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {3-17},
	abstract = {The Baikal Drilling Project (BDP) is a multinational effort to investigate the paleoclimatic history and tectonic evolution of the Baikal sedimentary basin during the Late Neogene. In March 1993 the Baikal drilling system was successfuly deployed from a barge frozen into position over a topographic high, termed the Buguldeika saddle, in the southern basin of Lake Baikal. The BDP-93 scientific team, made up of Russian, American and Japanese scientists, successfully recovered the first long (>100 m) hydraulic piston cores from two holes in 354 m of water. High quality cores of 98 m (Hole 1) and 102 m (Hole 2), representing sedimentation over the last 500,000 years, were collected in 78 mm diameter plastic liners with an average recovery of 72\% and 90\%, respectively. Magnetic susceptibility logging reveals an excellent hole-to-hole correlation. In this report the scientific team describes the preliminary analytical results from BDP-93 hole 1 cores. Radiocarbon dating by accelerator mass spectrometry provides an accurate chronology for the upper portion of Hole 1. Detailed lithologic characteristics, rock magnetic properties and inorganic element distributions show a significant change to the depositional environment occuring at 50 m subbottom depth, approximately 250,000 BP. This change may be due to uplift and rotation of the horst block in the Buguldeika saddle. The sedimentary section above 50 m is pelitic with varve-like laminae, whereas the section below 50 m contains a high proportion of sand and gravel horizons often organized into turbidite sequences. Accordingly, high resolution seismic records reveal a change in sonic velocity at this depth. It is inferred that sedimentation prior to 250 ka BP was from the west via the Buguldeika river system. After 250 ka BP the Buguldeika saddle reflects an increase in hemipelagic sediments admired with fine-grained material from the Selenga River drainage basin, east of Lake Baikal. Variations in the spore-pollen assemblage, diatoms, biogenic silica content, rock magnetic properties, clay mineralogy and organic carbon in the upper 50 m of BDP-93-1 reveal a detailed record of climate change over approximately the last 250,000 years. These variables alternate in a pattern characteristic of glacial/interglacial climatic fluctuations. The present age model suggests that the climate signal recorded in Lake Baikal sediments is similar to Late Quaternary signals recorded in Chinese loess sections and in marine sediments. Copyright (C) 1996 INQUA/Elsevier Science Ltd},
	keywords = {asia, tectonics},
	isbn = {1040-6182},
	author = {Colman, S. and Grachev, M. and Hearn, P. and Horie, S. and Kawai, T. and Kuzmin, M. and Logachov, N. and Fialkov, V. and Gorigljad, A. and Tomilov, B. and Khakhaev, B. and Kochikov, S. and Lykov, V. and Pevzner, L. and Bucharov, A. and Karabanov, E. and Logachev, N. and Mats, V. and Bardardinov, A. and Baranova, E. and Khlystov, O. and Khrachenko, V. and Shimaraeva, M. and Stolbova, E. and Komakova, E. and Efremova, S. and Gvozdkov, A. and Kravchinski, V. and Peck, J. and Fileva, T. and Kashik, S. and Khramtsova, T. and Kalashnikova, I. and Rasskazova, T. and Tatarnikova, V. and Yuretich, R. and Mazilov, V. and Takemura, K. and Bobrov, V. and Gunicheva, T. and Haraguchi, H. and Ito, S. and Kocho, T. and Kuzmin, M. and Markova, M. and Pampura, V. and Proidakova, O. and Ishiwatari, R. and Sawatari, H. and Takeuchi, A. and Toyoda, K. and Vorobieva, S. and Ikeda, A. and Marui, A. and Nakamura, T. and Ogura, K. and Ohta, T. and King, J. and Sakai, H. and Yokoyama, T. and Hayashida, A. and Bezrukova, E. and Fowell, S. and Fuji, N. and Letunova, P. and Misharina, V. and Miyoshi, N. and Chernyaeva, G. and Ignatova, I. and Likhoshvai, E. and Stoermer, E. and Granina, L. and Levina, O. and Dolgikh, P. and Lazo, F. and Lutskaia, N. and Orem, W. and Wada, E. and Williams, D. and Yamada, K. and Yamada, S. and Callander, E. and Golobokoval, L. and Shanks, P. and Dorofeeva, R. and Duchkov, A.}
}
@article {779,
	title = {Synchronous, high-frequency oscillations in tropical sea surface temperatures and North Atlantic Deep Water production during the last glacial cycle},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Wd891Times Cited:109Cited References Count:63},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {1-14},
	abstract = {Stable isotopic measurements of G. sacculifer and C. wuellerstorfi in a core from the western equatorial Atlantic imply that there are parallel, suborbital oscillations in surface water hydrography and deep water circulation occurring during oxygen isotope stages 2 and 3. Low values of G. sacculifer delta(18)O accompany high values of C. wuellerstorfi delta(13)C, linking warmer sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropics with increased production of lower North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). The amplitude of the delta(18)O oscillations is 0.6 parts per thousand (or 2 degrees-3 degrees C), which is superimposed on a glacial/interglacial amplitude of about 2.1 parts per thousand,. Using the G. sacculifer delta(18)O data, we calculate that surface waters were colder during stage 2 than calculated by CLIMAP [1976, 1981]. The longer-period (> 2 kyr) oscillations in air temperature recorded in the Greenland and Antarctic ice cores appear to correlate with oscillations in sea surface temperature in the equatorial Atlantic. The magnitude of these oscillations in tropical SST is too large to have resulted from changes in meridional heat transport caused by the global conveyor alone. The apparent synchroneity of equatorial SST and polar air temperature changes, as well as the amplitude of the SST changes at the equator, are consistent with the climate effects expected from changes in the atmosphere{\textquoteright}s greenhouse gas content (H(2)0(vapor), CO2, and CH4).},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/96pa02413},
	author = {Curry, W. B. and Oppo, D. W.}
}
@article {2303,
	title = {Western South Atlantic deepwater hydrography derived from benthic Cd/Ca and stable isotope data},
	journal = {Supplement to EOS},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1997},
	note = {id: 1269},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {185},
	author = {Horowitz, M. and Oppo, D. W.}
}
@inbook {1432,
	title = {Agroecological perspectives on the decline of the Tiwanaku State (Book Section)},
	booktitle = {Tiwanaku and its Hinterland: Archaeology and Paleoecology of an Andean Civilization},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1258},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {181-201},
	publisher = {Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC},
	organization = {Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC},
	author = {Kolata, Alan L. and Ortloff, Charles R.},
	editor = {Kolata, Alan L.}
}
@article {841,
	title = {AMS radiocarbon analyses from Lake Baikal, Siberia: Challenges of dating sediments from a large, oligotrophic lake},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Vp609Times Cited:112Cited References Count:29},
	pages = {669-684},
	abstract = {A suite of 146 new accelerator-mass spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon ages provides the first reliable chronology for late Quaternary sediments in Lake Baikal. In this large, highly oligotrophic lake, biogenic and authigenic carbonate are absent, and plant macrofossils are extremely rare. Total organic carbon is therefore the primary material available for dating. Several problems are associated with the TOC ages. One is the mixture of carbon sources in TOC, not all of which are syndepositional in age. This problem manifests itself in apparent ages for the sediment surface that are greater than zero. However, because most of the organic carbon in Lake Baikal sediments is algal (autochthonous) in origin, this effect is limited to about 1000+/-500 years, which can be corrected, at least for young deposits. The other major problem with dating Lake Baikal sediments is the very low carbon contents of glacial-age deposits, which makes them extremely susceptible to contamination with modern carbon. This problem can be minimized by careful sampling and handling procedures.The ages show almost an order of magnitude difference in sediment-accumulation rates among different sedimentary environments in Lake Baikal, from about 0.04 mm/year on isolated banks such as Academician Ridge, to nearly 0.3 mm/year in the turbidite depositional areas beneath the deep basin floors, such as the Central Basin. The new AMS ages clearly indicate that the dramatic increase in diatom productivity in the lake, as evidenced by increases in biogenic silica and organic carbon, began about 13 ka, in contrast to previous estimates of 7 ka for the age of this transition. Holocene net sedimentation rates may be less than, equal to, or greater than those in the late Pleistocene, depending on the site. This variability reflects the balance between variable terrigenous sedimentation and increased biogenic sedimentation during interglaciations. The ages reported here, and the temporal and spatial variation in sedimentation rates that they imply, provide opportunities for paleoenvironmental reconstructions at different time scales and resolutions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/0277-3791(96)00027-3},
	author = {Colman, S. M. and Jones, G. A. and Rubin, M. and King, J. W. and Peck, J. A. and Orem, W. H.}
}
@article {2333,
	title = {Automated systems and techniques utilized at the NOSAMS sample preparation laboratory: An update of productivity and quality issues},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 959},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {38-39},
	author = {Gagnon, A. R. and McNichol, A. P. and Hutton, D. L. and Osborne, E. A. and Donoghue, J. C.}
}
@conference {1604,
	title = {Deep water formation and exchange rates in the Arctic Ocean: Implications from the distribution of 14C},
	booktitle = {7th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 947; 1},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {106-107},
	publisher = {Radiocarbon},
	organization = {Radiocarbon},
	address = {Tucson, AZ},
	author = {Schlosser, P. and Kromer, B. and Ekwurzel, B. and Boenisch, G. and McNichol, A. and Schneider, R. and von Reden, K. and Oestlund, G.}
}
@article {2314,
	title = {East Asian monsoon variations; linkage to northern hemisphere millenniallll-scale climate oscillations},
	journal = {Supplement to EOS},
	volume = {77},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 56},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {19},
	author = {Oppo, D. W. and Deiner, L. and Curry, W. B. and Norris, R. D.}
}
@article {2334,
	title = {Holocene sea-level rise recorded by a radiocarbon-dated mussel in a submerged speleothem beneath the Mediterranean Sea},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1241},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {241-244},
	author = {Fabrizio, A. and Oliverio, M.}
}
@article {2308,
	title = {Large-volume WOCE radiocarbon sampling in the Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Xd080Times Cited:12
Cited References Count:8
},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {519-561},
	abstract = {At the University of Miami Tritium Laboratory and the University of Washington Quaternary Isotope Laboratory, more than 1000 large-volume Pacific Ocean radiocarbon samples were measured for the WOCE program. Here we present a comprehensive data set, and a brief discussion of our findings.},
	keywords = {geosecs},
	isbn = {0033-8222},
	author = {Stuiver, M. and Ostlund, H. G. and Key, R. M. and Reimer, P. J.}
}
@article {2313,
	title = {A preliminary palynological study of the late Pleistocene to Holocene history of the Lake Winnebago basin, Wisconsin},
	journal = {Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America},
	volume = {28},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 76},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {59},
	author = {Ormseth, B. L. and Smith, G. L.}
}
@article {861,
	title = {Uranium-series disequilibrium, sedimentation, diatom frustules, and paleoclimate change in Lake Baikal},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {142},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Uz230Times Cited:61Cited References Count:29},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {29-42},
	abstract = {The large volume of water, approximately one-fifth of the total surface fresh water on the planet, contained in Lake Baikal in southeastern Siberia is distinguished by having a relatively high concentration of uranium (ca. 2 nM), and, together with the surface sediments, an unusually high U-234/U-238 alpha activity ratio of 1.95. About 80\% of the input of 234 uranium to the lake, with a U-234/U-238 ratio of 2.0, comes from the Selenga River, Profiles of uranium, as well as the extent of isotopic disequilibrium in a 9 m sediment core collected on Academic Ridge, generally show high values during interglacial periods corresponding to high diatom frustule numbers (DiFr) and biogenic silica (BSi) data that have been reported elsewhere. During glacial periods (low DiFr and BSi), uranium progeny (U-234 and Th-230) were in secular equilibrium with low concentrations of their parent U-238. Radionuclide distributions were interpreted in terms of a quantitative model allowing for adsorption of riverine inputs of uranium onto two classes of sedimenting particles with differing U-238/Th-232 ratios and uranium progeny in secular equilibrium. If the U-234/U-238 activity ratio of adsorbed uranium has remained constant, mean sedimentation rates can be independently estimated as 3.6 +/- 0.6 and 3.7 +/- 0.9 cm . kyr(-1) for the decay of U-234 and in-growth of Th-230, respectively. These rates are consistent with a mean rate of 3.76 cm . kyr(-1), calculated by optimization of the correspondence between adsorbed U-238 and delta(18)O in dated oceanic sediments, The adsorbed uranium apparently tracks variable river flow during interglacials and is drastically reduced during periods of glaciation. Evidently, uranium has not been significantly redistributed within Baikal sediments over at least the past 250 kyr and is a unique, biologically non-essential, tracer for climate-sensitive processes, which provide their own internal geochronometers, potentially useful for ages up to 1 Myr BP.},
	issn = {0012-821x},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821x(96)00085-4},
	author = {Edgington, D. N. and Robbins, J. A. and Colman, S. M. and Orlandini, K. A. and Gustin, M. P.}
}
@conference {1652,
	title = {Improvements in procedural blanks at NOSAMS: Reflections of improvements in sample preparation and accelerator operation},
	booktitle = {15th International 14C Conference},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1995},
	note = {id: 1641; 15th International Radiocarbon Conference, Glasgow, Scotland, August 15-19, 1994},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {683-691},
	publisher = {Radiocarbon},
	organization = {Radiocarbon},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Gagnon, A. R. and Osborne, E. a and Hutton, D. L. and von Reden, K. F. and Schneider, R. J.}
}
@article {2348,
	title = {Improvements in procedural blanks at NOSAMS: Reflections of improvements in sample preparation and accelerator operation},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Ud868Times Cited:16
Cited References Count:6
},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {683-691},
	abstract = {During the four years the Sample Preparation Laboratory (SPL) at the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (NOSAMS) Facilty has been in operation we have accumulated much data from which we can assess our progress. We evaluate our procedural blanks here and describe modifications in our procedures that have improved our analyses of older samples. In the SPL, we convert three distinct types of samples-seawater, CaCO3 and organic carbon-to CO2 prior to preparing graphite for the accelerator and have distinct procedural blanks for each procedure. Dissolved inorganic carbon (Sigma CO2) is extracted from acidified seawater samples by sparging with a nitrogen carrier gas. We routinely analyze {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}line blanks{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} by processing CO2 from a C-14-dead source through the entire stripping procedure. Our hydrolysis blank, IAEA C-1, is prepared by acidifying in vacuo with 100\% H3PO4 at 60 degrees C overnight, identical to our sample preparation. We use a dead graphite, NBS-21, or a commercially available carbon powder for our organic combustion blank; organic samples are combusted at 850 degrees C for 5 h using CuO to provide the oxidant. Analysis of our water stripping data suggests that one step in the procedure contributes the major portion of the line blank. At present, the contribution from the line blank has no effect on our seawater analyses (fraction modern (fm) between 0.7 and 1.2). Our hydrolysis blanks can have an fm value as low as 0.0006, but are more routinely between 0.0020 and 0.0025. The fm of our best organic combustion blanks is higher than those routinely achieved in other laboratories and we are currently altering our methods to reduce it.},
	keywords = {SPECTROMETRY},
	isbn = {0033-8222},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Gagnon, A. R. and Osborne, E. A. and Hutton, D. L. and vonReden, K. F. and Schneider, R. J.}
}
@article {2347,
	title = {North Atlantic Deep Water variability during stage 3},
	journal = {Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {76},
	year = {1995},
	note = {id: 58},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {171-172},
	author = {Oppo, D. W. and Lehman, S. J. and Curry, J. and Lynch, Stieglitz and Fairbanks, R. G.}
}
@article {784,
	title = {Suborbital Timescale Variability of North-Atlantic Deep-Water during the Past 200,000 Years},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Rx409Times Cited:145Cited References Count:39},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {901-910},
	abstract = {We generated similar to 200-kyr-long proxy records of surface and deepwater variability from a subpolar North Atlantic core (V29-202), enabling us to assess the linkage between surface and deepwater changes on suborbital timescales. In particular, we used a benthic delta(13)C record to evaluate the deep water response to Dansgaard-Oeschger temperature oscillations and to Heinrich events, times of massive iceberg delivery to the North Atlantic. We found that the reduction of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) production was generally associated with cold or dropping sea surface temperatures (SSTs) as indicated by planktonic foraminiferal assemblages. The NADW contribution to the site did not drop appreciably during Heinrich events H4 through H2, probably because these events followed intervals of prolonged surface cooling already characterized by low rates of NADW production. By contrast NADW reduction appears to have been synchronous with H5. SST rise associated with both Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations and Heinrich events was usually accompanied by increasing NADW strength. In a few cases the NADW recovery appeared to lag the SST rise; however, the apparent delay is most likely an artefact of the sedimentary record (low concentrations of benthic foraminifera). As a result of low benthic foraminiferal abundances during stage 6, the stage 6 benthic foraminiferal delta(13)C record is of lower resolution than the younger part of the record. The stage 6 proxy records for surface hydrography nevertheless reveal millennial-scale oscillations similar to those seen in stage 3. The available delta(13)C data suggest that NADW weakened in association with the cold portions of stage 6 SST oscillations. We also sought to confirm a recent study which concluded that there was little NADW variability during the peak of the last interglaciation, marine oxygen isotope substage 5e (Eemian). Isotope stage 5 was marked by a trend of increasing benthic delta(13)C in V29-202. Rising delta(13)C through isotope stage 5 is also seen in tropical surface water records and at some deep Atlantic sites and may reflect the common derivation of these water masses. Variations of greater than or equal to 0.5 parts per thousand superimposed on this rising delta(13)C trend within substage 5e in V29-202 are so far not evident in tropical feed waters and may therefore indicate that NADW production was weaker during the late than mid-Eemian.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/95pa02089},
	author = {Oppo, D. W. and Lehman, S. J.}
}
@article {965,
	title = {Ventilation of the deep Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Supplement to Trans. American Geophysic. Union},
	volume = {76},
	year = {1995},
	note = {id: 41},
	pages = {0S40},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Rooth, C. and Ostlund, G. and Stuiver, M.}
}
@article {848,
	title = {Automated Sample Processing at the National Ocean Sciences Ams Facility},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments \& Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {92},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Nv547Times Cited:9Cited References Count:1},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {129-133},
	abstract = {The high throughput and high precision requirements for the NOSAMS facility have made it essential to automate many of the stages in sample processing. These automated procedures increase the sample capacity for the lab while reducing errors in sample preparation. Automation has also allowed sample histories to be recorded and saved in Sybase, a relational data base.},
	issn = {0168-583x},
	doi = {10.1016/0168-583x(94)95991-9},
	author = {Cohen, G. J. and Hutton, D. L. and Osborne, E. A. and vonReden, K. F. and Gagnon, A. R. and McNichol, A. P. and Jones, G. A.}
}
@article {847,
	title = {Internal and External Checks in the Nosams Sample Preparation Laboratory for Target Quality and Homogeneity},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments \& Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {92},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Nv547Times Cited:14Cited References Count:5},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {158-161},
	abstract = {In the NOSAMS sample preparation laboratory (SPL) we have developed rigorous internal procedures aimed at ensuring that sample preparation introduces as little error into our analyses as possible and identifying problems rapidly. Our three major CO2 preparation procedures are: stripping inorganic carbon from seawater, hydrolyzing CaCO3, and oxidizing organic matter. For seawater, approximately 10\% of our analyses are standards or blanks which we use to demonstrate extraction of virtually all the inorganic carbon. Analysis of the stable carbon isotopic composition of the CO2 extracted from our standards indicates a precision of better than 0.15-0.20 parts per thousand. We also routinely process C-14-free CO2 in our stripping lines to demonstrate the absence of a significant process-dependent blank. For organic combustions and CaCO3 hydrolyses, we use the carbon yield (\% organic carbon (OC) or \% CaCO3 by weight) as a check on our sample procedures. We have analyzed the blank contribution of these procedures as a function of sample size. Our organic carbon blank is constant at approximately 0.4\% modem for samples containing greater than 1 mg C and our carbonate blank is less than 0.2\% modern for samples containing more than 0.5 mg C. We use a standard Fe/H-2 catalytic reduction to prepare graphite from CO2. We check the completeness of our reactions with the pressure data stored during the reaction as well as use a robot to determine a gravimetric yield. All graphite undergoes a visual inspection and is rejected if any heterogeneities are present. We have recombusted graphite made from CO2 with deltaC-13 values ranging from -42 to 1 parts per thousand and determined that the deltaC-13 of the recombusted carbon agrees with that from the pure gas to within 0.05 parts per thousand, demonstrating little or no fractionation during the treatment of the sample. The deltaC-13 we measure on the CO2 generated from more than 75\% of our samples is compared to the deltaC-13 measured on the AMS as a further check of our procedures. As further external checks, we analyzed the International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA) samples during the establishment of our laboratory and are presently participating in the third international radiocarbon intercalibration (TIRI) exercise.},
	issn = {0168-583x},
	doi = {10.1016/0168-583x(94)95997-8},
	author = {Osborne, E. A. and McNichol, A. P. and Gagnon, A. R. and Hutton, D. L. and Jones, G. A.}
}
@article {2372,
	title = {Latest Quaternary Sedimentation in the Kerch Strait Area of the Black Sea Shelf: Response to Glacial Sea Level Fluctuation},
	journal = {EOS,Transactions,American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {75},
	year = {1994},
	note = {id: 914},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {204},
	author = {Major, C. O. and Ryan, W. B. F. and Pitman, W. C., III and Shimkus, K. M. and Jones, G. A. and O{\textquoteright}Connell, S.}
}
@article {846,
	title = {Tic, Toc, Dic, Doc, Pic, Poc - Unique Aspects in the Preparation of Oceanographic Samples for C-14 Ams},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments \& Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {92},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Nv547Times Cited:82Cited References Count:9},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {162-165},
	abstract = {The radiocarbon content of discrete carbon pools (total (T), dissolved (D), and particulate (P) inorganic (I) and organic (O) carbon (C)) is a useful tracer of carbon cycling within the modem and past ocean. The isolation of different carbon pools in the ocean environment and conversion to CO2 presents unique analytical problems for the radiocarbon chemist. In general, isolation and preparation of inorganic carbon presents few problems; dissolved carbon is easily extracted by acidifying the sample and stripping with an inert gas. Carbon is also readily isolated from particulate carbonate samples; in this case, CO2 is prepared by hydrolysis of the substrate with phosphoric acid. The isolation and preparation of organic carbon presents a much greater problem. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) must first be isolated from DIC and then oxidized in the presence of very high salt concentrations. We present results from a closed-tube combustion method in which the DIC-free seawater is evaporated to dryness, transferred to a clean combustion tube, and oxidized overnight at 550-degrees-C. Combustion of total organic carbon (TOC) in sediments with a high inorganic carbon content is also difficult. Removal of CaCO3 with acid leaves severely deliquescent salts which, if not thoroughly dried, cause combustion tubes to explode. Removal of the salts by rinsing can also remove significant amounts of organic matter. Finally, we present results from a local coastal region.},
	issn = {0168-583x},
	doi = {10.1016/0168-583x(94)95998-6},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Osborne, E. A. and Gagnon, A. R. and Fry, B. and Jones, G. A.}
}
@conference {1655,
	title = {Internal and external checks in the NOSAMS Sample Preparation Laboratory for target quality and homogeneity},
	booktitle = {6th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry},
	year = {1993},
	note = {id: 958},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {75},
	address = {Canberra, Australia},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Gagnon, A. R. and Osborne, E. A. and Hutton, D. L. and Jones, G. A.}
}
@conference {1662,
	title = {Laboratory automation at the National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility},
	booktitle = {6th Internation Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry},
	year = {1993},
	note = {id: 927},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {74},
	address = {Canberra, Australia},
	author = {Cohen, G. J. and Hutton, D. L. and von Reden, K. F. and Osborne, E. A. and McNichol, A. P. and Jones, G. A.}
}
@conference {1700,
	title = {The National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	booktitle = {6th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry},
	year = {1993},
	note = {id: 930},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {46},
	address = {Canberra, Australia},
	author = {Jones, G. A. and Schneider, R. J. and von Reden, K. F. and McNichol, A. P. and Gagnon, A. R. and Cohen, G. J. and Osborne, E. A. and Hutton, D. L. and Kessel, E. D. and Elder, K. L.}
}
@article {2389,
	title = {Radiocarbon ages from two submerged strandline features in the western Gulf of Maine and a sea-level curve for the northeastern Massachusetts coastal region},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1993},
	note = {id: 10},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {38-45},
	author = {Oldale, R. N. and Colman, S. M. and Jones, G. A.}
}
@article {2401,
	title = {Illumination of a Black-Box - Analysis of Gas-Composition during Graphite Target Preparation},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {34},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Kf389Times Cited:63
Cited References Count:10
},
	month = {1992},
	pages = {321-329},
	abstract = {We conducted a study of relative gas composition changes of CO2, CO and CH4 during the formation of graphite targets using different temperatures, catalysts and methods. Reduction with H-2 increases the reaction rate without compromising the quality of the AMS target produced. Methane is produced at virtually any temperature, and the amount produced is greater at very low temperatures. The reduction of CO to graphite is very slow when H-2 is not included in the reaction.},
	keywords = {deposition},
	isbn = {0033-8222},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Gagnon, A. R. and Jones, G. A. and Osborne, E. A.}
}
@article {2405,
	title = {Initial Dating and Paleoenvironmental Results From Lake Baikal, Southeastern Siberia},
	journal = {Abstracts With Programs of the American Quaternary Association},
	volume = {xx},
	year = {1992},
	note = {id: 905},
	month = {1992},
	pages = {66},
	author = {Colman, S. M. and Karabanov, E. B. and Williams, D. F. and Hearn, P. P., Jr. and King, J. W. and Orem, W. H. and Bradbury, J. P. and Shanks, W. C., III and Jones, G. A. and Carter, S. J.}
}
@article {790,
	title = {Oceanic Crustal Thickness from Seismic Measurements and Rare-Earth Element Inversions},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Kd951Times Cited:645Cited References Count:119},
	month = {Dec 10},
	pages = {19683-19715},
	abstract = {Seismic refraction results show that the igneous section of oceanic crust averages 7.1 +/- 0.8 km thick away from anomalous regions such as fracture zones and hot-spots, with extremal bounds of 5.0-8.5 km. Rare earth element inversions of the melt distribution in the mantle source region suggest that sufficient melt is generated under normal oceanic spreading centers to produce an 8.3 +/- 1.5 km thick igneous crust. The difference between the thickness estimates from seismics and from rare earth element inversions is not significant given the uncertainties in the mantle source composition, though it is of the magnitude that would be expected if partial melt fractions of about 1\% remain in the mantle and are not extracted to the overlying crust. The inferred igneous thickness increases to 10.3 +/- 1.7 km (seismic measurements) and 10.7 +/- 1.6 km (rare earth element inversions) where spreading centers intersect the regions of hotter than normal mantle surrounding mantle plumes. This is consistent with melt generation by decompression of the hotter mantle as it rises beneath spreading centers. Maximum inferred melt volumes are found on aseismic ridges directly above the central rising cores of mantle plumes, and average 20 +/- 1 and 18 +/- 1 km for seismic profiles and rare earth element inversions respectively. Both seismic measurements and rare earth element inversions show evidence for variable local crustal thinning beneath fracture zones, though some basalts recovered from fracture zones are indistinguishable geochemically from those generated on normal ridge segments away from fracture zones. This is consistent with a model where the melt generated beneath spreading ridges is redistributed to intrusive centers along the ridge axis, from where it may flow laterally along the axis at crustal or surface levels. The melt may sometimes flow into the bathymetric lows associated with fracture zones. Oceanic crust created at very slow-spreading ridges, and in regions adjacent to some continental margins where rifting was initially very slow, exhibits anomalously thin crust from seismic measurements and unusually small amounts of melt generation from rare earth element inversions. We attribute the decreased mantle melting on very slow-spreading ridges to the conductive heat loss that enables the mantle to cool as it rises beneath the rift.},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/92jb01749},
	author = {White, R. S. and Mckenzie, D. and Onions, R. K.}
}
@article {2407,
	title = {Illumination of a black box: Gas composition changes during graphite target preparation for AMS (Proceedings of the 14th International Radiocarbon Conference, 1991)},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {34},
	year = {1991},
	note = {id: 1745},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {321-329},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Gagnon, A. R. and Jones, G. A. and Osborne, E. A.}
}
