@article {2923,
	title = {Carbon Isotopic and Lithologic Constraints on the Sources and Cycling of Inorganic Carbon in Four Large Rivers in China: Yangtze, Yellow, Pearl, and Heilongjiang},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
	volume = {126},
	year = {2021},
	month = {Jan-02-2021},
	abstract = {Transport of terrigenous carbon by rivers has been affected extensively by climate change and anthropogenic activities in China over the last few decades. Here, we present results on carbon isotopes (C-13, C-14) of dissolved and particulate inorganic carbon (DIC and PIC) and combined with major lithologic ions measured in the four largest rivers in China, namely, the Yangtze, Yellow, Pearl, and Heilongjiang rivers, to reveal the sources and transport of terrigenous inorganic carbon in the rivers. The DIC concentrations showed large variations in the four rivers and ranged from 253 to 3,122 mu M. The Yangtze, Yellow and Pearl rivers transported high DIC contents that had low Delta C-14 values of millennium-aged DIC and very old PIC; however, the Heilongjiang River presented a lower DIC concentration with much younger C-14 ages than the global average (1,100 mu M). The strong correlations between the DIC isotope values and major lithological ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) suggest that chemical weathering played important but variable roles in controlling the production and fate of DIC in the rivers. Using dual isotopes and the MixSIAR model, we calculated that the chemical weathering of carbonate rocks contributed 95 +/- 5\% of the riverine DIC to the headwater of the Yangtze River while silicate rock weathering and riverine organic matter respiration contributed 62 +/- 25\% and 5 +/- 5\% of the DIC in the middle and lower reaches of the river, respectively. In contrast, chemical weathering of silicate rocks contributed the dominant fraction of DIC in the Yellow (55 +/- 17\%), Pearl (61 +/- 20\%) and Heilongjiang (83 +/- 29\%) rivers.},
	keywords = {Carbon cycle, Chemical weathering, inorganic carbon in large rivers, radiocarbon, stable carbon isotope},
	issn = {2169-8953},
	doi = {10.1029/2020JG005901},
	url = {https://apps.webofknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&Func=Frame\&DestFail=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.webofknowledge.com\&SrcApp=search\&SrcAuth=Alerting\&SID=7EQ3XpZtZiWye3DFos4\&customersID=Alerting\&mode=FullRecord\&IsProductCode=Yes\&AlertId=4d48b20a-7d27-4fa2-},
	author = {Shan, Sen and Luo, Chunle and Qi, Yuanzhi and Cai, Wei-Jun and Sun, Shuwen and Fan, Di and Wang, Xuchen}
}
@article {2930,
	title = {Coal fly ash is a major carbon flux in the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) basin},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {118},
	year = {2021},
	month = {Jan-05-2023},
	pages = {e1921544118},
	abstract = {Fly ash-the residuum of coal burning-contains a considerable amount of fossilized particulate organic carbon (FOCash) that remains after high-temperature combustion. Fly ash leaks into natural environments and participates in the contemporary carbon cycle, but its reactivity and flux remained poorly understood. We characterized FOCash in the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) basin, China, and quantified the riverine FOCash fluxes. Using Raman spectral analysis, ramped pyrolysis oxidation, and chemical oxidation, we found that FOCash is highly recalcitrant and unreactive, whereas shale-derived FOC (FOCrock) was much more labile and easily oxidized. By combining mass balance calculations and other estimates of fly ash input to rivers, we estimated that the flux of FOCash carried by the Chang Jiang was 0.21 to 0.42 Mt C center dot y-1 in 2007 to 2008-an amount equivalent to 37 to 72\% of the total riverine FOC export. We attributed such high flux to the combination of increasing coal combustion that enhances FOCash production and the massive construction of dams in the basin that reduces the flux of FOCrock eroded from upstream mountainous areas. Using global ash data, a first-order estimate suggests that FOCash makes up to 16\% of the present-day global riverine FOC flux to the oceans. This reflects a substantial impact of anthropogenic activities on the fluxes and burial of fossil organic carbon that has been made less reactive than the rocks from which it was derived.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1921544118},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1921544118https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1073/pnas.1921544118http://www.pnas.org/syndication/doi/10.1073/pnas.1921544118},
	author = {Li, Gen K. and Fischer, Woodward W. and Lamb, Michael P. and West, A. Joshua and Zhang, Ting and Galy, Valier and Wang, Xingchen Tony and Li, Shilei and Qiu, Hongrui and Li, Gaojun and Zhao, Liang and Chen, Jun and Ji, Junfeng}
}
@article {2735,
	title = {An abrupt cooling event recorded around 73 kyr in western South Atlantic},
	journal = {Quaternary International},
	volume = {542},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jan-03-2020},
	pages = {80 - 87},
	abstract = {This paper presents the record of sea surface temperature and planktonic foraminifera cold species for the last 130 kyr of a deep sea marine piston core (GL-854) from western South Atlantic. Our data shows a prominent and consistent feature around 73 kyr when an abrupt drop in sea surface temperature, both artificial neural network and oxygen isotope-based, was recorded. Additionally, our oxygen isotope curve presents a positive excursion and two cold-water planktonic foraminifera (Globoconella inflata and Neogloboquadrina incompta) remarkably increased their abundances. The benthic oxygen isotope record did not indicate any change while planktonic indicators were intensely disturbed. This cooling episode should be explained by a strong and abrupt mechanism able to promptly affect the surface ocean but not the deep ocean. It seems to be one of the coldest intervals during the last 130 kyr. Here, we discuss some hypothesis for this abrupt cooling recorded in the South Atlantic, including the speculative climatic impact of Toba super-eruption.},
	keywords = {Artificial neural network, C. pelagicus, G. inflata N. incompta, Oxygen isotope record, planktonic foraminifera, Toba volcano},
	issn = {10406182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quaint.2020.03.005},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618220300902},
	author = {Camillo, Edmundo and Quadros, Juliana P. and Santarosa, Ana Cl{\'a}udia A. and Costa, Karen B. and Toledo, Felipe A.L.}
}
@article {2914,
	title = {Carbon cycling in the deep Mariana Trench in the western north Pacific Ocean: Insights from radiocarbon proxy data},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {164},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jan-10-2020},
	pages = {103370},
	abstract = {The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific (NP) contains the deepest (11,000 m) point in the ocean and thus remains the least explored environment. Carbon cycling in the deep Mariana Trench is largely unknown and remains a curious mystery. Here, we report radiocarbon (Delta C-14) and stable carbon isotope (delta C-13) compositions of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon (DIC and DOC) and sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) for samples collected at 2000 m, 4000 m and 6000 m from the Mariana Trench in the western NP. DOC had much lower Delta C-14 values (-189 parts per thousand to -538 parts per thousand) than DIC (38 parts per thousand to -236 parts per thousand) and POC (11 parts per thousand-38 parts per thousand) at the same depths, indicating the different cycling processes and time scales of different carbon pools. The C-14 ages of DOC were approximately 1700 years and 4400 years older than those of DIC in the surface (2 m) and deep (10,000 m) waters of the Mariana Trench. Both DOC and DIC Delta C-14 values at hadal depths (>6000 m) in the trench are comparable to values at other sites in the deep NP, suggesting that water movement and mixing at hadal depths in the Mariana Trench are active and follow the deep-water circulation patterns of the NP. POC fluxes at the three deep depths showed large variations, but their modern Delta C-14 values indicate that the effective biological pump that drives fresh surface-produced particles to sink rapidly to deep depths in the trench could provide essential food sources for microbial and benthic communities living in an extremely harsh environment of the Mariana Trench.},
	keywords = {carbon cycling, Mariana trench, North pacific ocean, Particle flux, radiocarbon, stable carbon isotope},
	issn = {09670637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103370},
	url = {https://apps.webofknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&Func=Frame\&DestFail=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.webofknowledge.com\&SrcApp=search\&SrcAuth=Alerting\&SID=5FcsGoXKXNO2xQfU7KW\&customersID=Alerting\&mode=FullRecord\&IsProductCode=Yes\&AlertId=4d48b20a-7d27-4fa2-},
	author = {Shan, Sen and Qi, Yuanzhi and Tian, Jiwei and Wang, Xuchen and Luo, Chunle and Zhou, Chun and Zhang, Xiao-Hua and Xin, Yu and Wang, Yonghong}
}
@article {2700,
	title = {Carbon Cycling in the World{\textquoteright}s Deepest Blue Hole},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
	volume = {125},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jan-02-2020},
	abstract = {Blue holes are unique geomorphological features with steep biogeochemical gradients and distinctive microbial communities. Carbon cycling in blue holes, however, remains poorly understood. Here we describe potential mechanisms of dissolved carbon cycling in the world{\textquoteright}s deepest blue hole, the Yongle Blue Hole (YBH), which was recently discovered in the South China Sea. In the YBH, we found some of the lowest concentrations (e.g., 22 μM) and oldest ages (e.g., 6,810 years before present) of dissolved organic carbon, as well as the highest concentrations (e.g., 3,090 μM) and the oldest ages (e.g., 8,270 years before present) of dissolved inorganic carbon observed in oceanic waters. Sharp gradients of dissolved oxygen, H2S, and CH4 and changes in bacterially mediated sulfur cycling with depth indicated that sulfur- and/or methane-based metabolisms are closely linked to carbon cycling in the YBH. Our results showed that the YBH is a unique and easily accessible natural laboratory for examining carbon cycling in anoxic systems, which has potential for understanding carbon dynamics in both paleo and modern oceans{\textemdash}particularly in the context of global change.},
	keywords = {anoxia, carbon cycling, dissolved carbon, radiocarbon, sulfur cycling, Yongle blue hole},
	issn = {2169-8953},
	doi = {10.1029/2019JG005307},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019JG005307},
	author = {Yao, P. and Wang, X. C. and Bianchi, T. S. and Yang, Z. S. and Fu, L. and Zhang, X. H. and Chen, L. and Zhao, B. and Morrison, E. S. and Shields, M. R. and Liu, Y. N. and Bi, N. S. and Qi, Y. Z. and Zhou, S. and Liu, J. W. and Zhang, H. H. and Zhu, C. J. and Yu, Z. G.}
}
@article {2915,
	title = {Dissolved black carbon is not likely a significant refractory organic carbon pool in rivers and oceansAbstract},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jan-12-2020},
	abstract = {Rivers are the major carriers of dissolved black carbon (DBC) from land to ocean; the sources of DBC during its continuous transformation and cycling in the ocean, however, are not well characterized. Here, we present new carbon isotope data for DBC in four large and two small mountainous rivers, the Yangtze and Yellow river estuaries, the East China Sea and the North Pacific Ocean. We found that the carbon isotope signatures of DBC are relatively homogeneous, and the DBC C-14 ages in rivers are predominantly young and increase during continuous transport and cycling in the ocean. The results of charcoal leaching experiments indicate that DBC is released from charcoal and degraded by bacteria. Our study suggests that riverine DBC is labile and respired during transport and mixing into the ocean and that residual DBC is cycled and aged on the same time scales as bulk DOC in the ocean. Black carbon is a recalcitrant byproduct of biomass burning that ultimately accumulates in oceanic sinks. Here the authors assessed the sources and cycling of dissolved black carbon in rivers and oceans, finding that oceanic pools are cycled and aged on the same time scales as dissolved organic carbon.},
	keywords = {Changjiang, cycle, flux, HUANGHE RIVERS, level, particulate, quantification, radiocarbon, sea},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-18808-8},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18808-8http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18808-8.pdfhttp://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18808-8.pdfhttp://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18808-8},
	author = {Qi, Yuanzhi and Fu, Wenjing and Tian, Jiwei and Luo, Chunle and Shan, Sen and Sun, Shuwen and Ren, Peng and Zhang, Hongmei and Liu, Jiwen and Zhang, Xiaohua and Wang, Xuchen}
}
@article {2890,
	title = {Investigating environmental changes as the driving force of agricultural intensification in the lower reaches of the Yellow River: A case study at the Sanyangzhuang site},
	journal = {Quaternary International},
	volume = {521},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-06-2019},
	pages = {25 - 34},
	abstract = {In many different societies around the world, people transitioned from slash-and-burn agriculture to an intensive mode of agricultural production. However, why agriculture was increasingly intensified by early farmers remains less understood. This study investigates the driving forces of agricultural intensification from an environmental perspective. Based on our fieldwork at the Sanyangzhuang site and previous paleoclimatic studies, we reconstruct the depositional processes and climatic changes at Sanyangzhuang and its surrounding area between 5000 yr BP and 2000 yr BP. Data suggest that farmers in the lower reaches of the Yellow River were confronted with increasingly severe Yellow River flooding and drier and colder climate during this time period. The environmental changes increase risks of crop failure and famine, disrupt the equilibrium of the social system and induce a process that brings about initial agricultural intensification. This environmental pressure is aggravated by social/political factors and results in the further development of agricultural intensification.},
	keywords = {Agricultural intensification, Environmental changes, Sanyangzhuang, The Yellow River},
	issn = {10406182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quaint.2019.06.033},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618219300655},
	author = {Qin, Zhen and Storozum, Michael and Liu, Haiwang and Zhang, Xiaohu and Kidder, Tristram R.}
}
@article {2665,
	title = {Selective Preservation of Coccolith Calcite in Ontong-Java Plateau Sediments},
	journal = {Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2019},
	month = {May-12-2021},
	pages = {2141 - 2157},
	keywords = {BIOMINERALIZATION, caco3 dissolution, CEARA RISE, dissolution kinetics, IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; DEEP-SEA CARBONATES; PLANKTONIC-FORAMINIFERA; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC, surface sediments, WATER INTERFACE},
	issn = {2572-4517},
	doi = {10.1029/2019PA003731},
	url = {https://apps.webofknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&Func=Frame\&DestFail=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.webofknowledge.com\&SrcApp=search\&SrcAuth=Alerting\&SID=8DpsdyQUduuojUwg61F\&customersID=Alerting\&mode=FullRecord\&IsProductCode=Yes\&AlertId=ab9062f8-b111-4f95-},
	author = {Subhas, Adam V. and McCorkle, Daniel C. and Quizon, Alex and McNichol, Ann P. and Long, Matthew H.}
}
@article {2730,
	title = {Bathyal records of enhanced silicate erosion and weathering on the exposed Luzon shelf during glacial lowstands and their significance for atmospheric CO2 sink},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {476},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-01-2018},
	pages = {302 - 315},
	abstract = {We present a new high-resolution multiproxy data set of mass accumulation rates, Sr-Nd isotopes, as well as major and trace elements for the siliciclastic sediment fraction from International Marine Global Change Study Core MD06-3052, located on the continental slope of the western Philippine Sea. We integrate our new data with published grain sizes and sea surface temperatures from the same core, as well as with Equatorial Pacific sea level, and East Asian summer monsoon precipitation, in order to constrain at high-resolution changes in physical erosion and chemical weathering intensities on Luzon, and sediment source-to-sink processes. We assess the potential significance of chemical weathering of arc silicates in regulating global atmospheric CO2 since 156 kyr BP. Sr-Nd isotopes show that the siliciclastic sediments were dominantly sourced from volcanic rocks exposed on Luzon (~ 68{\textendash}100\%), with a lesser contribution from Asian dust (~ 0{\textendash}32\%). Different indices indicate that stronger physical erosion and chemical weathering occurred during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 (130{\textendash}156 kyr BP), as well as in the latter stage of MIS 3 and MIS 2 (14{\textendash}40 kyr BP). The large sea-level lowstands and associated significant exposure of continental shelf in the western Philippine Sea during these two cold periods should favor physical erosion and chemical weathering of unconsolidated sediments on the exposed shelf. Furthermore, we notice the relatively good coherence between chemical weathering intensities on Luzon and global atmospheric CO2 concentrations over these cold intervals. We suggest that strengthening of chemical weathering of silicates on Luzon and other tropical arcs (within 20{\textdegree} of the Equator) during the Quaternary glacial sea-level lowstands may significantly contribute to the lowering of atmospheric CO2 concentrations during ice ages. We estimate that a significant fraction, up to ~ 16\% (i.e., ~ 8 ppmv), of all atmospheric CO2 ultimately sequestered by silicate weathering may be processed through an area corresponding to only ~ 1\% of the exorheic drainage area worldwide.},
	keywords = {Atmospheric CO2 concentration, Chemical weathering, East Asian summer monsoon, sea level, Western Philippine Sea},
	issn = {00092541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.11.027},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009254117306587},
	author = {Xu, Zhaokai and Li, Tiegang and Clift, Peter D. and Wan, Shiming and Qiu, Xiaohua and Lim, Dhongil}
}
@article {2888,
	title = {Decreased sedimentation efficiency of petro- and non-petro-carbon caused by a dispersant for Macondo surrogate oil in a mesocosm simulating a coastal microbial community},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {206},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-10-2018},
	pages = {34 - 43},
	abstract = {Large amounts of mucous-rich oil-containing marine snow formed in surface waters adjacent to the Deepwater Horizon spill. This marine oil snow (MOS) was implicated in oil delivery to the seafloor. Whether the use of chemical dispersants increased or decreased MOS sedimentation remains controversial. We conducted mesocosm experiments testing the effects of oil and oil plus a dispersant on MOS formation and sedimentation, in coastal seawater. The four treatments used were a surrogate Macondo oil water accommodated fraction ({\textquotedblleft}WAF{\textquotedblright}), two concentrations of chemically-enhanced WAF ({\textquotedblleft}CEWAF{\textquotedblright} and diluted CEWAF, {\textquotedblleft}DCEWAF{\textquotedblright}) containing a dispersant and oil, and Controls (no additions). Based on radiocarbon and 13C NMR results, the presence of dispersants enhanced the amounts of petro-carbon being incorporated into the sinking oil-carrying aggregates (aka MOS). However, most of the chemically-dispersed oil preferentially partitioned into the colloidal and suspended particulate fractions rather than into the rapidly forming MOS. Thus the oil and non-petro-carbon sedimentation efficiency in treatments with a dispersant was much lower, compared to those in the Control and WAF treatments, during the four-day mesocosm experiment. Formation of MOS and its subsequent sinking sequestered the oil in two stages: first via terrestrial-derived detritus containing humic compounds, and subsequently via freshly produced material, such as exopolymeric substances produced by phytoplankton and bacteria.},
	issn = {03044203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2018.09.002},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304420318301415},
	author = {Xu, Chen and Zhang, Saijin and Beaver, Morgan and Wozniak, Andrew and Obeid, Wassim and Lin, Youmin and Wade, Terry L. and Schwehr, Kathleen A. and Lin, Peng and Sun, Luni and Hatcher, Patrick G. and Chin, Wei-Chun and Chiu, Meng-Hsuen and Knap, Anthony H. and Dean, Kendra and Quigg, Antonietta and Santschi, Peter H.}
}
@article {2841,
	title = {Fossil Fuel Combustion Emission From South Asia Influences Precipitation Dissolved Organic Carbon Reaching the Remote Tibetan Plateau: Isotopic and Molecular Evidence},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	volume = {123},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Apr-06-2019},
	pages = {6248 - 6258},
	abstract = {The dissolved organic carbon in precipitation (water-soluble organic carbon, WSOC) can provide a carbon subsidy to receiving ecosystems. The concentrations, isotopic signatures (δ13C/Δ14C), and molecular signatures (transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry) of WSOC being delivered to Nam Co{\textemdash}a remote site on the inland Tibetan Plateau (TP){\textemdash}were compared to those of WSOC in the snowpack, and in wet deposition from urban cities fringing the TP. The average WSOC concentration at Nam Co (1.0 {\textpm} 0.9 mg C L-1) was lower than for the large cities (1.6 to 2.3 mg C L-1) but higher than in the snowpack samples (0.26 {\textpm} 0.09 mg C L-1). Based upon radiocarbon data, it is estimated that 15 {\textpm} 6\% of Nam Co WSOC was fossil derived, increasing to 20 {\textpm} 8\% for snowpack WSOC, 29 {\textpm} 4\% for Lhasa WSOC, and 34 {\textpm} 8\% for the three cities. Transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry results revealed that the abundance of dissolved black carbon and sulfur-containing molecules of WSOC increased in the order Nam Co < snow pack < urban. The enrichment in 14C and depletion in dissolved black carbon and sulfurous organic molecules of Nam Co WSOC was suggestive of low, but still detectable inputs of fossil-derived organics to WSOC on the remote TP. Backward air mass trajectories for the precipitation events at Nam Co suggested that the fossil fuel contributions to WSOC in Nam Co region originated mainly from South Asia. This study provides novel radiocarbon age, chemistry, and source evidence that anthropogenic WSOC is delivered to the remote TP, one of the most remote regions on Earth.},
	doi = {10.1029/2017JD028181},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2017JD028181},
	author = {Li, Chaoliu and Chen, Pengfei and Kang, Shichang and Yan, Fangping and Tripathee, Lekhendra and Wu, Guangjian and Qu, Bin and Sillanp{\"a}{\"a}, Mika and Yang, Di and Dittmar, Thorsten and Stubbins, Aron and Raymond, Peter A.}
}
@article {2840,
	title = {Aged dissolved organic carbon exported from rivers of the Tibetan Plateau},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Feb-05-2019},
	pages = {e0178166},
	abstract = {The role played by river networks in regional and global carbon cycle is receiving increasing attention. Despite the potential of radiocarbon measurements (14C) to elucidate sources and cycling of different riverine carbon pools, there remain large regions such as the climate-sensitive Tibetan Plateau for which no data are available. Here we provide new 14C data on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from three large Asian rivers (the Yellow, Yangtze and Yarlung Tsangpo Rivers) running on the Tibetan Plateau and present the carbon transportation pattern in rivers of the plateau versus other river system in the world. Despite higher discharge rates during the high flow season, the DOC yield of Tibetan Plateau rivers (0.41 gC m-2 yr-1) was lower than most other rivers due to lower concentrations. Radiocarbon ages of the DOC were older/more depleted (511{\textpm}294 years before present, yr BP) in the Tibetan rivers than those in Arctic and tropical rivers. A positive correlation between radiocarbon age and permafrost watershed coverage was observed, indicating that 14C-deplted/old carbon is exported from permafrost regions of the Tibetan Plateau during periods of high flow. This is in sharp contrast to permafrost regions of the Arctic which export 14C-enriched carbon during high discharge periods.},
	keywords = {Carbon cycle, Carbon dioxide, Climate change, Rain, Rivers, Surface water, Tibetan people, TIBETAN PLATEAU},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0178166},
	url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178166},
	author = {Qu, Bin and Sillanp{\"a}{\"a}, Mika and Li, Chaoliu and Kang, Shichang and Stubbins, Aron and Yan, Fangping and Aho, Kelly Sue and Zhou, Feng and Raymond, Peter A.},
	editor = {Lin, Senjie}
}
@article { ISI:000395088600004,
	title = {Anthropogenic CO2 accumulation and uptake rates in the Pacific Ocean based on changes in the C-13/C-12 of dissolved inorganic carbon},
	journal = {GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES},
	volume = {31},
	number = {{1}},
	year = {2017},
	month = {JAN},
	pages = {59-80},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The anthropogenic CO2 accumulation rate for the Pacific Ocean was estimated from the decrease in C-13 of the dissolved inorganic carbon measured on six World Ocean Circulation Experiment cruises during the 1990s and repeated during Climate Variability and Predictability in the 2000s. A mean depth-integrated anthropogenic C-13 change of -8320mdecade(-1) was estimated for the basin by using the multiple linear regression approach. The largest anthropogenic C-13 decreases occurred between 40 degrees S and 60 degrees S, whereas the smallest decreases occurred in the Southern Ocean and subpolar North Pacific. A mean anthropogenic CO2 accumulation rate of 0.410.13molCm(-2)yr(-1) (0.820.26PgCyr(-1)) was determined based on observed C-13 changes and is in agreement with previous observation- and model-based estimates. The mean dissolved inorganic carbon DIC13 inventory change of -178 +/- 43 parts per thousand molm(-2)decade(-1) was primarily the result of air-sea CO2 exchange acting on the measured air-sea C-13 disequilibrium of similar to-1.2 +/- 0.1 parts per thousand. Regional differences between the DIC13 inventory change and air-sea (CO2)-C-13 flux yielded net anthropogenic CO2 uptake rates (independent of pCO(2)) that ranged from similar to 0 to 1molm(-2)yr(-1) and basin-wide mean of 1.2 +/- 1.5PgCyr(-1). High rates of surface ocean DIC increase and C-13 decrease observed in the Drake Passage (53 degrees S-60 degrees S) support above average anthropogenic CO2 accumulation since 2005. Observed C-13 changes in the Pacific Ocean indicate that ocean transport significantly impacted the anthropogenic CO2 distribution and illustrate the utility of C-13 as a tracer to unravel the processes controlling the present and future accumulation of anth ropogenic CO2 in the ocean.},
	keywords = {anthropogenic change, C-12, C-13, CO2, Pacific Ocean},
	issn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GB005460},
	author = {Quay, P. and Sonnerup, R. and Munro, D. and Sweeney, C.}
}
@article {2865,
	title = {Open-File ReportOpen-File ReportDeepwater Program: Lophelia II, continuing ecological research on deep-sea corals and deep-reef habitats in the Gulf of Mexico},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {The deep sea is a rich environment composed of diverse habitat types. While deep-sea coral habitats have been discovered within each ocean basin, knowledge about the ecology of these habitats and associated inhabitants continues to grow. This report presents information and results from the Lophelia II project that examined deep-sea coral habitats in the Gulf of Mexico. The Lophelia II project focused on Lophelia pertusa habitats along the continental slope, at depths ranging from 300 to 1,000 meters. The chapters are authored by several scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, University of North Carolina Wilmington, and Florida State University who examined the community ecology (from microbes to fishes), deep-sea coral age, growth, and reproduction, and population connectivity of deep-sea corals and inhabitants. Data from these studies are presented in the chapters and appendixes of the report as well as in journal publications. This study was conducted by the Ecosystems Mission Area of the U.S. Geological Survey to meet information needs identified by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management.},
	doi = {10.3133/ofr20171139},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20171139},
	author = {Demopoulos, Amanda W.J. and Ross, Steve W. and Kellogg, Christina A. and Morrison, Cheryl L. and Nizinski, Martha S. and Prouty, Nancy G. and Bourque, Jill R. and Galkiewicz, Julie P. and Gray, Michael A. and Springmann, Marcus J. and Coykendall, D. Katharine and Miller, Andrew and Rhode, Mike and Quattrini, Andrea and Ames, Cheryl L. and Brooke, Sandra D. and McClain-Counts, Jennifer P. and Roark, E. Brendan and Buster, Noreen A. and Phillips, Ryan M. and Frometa, Janessy}
}
@book {2837,
	title = {Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery ProgramExpedition 357 methods},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {International Ocean Discovery Program},
	organization = {International Ocean Discovery Program},
	doi = {10.14379/iodp.proc.357.102.2017},
	url = {http://publications.iodp.org/proceedings/357/357title.html},
	author = {Fr{\"u}h-Green, G.L. and Orcutt, B.N. and Green, S.L. and Cotterill, C. and Morgan, S. and Akizawa, N. and Bayrakci, G. and Behrmann, J.-H. and Boschi, C. and Brazleton, W.J. and Cannat, M. and Dunkel, K.G. and Escartin, J. and Harris, M. and Herrero-Bervera, E. and Hesse, K. and John, B.E. and Lang, S.Q. and Lilley, M.D. and Liu, H.-Q. and Mayhew, L.E. and McCaig, A.M. and Menez, B. and Morono, Y. and Qu{\'e}m{\'e}neur, M. and Roum{\'e}jon, S. and Sandaruwan Ratnayake, A. and Schrenk, M.O. and Schwarzenbach, E.M. and Twing, K.I. and Weis, D. and Whattham, S.A. and Williams, M. and Zhao, R.},
	editor = {Fr{\"u}h-Green, G.L. and Orcutt, B.N. and Green, S.L. and Cotterill, C.}
}
@article {Quintela2016123,
	title = {The AD 1755 tsunami deposits onshore and offshore of Algarve (south Portugal): Sediment transport interpretations based on the study of Foraminifera assemblages},
	journal = {Quaternary International},
	volume = {408, Part A},
	year = {2016},
	note = {QuicklakeH Special Issue: Rapidly changing large lakes and human response},
	pages = {123 - 138},
	abstract = {Abstract Tsunamis are amongst the most catastrophic natural hazards affecting worldwide coastal areas. Their impacts are recorded in the geological archives and its study provides crucial insights into the dynamics and intensity of these events. The accurate establishment of return periods can also be derived using sedimentological data. Onshore tsunami deposits have been extensively described over recent years through the application of a wide range of sedimentological proxies, including micropalaeontological analysis. In this work, the identification of palaeotsunami evidence, in both the onshore and offshore sedimentary record of south Portugal, was performed, relying mostly on the study of Foraminifera assemblages. Three onshore trenches and one offshore core were analyzed and imprints of the \{AD\} 1755 tsunami were observed based in the identification of allochthonous foraminiferal species, increase in the number of broken/abraded tests and its correlation with coarser mean grain size. This was possible after micropalaeontological environmental characterization of both low-energy onshore and offshore present-day sedimentation regimes. In the onshore record, three distinct sediment transport phases were differentiated within the tsunamigenic unit. The basal phase portraying the initial inundation represented by the dominance of marine Foraminifera species in a highly diverse assemblage. The higher energetic character of this phase was also reflected in the identification of the highest number of broken/abraded tests. The intermediate phase reflects an unspecified number of inundation and backwash pulses that were recognized based in the well-balanced presence of estuarine (brackish) and marine species, the sharp decrease in the diversity index and in the number of broken/abraded tests. The final phase recorded in the tsunamigenic unit registers the imprint of the last relevant backwash which was identified based on the dominance of estuarine (brackish) fauna. The overlying unit is dominated by tidal marsh species, demonstrating the start of the coastal system recovery phase. In the offshore record, it was possible to identify 2 distinct historical tsunami events (AD 1755 and \{AD\} 1969). This was achieved through the identification of significant increases in coastal Foraminifera species coupled with the presence of coarser layers. This interpretation was sustained by indirect age-estimation methods (radiocarbon and 210Pb) that ascribed compatible ages to the historical tsunami events. The results obtained in this study stress the relevance and innovative character of this onshore and offshore multiproxy approach in the recognition and understanding of tsunami events.},
	keywords = {Portugal},
	issn = {1040-6182},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.029},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618215014159},
	author = {Maria Quintela and Pedro J.M. Costa and Francisco Fatela and Teresa Drago and Natalia Hoska and C{\'e}sar Andrade and Maria C. Freitas}
}
@article {Toledo201650,
	title = {Plankton biochronology for the last 772,000 years from the western South Atlantic Ocean},
	journal = {Marine Micropaleontology},
	volume = {127},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {50 - 62},
	abstract = {Abstract Calcareous microfossils have potential in the biostratigraphy of Pleistocene sediments and a clear relationship with paleoceanographic studies. Conversely, there are few quantitative biostratigraphic studies of chronologically-tuned events or sections in the western South Atlantic. In order to improve the stratigraphical framework for South Atlantic paleoceanographic studies, the present work attempts to review the last 772,000 years by carrying out a quantitative analysis of the calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminiferal assemblages by comparing them with a high resolution marine isotopic record (δ18O). This work is based on the analysis of two piston cores obtained from the continental slope of the Santos Basin in the Santos Drift, southeastern Brazilian Continental Margin. Twelve Pleistocene calcareous nannofossil events and twenty planktonic foraminifera events calibrated with oxygen isotopes and correlated with literature stratigraphies are discussed. This is the first calcareous plankton biochronology study for the last 772 kyr in the western South Atlantic Ocean. More studies in this region will help to establish a more precise biochronology for these calcareous microfossils. This study also presents six new biostratigraphic events of isotopically-caibrated planktonic foraminifera which can be used as markers in the western South Atlantic.},
	keywords = {Biochronology},
	issn = {0377-8398},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2016.07.002},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377839816300561},
	author = {Felipe A.L. Toledo and Juliana P. Quadros and Edmundo Camillo Jr. and Ana Cl{\'a}udia A. Santarosa and Jos{\'e}-Abel Flores and Karen B. Costa}
}
@article { ISI:000392927300002,
	title = {Two black carbon pools transported by the Changjiang and Huanghe Rivers in China},
	journal = {GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES},
	volume = {30},
	number = {{12}},
	year = {2016},
	month = {DEC},
	pages = {1778-1790},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Major rivers play important roles in transporting large amounts of terrestrial organic matter from land to the ocean each year, and the organic matter carried by rivers contains a significant fraction of black carbon (BC). A recent study estimated that 0.027 Gt of BC is transported in the dissolved phase by rivers each year, which accounts for similar to 10\% of the global flux of dissolved organic carbon. The relative sources of this large amount of riverine dissolved black carbon (DBC) from biomass burning (young, modern C-14) and fossil fuel (old, C-14 free) combustion are not known. We present radiocarbon measurements of BC in both dissolved and particulate phases transported by the Changjiang and Huanghe Rivers, the two largest rivers in China, during 2015. We show that two, distinct BC pools (young and old) were carried by the rivers. The DBC pool was much younger than the particulate BC (PBC) pool. Mass balance calculations indicate that most (78-85\%) of the DBC in the Changjiang and Huanghe Rivers was derived from biomass burning, and only 15-22\% was from fossil fuel combustion. In contrast, PBC from biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion were approximately equal in these two rivers. Export of PBC and DBC by the rivers are decoupled, and fluxes of PBC were 4.1 and 6.7 times higher than DBC in the Changjiang and Huanghe Rivers, respectively. The C-14 age differences of the two BC pools suggest that BC derived from biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion are mobilized in different phases and on different time scales in these rivers.},
	issn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1002/2016GB005509},
	author = {Wang, Xuchen and Xu, Caili and Druffel, Ellen M. and Xue, Yuejun and Qi, Yuanzhi}
}
@conference {2484,
	title = {The End of the Wietenberg Culture in the Light of New 14C dates and its Chronological Relation Towards the Noua Culture.},
	booktitle = {Bronze Age Chronology in the Carpathian Basin},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Bronze Age, Bronze Age Chronology, Carpathian Basin, Noua culture, radiocarbon dates, Transylvania, Wietenberg culture},
	isbn = {978-606-543-684-8},
	url = {http://www.academia.edu/25025871/The_End_of_the_Wietenberg_Culture_in_the_Light_of_new_14C_Dates_and_its_Chronological_Relation_towards_the_Noua_Culture},
	author = {Ciugudean, Horia and Quinn, Colin P.}
}
@article {2485,
	title = {Radiocarbon Data of Funerary Discoveries from Middle Bronze Age Settlement at Mice{\c s}ti - Ciga{\c s} (Alba County, Romania) },
	journal = {Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {119-126},
	abstract = {In the autumn of 2013 fragments of human bone were selected to date the burials in C.7/2009 and C.11/2012 at Mice{\c s}ti-Cigas (fig. 1). The dating of bone collagen provides an accurate means of dating the death of the individual. Radiocarbon dates from bone collagen also are unaffected by the {\textquoteleft}old wood{\textquoteright} phenomenon that can affect conventional charcoal dates. They were calibrated with the Oxcal program, version 4.2.3, resulting a timeframe between 1745-1627 BC (95.4\%) / 1736-1645 BC (68.1\%) for C.11 and 1880-1693 BC (95.4\%) / 1872-1700 BC (68.1\%) for C.7 (fig. 1-2). Until now there were only 6 radiocarbon dates obtained on samples taken from Wietenberg sites: Oarta de Sus (two dates: 1. Ly 9190 - {\textquotedblleft}1610-1445 B.C., with maximum probability between 1589-1518-1469 B.C.{\textquotedblright}; 2. Bln 5626: 3507{\textpm}37, 1931-1701 BC 2 sigma calibrated); Sighisoara-Cartierul viilor (1685 {\textendash} 1524 BC) and Rotbav-La p{\^a}r{\^a}ut (three dates: Hd-28203 - 3547{\textpm}24 BP, 1954- 1774 BC calibrated 2 sigma; Hd-27967 - 3195{\textpm}19 BP, 1501-1430 BC calibrated 2 sigma; Hd-27989 - 3174{\textpm}16 BP, 1497-1416 BC calibrated 2 sigma).A partial chronological synchronization between the Wietenberg IV phase and Noua culture has been observed by several scholars. To test this, we draw attention to important radiocarbon dates from sites belonging to Noua culture: Mahala, Crasnaleuca, Miciurin-Odaia and Rotbav-La p{\^a}r{\^a}ut. These radiocarbon dates minimally and definitively place the Noua culture between 1500-1200 BC. There are also some other dates which could suggest the beginning of Noua culture in the 16th century BC (fig. 3).On the basis of the radiocarbon dates belonging to Wietenberg and Noua cultures mentioned above, we consider that the Wietenberg IV phase is part of the Middle Bronze Age, while the beginning of the Late Bronze Age is marked through the presence of Noua culture in Transylvania. If we are to take into account the dates from Mice{\c s}ti, the first manifestations of the last Wietenberg phase can be placed by the beginning of the 17th century BC. The final part of Wietenberg culture is marked by the emergence of Noua culture before 1500 BC, when, for a short period of time, the two pottery styles coexist.},
	keywords = {Middle Bronze Age; Wietenberg culture; funerary discoveries; 14C data; chronology},
	url = {https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=308845},
	author = {B{\u a}lan, Gabriel and Quinn, Colin}
}
@article {119,
	title = {A reconstruction of late Pleistocene relative sea level in the south Bohai Sea, China, based on sediment grain-size analysis},
	journal = {Sedimentary Geology},
	volume = {281},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2312},
	pages = {88-100},
	abstract = {Future anthropogenic sea-level rise and its impact on coastal regions is an important issue facing human civilizations. Due to the short nature of the instrumental record of sea-level change, development of proxies for sea-level change prior to the advent of instrumental records is essential to reconstruct long-term background sea-level changes on local, regional and global scales. Here, we employ numerical methods to partition sediment grain size using a combined database of marine surface and core samples, and to quantitatively reconstruct sea-level variation since the late Pleistocene in the south Bohai Sea, China. Our sea-level reconstruction indicates that relative sea-level changes in the southern Bohai Sea track global sea-level variation for the duration of the record. The results also indicate substantial regression from 70 to 30 cal kyr BP, and potentially subarial exposure from 38 to 20 cal kyr BP. Our results document the feasibility of reconstructing relative sea-level change by numerical partitioning of sediment grain size data, demonstrating the potential for future applications.},
	issn = {0037-0738},
	doi = {10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.08.007},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0037073812002333},
	author = {Yi, Liang and Yu, Hongjun and Ortiz, Joseph D. and Xu, Xingyong and Qiang, Xiaoke and Huang, Haijun and Shi, Xuefa and Deng, Chenglong}
}
@article {168,
	title = {Rare earth element geochemistry in the inner shelf of the East China Sea and its implication to sediment provenances},
	journal = {Journal of Rare Earths},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2177},
	pages = {702-709},
	abstract = {Gravity core EC2005, located in the mud wedge off the Zhejiang-Fujian coast in the inner shelf of the East China Sea (ECS), was analyzed for its lithology, grain size, rare earth elements (REE) and AMS14C dating. Results revealed high-resolution paleoenvironmental evolution and multiple switches of sediment provenances in the inner shelf of ECS. The lithology, grain size and REE concentrations of sediments varied significantly down the core. Mean grain size ranged from 8 to 121 μm, and the values of ΣREE were 152.8{\textendash}227.9 μg/g. The chondrite- and shale-normalized REE patterns indicated their similarity to the terrigenous sediments in the study area. Between 17.3{\textendash}12.3 ka BP the sediments in the inner shelf of ECS were mainly originated from local drainage basins. The source then gradually switched to the Yangtze River between 12.3 and 9.8 ka BP. Since about 10{\textendash}9.8 ka BP, the sediments in the study area were dominantly derived from the Yangtze River. The continuous rising of sea level and formation of coastal current along the inner shelf played a key role in the switches of sediment provenances.},
	issn = {1002-0721},
	doi = {10.1016/S1002-0721(10)60526-1},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1002072110605261},
	author = {Xu, Fangjian and Li, Anchun and Li, Tiegang and Xu, Kehui and Chen, Shiyue and Qiu, Longwei and Cao, Yingchang}
}
@article {1857,
	title = {Variations of terrigenous material discharges in the South Okinawa trough and its relation to the East Asian summer monsoon since the last millennium},
	journal = {Journal of China University of Geosciences},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 1948; Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Copyright: GeoRef in Process, Copyright 2011, American Geosciences Institute. After editing and indexing, this record will be added to Georef.; CSAUnique: 600756-13; AccNum: 600756-13; ISSN: 1000-2383; Peer Reviewed: true},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {811-818},
	abstract = {The top part of a giant IMAGE core MD05-2908 taken from the South Okinawa Trough was investigated for the sake of understanding the climate evolution in Donghai seacoast areas since the last millennium. Sporopollen and organic carbon isotope records of bulk sediments were used as proxies to trace the climate variations and terrigenous materials discharges. Time series were demarcated by 4 AMS 14 C dating ages. Comprehensive data of sporopollen and carbon isotopic composition, together with the paleoenvironmental records show that in the South Okinawa Trough the terrigenous material discharges fluctuated obviously for the past 1000 years. Three relatively high terrigenous material discharge periods, corresponding to 1100-1040 a BP, 960-880 a BP and 800-480 a BP respectively and two quite low terrigenous material discharge periods, namely, 1040-960 a BP and 480-230 a BP, can be identified from our records. In comparison with the stalagmite delta (super 13) C records(which were used to trace the East Asian Summer Monsoon) from Buddha Cave, Shaanxi Province, we found that the variations of terrigenous material discharges might be related closely to variations of the East Asian Summer Monsoon(EASM). Weaker EASM resulted in a convergence rain belt and longer residence time in the South China regions, which increased the efficiency of weathering and denudation of the source area. Moreover, increased rainfall enhanced the land runoff and as a result more terrigenous materials were transported to the South Okinawa Trough.},
	isbn = {1000-2383},
	author = {Chen, Jinxia and Li, Tiegang and Qingyun, Nan}
}
@article {1879,
	title = {Carbonate cycle and its control factors in Kuroshio source region during the last 190ka BP},
	journal = {Yanshi Xuebao = Acta Petrologica Sinica},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 1934; NO: Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Copyright: GeoRef in Process, Copyright 2011, American Geosciences Institute. After editing and indexing, this record will be added to Georef.; CSAUnique: 577070-23; AccNum: 577070-23; ISSN: 1000-0569; Peer Reviewed: true},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {1401-1401-1410},
	abstract = {Two deep sea cores (Ph05-5, 16.05 degrees N, 124.34 degrees E, water depth 3382m and WP3:22.15 degrees N, 122.95 degrees E, water depth 2700m) retrieved from the Kuroshio source region of the western Philippine Sea were selected to carry out the CaCO},
	isbn = {1000-0569, 1000-0569},
	author = {Jingtao, Zhao and Chang, Fengming and Li, Tiegang and Qingyun, Nan and Li, Qing}
}
@article {2071,
	title = {Changes in the 13C/12C of dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean as a tracer of anthropogenic CO2 uptake},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1546},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {1-4},
	author = {Quay, P. and Sonnerup, R. and Westby, T. and Stutsman, J. and McNichol, A.}
}
@article {2070,
	title = {Changes of the 13C/12C of dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean as a tracer of anthropogenic C)2 uptake},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1689},
	month = {2003},
	author = {Quay, P. D. and Sonnerup, T. and Westby, J. and Stutsman, J. and McNichol, A. P.}
}
@article {2105,
	title = {Changes in the 13C/12C of dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean as a tracer of anthropogenic CO2 uptake},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 1715},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {4-1 - 4-20},
	author = {Quay, P. D. and Sonnerup, R. and Westby, T. and Stutsman, J. and McNichol, A. P.}
}
@article {668,
	title = {A Critical Evaluation of Interlaboratory Data on Total, Elemental, and Isotopic Carbon in the Carbonaceous Particle Reference Material, NIST SRM 1649a},
	journal = {J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol},
	volume = {107},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Currie, L ABenner, B A JrKessler, J DKlinedinst, D BKlouda, G AMarolf, J VSlater, J FWise, S ACachier, HCary, RChow, J CWatson, JDruffel, E R MMasiello, C AEglinton, T IPearson, AReddy, C MGustafsson, OQuinn, J GHartmann, P CHedges, J IPrentice, K MKirchstetter, T WNovakow, TPuxbaum, HSchmid, Heng2002/01/01 00:00J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol. 2002 Jun 1;107(3):279-98. doi: 10.6028/jres.107.022. Print 2002 May-Jun.},
	month = {May-Jun},
	pages = {279-98},
	abstract = {Because of increased interest in the marine and atmospheric sciences in elemental carbon (EC), or black carbon (BC) or soot carbon (SC), and because of the difficulties in analyzing or even defining this pervasive component of particulate carbon, it has become quite important to have appropriate reference materials for intercomparison and quality control. The NIST "urban dust" Standard Reference Material((R)) SRM 1649a is useful in this respect, in part because it comprises a considerable array of inorganic and organic species, and because it exhibits a large degree of ((14)C) isotopic heterogeneity, with biomass carbon source contributions ranging from about 2 \% (essentially fossil aliphatic fraction) to about 32 \% (polar fraction). A primary purpose of this report is to provide documentation for the new isotopic and chemical particulate carbon data for the most recent (31 Jan. 2001) SRM 1649a Certificate of Analysis. Supporting this is a critical review of underlying international intercomparison data and methodologies, provided by 18 teams of analytical experts from 11 institutions. Key results of the intercomparison are: (1) a new, Certified Value for total carbon (TC) in SRM 1649a; (2) (14)C Reference Values for total carbon and a number of organic species, including for the first time 8 individual PAHs; and (3) elemental carbon (EC) Information Values derived from 13 analytical methods applied to this component. Results for elemental carbon, which comprised a special focus of the intercomparison, were quite diverse, reflecting the confounding of methodological-matrix artifacts, and methods that tended to probe more or less refractory regions of this universal, but ill-defined product of incomplete combustion. Availability of both chemical and (14)C speciation data for SRM 1649a holds great promise for improved analytical insight through comparative analysis (e.g., fossil/biomass partition in EC compared to PAH), and through application of the principle of isotopic mass balance.},
	issn = {1044-677X (Linking)},
	doi = {10.6028/jres.107.022},
	author = {Currie, L. A. and Benner, B. A., Jr. and Kessler, J. D. and Klinedinst, D. B. and Klouda, G. A. and Marolf, J. V. and Slater, J. F. and Wise, S. A. and Cachier, H. and Cary, R. and Chow, J. C. and Watson, J. and Druffel, E. R. and Masiello, C. A. and Eglinton, T. I. and Pearson, A. and Reddy, C. M. and Gustafsson, O. and Quinn, J. G. and Hartmann, P. C. and Hedges, J. I. and Prentice, K. M. and Kirchstetter, T. W. and Novakow, T. and Puxbaum, H. and Schmid, H.}
}
@article {1522,
	title = {U. S. WOCE Indian Ocean survey: Final report for radiocarbon, Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Report $\#$902-1},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 528},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {22 pp.},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Quay, P. D.}
}
@article {966,
	title = {WOCE radiocarbon IV: Pacific Ocean results; P10, P13N, P14C, P18, P19 \& S4P},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2002},
	note = {591keTimes Cited:33Cited References Count:56},
	pages = {239-392},
	abstract = {The World Ocean Circulation Experiment, carried out between 1990 and 1997, provided the most comprehensive oceanic survey of radiocarbon to date. Approximately 10,000 samples were collected in the Pacific Ocean by U.S. investigators for both conventional large volume P counting and small volume accelerator mass spectrometry analysis techniques. Results from six cruises are presented. The data quality is as good or better than previous large-scale surveys. The C-14 distribution for the entire WOCE Pacific data set is graphically described using mean vertical profiles and sections, and property-property plots.},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	url = {https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/4097},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Quay, P. D. and Schlosser, P. and McNichol, A. P. and von Reden, K. F. and Schneider, R. J. and Elder, K. L. and Stuiver, M. and Ostlund, H. G.}
}
@article {2168,
	title = {The Indian Ocean 13C Suess effect},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 1816},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {903-916},
	author = {Sonnerup, R. E. and Quay, P. D. and McNichol, A. P.}
}
@conference {1279,
	title = {An Ocean-Wide DIC-13 Data Set},
	booktitle = {2000 Ocean Sciences Meeting, San Antonio, TX (USA), 24-28 Jan 2000},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Date revised - 2007-04-01SuppNotes - Abstracts available.Last updated - 2016-12-21},
	month = {January 2000},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20009 USA},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20009 USA},
	abstract = {High quality DIC-13 measurements were made throughout the world{\textquoteright}s oceans at the University of Washington (UW) and the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) Facility during both the OACES and WOCE programs. We are currently merging these two data sets which represent 25000 individual DIC- 13 measurements from 1260 stations. We will present the inter-laboratory calibration and standardization data. Based on 135 measurements on CO2 gas extracted at UW, the mean offset between the two labs is 0.01 o/oo, similar to the offset observed from an exchange of DIC standards (0.012 o/oo). Stations measured by both laboratories will also be examined for offsets, although one comparison in the Indian Ocean shows no significant differences. We will present our progress towards a global atlas of DIC-13, primarily maps of the merged data sets in the Pacific, Southern, and Indian Oceans. In this poster we will concentrate on regions that have been under-sampled in the past, e.g. the Southern Ocean. Additionally, we will examine the relationship of DIC-13 to PO4 and to DIC-14. A preliminary analysis of DIC-13 and PO4 from three WOCE lines in the Pacific indicates that the expected relationship is observed in the deep waters and that the data from different water masses occupy well-defined regions of the graph. We are examining the potential for using the relationship between DIC-14 and DIC-13 to improve our understanding of the penetration of bomb radiocarbon into the ocean as well as fundamental processes in the deep ocean. The relationship is complex yet the data from shallow to intermediate depths (100 to 1000m) follow two distinct parallel lines that are related to the hemisphere in which},
	keywords = {carbon cycling, Carbon dioxide, Deep water, dissolved inorganic carbon, ISW, Indian Ocean, Marine, Mass Spectrometry, Ocean circulation, Phosphates, PS, Antarctic Ocean, Q2 09146:TSD distribution, water masses and circulation, Stable isotopes, Standardization, Water masses, World Ocean, World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE)},
	url = {https://search.proquest.com/docview/19610793?accountid=29119},
	author = {McNichol, A P and Quay, P D and Stuart, D R and Sonnerup, R E and Key, R M}
}
@conference {1716,
	title = {An ocean-wide DIC-13 data set},
	booktitle = {AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 1444},
	month = {2000},
	address = {San Antonio, TX},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Quay, P. D. and Stuart, D. R. and Sonnerup, R. E. and Key, R. M.}
}
@conference {1767,
	title = {The radiocarbon gradient at the Antarctic Polar Front},
	booktitle = {AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 317},
	month = {2000},
	address = {San Antonio, TX},
	author = {Schneider, R. J. and McNichol, A. P. and von Reden, K. F. and Elder, K. L. and Gagnon, A. R. and Key, R. M. and Quay, P. D. and Schlosser, P. M.}
}
@conference {1804,
	title = {Ten years after - the WOCE AMS radiocarbon program},
	booktitle = {Accelerator Mass Spectrometer Conference},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 316},
	month = {2000},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Schneider, R. J. and von Reden, K. F. and Gagnon, A. R. and Elder, K. L. and Key, R. M. and Quay, P. D.}
}
@article {810,
	title = {Ten years after - The WOCE AMS radiocarbon program},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments \& Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {172},
	year = {2000},
	note = {372jrTimes Cited:14Cited References Count:12},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {479-484},
	abstract = {The National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) Facility is measuring all of the samples collected as part of the US WOCE Program - over 13,000 samples. We designed our extraction lines so that we also measure precise, oceanographically useful delta C-13-Sigma CO2 values. We have completed the analysis of samples from the Pacific and Southern Oceans and are processing those from the Indian Ocean now. At present, this constitutes the world{\textquoteright}s largest AMS data set. Reviews of the Pacific radiocarbon data are available and demonstrate the increased penetration of the "bomb signal" into the water column since the 1970s. Stable isotope data are being combined with those collected as part of NOAA{\textquoteright}s Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study to study the ocean{\textquoteright}s role in the anthropogenic CO2 cycle. The relationship of delta C-13 to other chemical tracers, e.g., PO4, O-2 and chlorofluorocarbons, will further our understanding of basic oceanographic processes. We present preliminary results from these studies as well as investigate the relationship of C-14 to C-13 in the ocean. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0168-583x},
	doi = {10.1016/S0168-583x(00)00093-8},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Schneider, R. J. and von Reden, K. F. and Gagnon, A. R. and Elder, K. L. and Key, R. M. and Quay, P. D.}
}
@conference {1564,
	title = {The Antarctic Radiocarbon Storage Ring},
	booktitle = {8th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 1791},
	month = {1999},
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	author = {Schneider, Robert J. and McNichol, Ann P. and von Reden, Karl F. and Elder, Kathryn L. and Gagnon, Alan R. and Key, Robert M. and Quay, Paul D.}
}
@article {2212,
	title = {Reconstructing the oceanic 13C Suess effect},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 1710},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {857-872},
	author = {Sonnerup, R. E. and Quay, P. D. and McNichol, A. P. and Bullister, J. L. and Westby, T. A. and Anderson, H. L.}
}
@conference {1805,
	title = {Ten Years After--The WOCE AMS Radiocarbon Program},
	booktitle = {8th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 1757},
	month = {1999},
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	author = {McNichol, A. and Schneider, R. and von Reden, K. and Gagnon, A. and Elder, K. and Key, R. and Quay, P.}
}
@article {2257,
	title = {A Correction for Aberrations in the Woods Hole Recombinator. Symposium of North-Eastern Accelerator Personnel},
	journal = {World Scientific},
	volume = {SNEAP 1996},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 1664},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {123-128},
	author = {Schneider, Robert J. and McNichol, Ann P. and von Reden, Karl F. and Elder, Kathryn L. and Gagnon, Allan R. and Key, Robert M. and Quay, Paul D.}
}
@article {969,
	title = {P13N final report for AMS 14C samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Technical Report},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1997},
	note = {id: 1254},
	pages = {11},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Quay, P. D.}
}
@article {1503,
	title = {Cape May site report},
	volume = {150X and suppl.},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 55},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {59 pp},
	institution = {Proc. ODP, Init. Repts},
	address = {College Station, TX},
	author = {Miller, K. G. and Liu, C. and Browning, J. V. and Pekar, S. and Sugarman, P. and Van Fossen, M. C. and Mullikin, L. and Queen, D. and Feigenson, M. D. and Aubry, M. P. and Burckle, L. D. and Powars, D. and Heibel, T.}
}
@article {970,
	title = {P16C TUNES-3 final report for AMS 14C samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Technical Report},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1453},
	pages = {9},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Quay, P.}
}
@article {1502,
	title = {P16C TUNES-3 final report for AMS 14C samples (Report)},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1251},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {9},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Quay, P.}
}
@article {967,
	title = {WOCE AMS Radiocarbon I: Pacific Ocean results (P6, P16, and P17)},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 38},
	pages = {425-518},
	abstract = {AMS radiocarbon results from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment in the Pacific Ocean show dramatic changes in the inventory and distribution of bomb-produced 14C since the time of the GEOSECS survey (8/73-6/74). Nearsurface 4C values for the eastern portion of both the northern and southern subtropical gyres decreased by 25-50\%, with the change being greater in the north. Equatorial near-surface values have increased by ca. 25\%. Changes in the 250-750-m depth range are dramatically different between the northern and southern basins. The intermediate and mode waters of the
southern basin have increased by as much as 75\%o since GEOSECS. Waters of similar density in the northern hemisphere are not exposed to the Southern Ocean circulation regime and are significantly less ventilated, showing maximum changes of ca. 50\%.
},
	url = {https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/1918},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Quay, P. D. and Jones, G. A. and McNichol, A. P. and von Reden, K. F. and Schneider, R. J.}
}
@conference {1719,
	title = {ODP Initial Reports, Leg 150X},
	booktitle = {Ocean Drilling Program},
	year = {1994},
	note = {id: 1347},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {59},
	address = {College Station, TX},
	author = {Miller, K. G. and Liu, C. and Browning, J. V. and Pekar, S. F. and Sugarman, P. J. and Van Fossen, M. C. and Mullikin, L. and Queen, D. and Feigenson, M. D. and Aubry, M. P. and Burckle, L. D. and Powars, D. and Heibel, T.}
}
@article {1368,
	title = {Thermocline Ventilation Rates in the North Pacific},
	year = {1994},
	note = {id: 917},
	month = {1994},
	author = {Sonnerup, R. E. and Quay, P. D. and Bullister, J. L. and Key, R. M. and McNichol, A. P. and Jones, G. A.}
}
