@article {988,
	title = {The Mysterious C-14 Decline},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2009},
	note = {453wfTimes Cited:18Cited References Count:30},
	pages = {109-119},
	abstract = {Fundamental to the field of radiocarbon dating is not only the establishment of the temporal record of the calendar age-radiocarbon age offsets but also the development of an understanding of their cause. Although part of the decline in the magnitude of this offset over the past 40,000 can be explained by a drop in C-14 production rate associated with a progressive increase in the strength of the Earth{\textquoteright}s magnetic shielding, it is clear that changes in the distribution of C-14 among the Earth{\textquoteright}s active carbon reservoirs are also required. In particular, the steep 15\% decline in the C-14 to C ratio in atmospheric CO2 and surface ocean Sigma CO2,. which occurred in a 3 kyr-duration interval marking the onset of the last deglaciation, appears to require that a very large amount (at least 5000 gigatons) of C-14-deficient carbon was transferred to or within the ocean during this time interval. As no chemical or stable isotope anomaly associated with this injection appears in either the marine sediment or polar ice records, this injection must involve a transfer within the ocean (i.e. a mixing of 2 ocean reservoirs, one depleted in C-14 and the other enriched in C-14). Although evidence for the existence of a salt-stabilized glacial-age abyssal ocean reservoir exists, a search based on benthic-planktic age differences and C-13 measurements appears to place a limit on its size well below that required to account for the steep C-14 decline.},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	url = {https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/3481},
	author = {Broecker, W.}
}
@article {498,
	title = {Near constancy of the Pacific Ocean surface to mid-depth radiocarbon-age difference over the last 20 kyr},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {274},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 770; 390GV Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:27Y},
	pages = {322-326},
	abstract = {Although C-13 to C-12 and cadmium to calcium ratios provide information regarding the distribution of deep water masses during late glacial time and during the period of deglaciation, our knowledge of the rate at which these water masses were ventilated comes mainly from the difference in radiocarbon-age between coexisting bottom- and surface-dwelling foraminifera. Paired benthic/planktonic foraminiferal radiocarbonage differences covering last 20 kyr in a high-deposition-rate western equatorial Pacific core, MD01-2386, from a water depth of 2.8 km show no significant climate-related variations over this period. This result is surprising for we would have expected a change in this age difference between the last glacial maximum (LGM) and the Holocene and also during the Mystery Interval (17.5-14.5 kyr ago) when the waters in a radiocarbon-depleted abyssal reservoir were presumably being mixed back into the remainder of the ocean. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.035},
	author = {Broecker, W. and Clark, E. and Barker, S.}
}
@article {258,
	title = {Radiocarbon age of late glacial deep water from the equatorial Pacific},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 413; 165MC Times Cited:10 Cited References Count:18},
	pages = {1-6},
	abstract = {Radiocarbon age differences for pairs of coexisting late glacial age benthic and planktic foraminifera shells handpicked from 10 sediment samples from a core from a depth of 2.8 km in the western equatorial Pacific are not significantly different from that of 1600 years calculated from measurements on prenuclear seawater. This places a lower limit on the depth of the interface for the hypothetical radiocarbon-depleted glacial age seawater reservoir required to explain the 190\% drop in the (14)C/C for atmospheric CO(2), which occurred during the mystery interval (17.5 to 14.5 calendar years ago). These measurements restrict the volume of this reservoir to be no more than 35\% that of the ocean. Further, (14)C measurements on a single Last Glacial Maximum age sample from a central equatorial Pacific core from a depth of 4.4 km water fail to reveal evidence for the required 5- to 7-kyr age difference between benthic and planktic foraminifera shells if the isolated reservoir occupied only one third of the ocean. Nor does the (13)C record for benthic forams from this abyssal core yield any evidence for the excess respiration CO(2) expected to be produced during thousands of years of isolation. Nor, as indicated by the presence of benthic foraminifera, was the dissolved oxygen used up in this abyssal water.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2006pa001359},
	author = {Broecker, W. and Clark, E. and Barker, S. and Hajdas, I. and Bonani, G. and Moreno, E.}
}
@article {259,
	title = {Anomalous radiocarbon ages for foraminifera shells},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 980; 041JB Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:7},
	pages = {1-5},
	abstract = {The causes for discordant radiocarbon results on multiple species of planktonic foraminifera from high-sedimentation-rate marine sediments are investigated. We have documented two causes for these anomalous results. One is the addition of secondary radiocarbon for which we have, to date, only one firm example. It involves an opal-rich sediment. The other is the incorporation of reworked material. Again, we have, to date, only one firm example. It involves a rapidly deposited ocean margin sediment. However, we have three other examples where reworking is the most likely explanation. On the basis of this study it is our conclusion that, where precise radiocarbon dating of high-deposition-rate marine sediment is required, a prerequisite is to demonstrate that concordant ages can be obtained on pairs of fragile and robust planktic shells. For sediment rich in opal, it is advisable to check for secondary calcite by comparing ages obtained on acid-leached samples with those on unleached samples.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2005pa001212},
	author = {Broecker, W. and Barker, S. and Clark, E. and Hajdas, I. and Bonani, G.}
}
@article {697,
	title = {Ventilation of the glacial deep Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {306},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Broecker, WallaceBarker, StephenClark, ElizabethHajdas, IrkaBonani, GeorgesStott, Lowelleng2004/11/13 09:00Science. 2004 Nov 12;306(5699):1169-72.},
	month = {Nov 12},
	pages = {1169-72},
	abstract = {Measurements of the age difference between coexisting benthic and planktic foraminifera from western equatorial Pacific deep-sea cores suggest that during peak glacial time the radiocarbon age of water at 2-kilometers depth was no greater than that of today. These results make unlikely suggestions that a slowdown in deep-ocean ventilation was responsible for a sizable fraction of the increase of the ratio of carbon-14 (14C) to carbon in the atmosphere and surface ocean during glacial time. Comparison of 14C ages for coexisting wood and planktic foraminifera from the same site suggests that the atmosphere to surface ocean 14C to C ratio difference was not substantially different from today{\textquoteright}s.},
	issn = {0036-8075 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1102293},
	author = {Broecker, W. and Barker, S. and Clark, E. and Hajdas, I. and Bonani, G. and Stott, L.}
}
@article {2216,
	title = {Assessing the importance of subtropical waters in ventilating the Equatorial Pacific thermocline: A combined transient-tracer approach},
	journal = {International WOCE Newsletter},
	volume = {35},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 1465},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {18-24},
	author = {Peacock, S. and Jenkins, W. and Key, R. and Broecker, W.}
}
@conference {1589,
	title = {Combined use of bomb radiocarbon and tritium to place constraints on the relative importance of northern- and southern- derived waters in ventilating the equatorial Pacific thermocline},
	booktitle = {WOCE-AIMS Tracer Workshop},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 314},
	month = {1999},
	address = {Bremen, Germany},
	author = {Peacock, S. and Key, R. and Jenkins, W. and Broecker, W.}
}
