@article {326,
	title = {Coarse-grained sediment delivery and distribution in the Holocene Santa Monica Basin, California: Implications for evaluating source-to-sink flux at millennial time scales},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 876; 478QZ Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:90Y},
	pages = {1394-1408},
	abstract = {Utilizing accumulations of coarse-grained terrigenous sediment from deep-marine basins to evaluate the relative contributions of and history of controls on sediment flux through a source-to-sink system has been difficult as a result of limited knowledge of event timing. In this study, six new radiocarbon (C-14) dates are integrated with five previously published dates that have been recalibrated from a 12.5-m-thick turbidite section from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1015 in Santa Monica Basin, offshore California. This borehole is tied to high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles that cover an 1100 km(2) area of the middle and lower Hueneme submarine fan and most of the basin plain. The resulting stratigraphic framework provides the highest temporal resolution for a thick-bedded Holocene turbidite succession to date, permitting an evaluation of source-to-sink controls at millennial (1000 yr) scales. The depositional history from 7 ka to present indicates that the recurrence interval for large turbidity-current events is relatively constant (300-360 yr), but the volume of sediment deposited on the fan and in the basin plain has increased by a factor of 2 over this period. Moreover, the amount of sand per event on the basin plain during the same interval has increased by a factor of 7. Maps of sediment distribution derived from correlation of seismic-reflection profiles indicate that this trend cannot be attributed exclusively to autogenic processes (e.g., progradation of depocenters). The observed variability in sediment accumulation rates is thus largely controlled by allogenic factors, including: (1) increased discharge of Santa Clara River as a result of increased magnitude and frequency of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events from ca. 2 ka to present, (2) an apparent change in routing of coarse-grained sediment within the staging area at ca. 3 ka (i.e., from direct river input to indirect, littoral cell input into Hueneme submarine canyon), and (3) decreasing rates of sea-level rise (i.e., rate of rise slowed considerably by ca. 3 ka). The Holocene history of the Santa Clara River-Santa Monica Basin source-to-sink system demonstrates the ways in which varying sediment flux and changes in dispersal pathways affect the basinal stratigraphic record.},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/B26393.1},
	author = {Romans, B. W. and Normark, W. R. and McGann, M. M. and Covault, J. A. and Graham, S. A.}
}
@article {284,
	title = {Processes That Initiate Turbidity Currents and Their Influence on Turbidites: A Marine Geology Perspective},
	journal = {Journal of Sedimentary Research},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 877; 451YQ Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:124Y},
	pages = {347-362},
	abstract = {How the processes that initiate turbidity currents influence turbidite deposition is poorly understood, and many discussions in the literature rely on concepts that are overly simplistic. Marine geological studies provide information on the initiation and flow path of turbidity currents, including their response to gradient. In case studies of late Quaternary turbidites on the eastern Canadian and western U.S. margins, initiation processes are inferred either from real-time data for historical flows or indirectly from the age and contemporary paleogeography, erosional features, and depositional record. Three major types of initiation process are recognized: transformation of failed sediment, hyperpycnal flow from rivers or ice margins, and resuspension of sediment near the shelf edge by oceanographic processes. Many high-concentration flows result from hyperpycnal supply of hyperconcentrated bedload, or liquefaction failure of coarse-grained sediment, and most tend to deposit in slope conduits and on gradients},
	issn = {1527-1404},
	doi = {10.2110/Jsr.2009.046},
	author = {Piper, D. J. W. and Normark, W. R.}
}
@inbook {1447,
	title = {Submarine canyon and fan systems of the California Continental Borderland, Chapter 3-7},
	booktitle = {Earth Science in the Urban Ocean: The Southern California Contental Borderlands},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 992},
	month = {2007},
	author = {Normark, W. R. and Piper, D. J. W. and Romans, B. W. and Covault, J. A. and Dartnell, P. and Sliter, R. W.},
	editor = {Paper, Geological Society of America Special}
}
@article {706,
	title = {Sea-level and tectonic control of middle to late Pleistocene turbidite systems in Santa Monica Basin, offshore California},
	journal = {Sedimentology},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2006},
	note = {063ieTimes Cited:24Cited References Count:38},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {867-897},
	abstract = {Small turbidite systems offshore from southern California provide an opportunity to track sediment from river source through the turbidity-current initiation process to ultimate deposition, and to evaluate the impact of changing sea level and tectonics. The Santa Monica Basin is almost a closed system for terrigenous sediment input, and is supplied principally from the Santa Clara River. The Hueneme fan is supplied directly by the river, whereas the smaller Mugu and Dume fans are nourished by southward longshore drift. This study of the Late Quaternary turbidite fill of the Santa Monica Basin uses a dense grid of high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles tied to new radiocarbon ages for Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1015 back to 32 ka. Over the last glacial cycle, sedimentation rates in the distal part of Santa Monica Basin averaged 2-3 mm yr(-1), with increases at times of extreme relative sea-level lowstand. Coarser-grained mid-fan lobes prograded into the basin from the Hueneme, Mugu and Dume fans at times of rapid sea-level fall. These pulses of coarse-grained sediment resulted from river channel incision and delta cannibalization. During the extreme lowstand of the last glacial maximum, sediment delivery was concentrated on the Hueneme Fan, with mean depositional rates of up to 13 mm yr(-1) on the mid- and upper fan. During the marine isotope stage (MIS) 2 transgression, enhanced rates of sedimentation of > 4 mm yr(-1) occurred on the Mugu and Dume fans, as a result of distributary switching and southward littoral drift providing nourishment to these fan systems. Longer-term sediment delivery to Santa Monica Basin was controlled by tectonics. Prior to MIS 10, the Anacapa ridge blocked the southward discharge of the Santa Clara River into the Santa Monica Basin. The pattern and distribution of turbidite sedimentation was strongly controlled by sea level through the rate of supply of coarse sediment and the style of initiation of turbidity currents. These two factors appear to have been more important than the absolute position of sea level.},
	issn = {0037-0746},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3091.2006.00797.x},
	author = {Normark, W. R. and Piper, D. J. W. and Sliter, R.}
}
@article {2033,
	title = {Age of the Palos Verdes submarine debris avalanche, southern California},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {203},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 990},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {247-259},
	author = {Normark, W. R. and McGann, M. and Sliter, R.}
}
@article {2022,
	title = {Comments on potential geologic and seismic hazards affecting coastal Ventura County, CCalifornia},
	journal = {U. S. Geological Survey OFR 1004-1286},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 420},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {19 p.},
	author = {Ross, S. D. Boore and Fisher, M. and Frankel, A. and Geist, E. and Hudnut, K. and Kayen, R. and Lee, H. and Normark, W. R. and Wong, F.}
}
@article {2034,
	title = {Late Quaternary deposition in the Inner Basins of the California Continental Borderland: Part A. Santa Monica Basin},
	journal = {U. S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004},
	volume = {5183},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 417},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {1-21},
	author = {Normark, W. R. and McGann, M.}
}
@inbook {1446,
	title = {Late Quaternary sedimentation and deformation in Santa Monica and Catalina Basins, offshore southern California},
	booktitle = {Geology and Tectonics of Santa Cataline Island and the California Continental Borderland},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 991},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {291-317},
	address = {Santa Ana, California},
	author = {Normark, W. R. and Baher, S. and Sliter, R.},
	editor = {Guidebook, South Coast Geological Society Annual Field Trip}
}
@article {747,
	title = {Extensive deposits on the Pacific plate from Late Pleistocene North American glacial lake outbursts},
	journal = {Journal of Geology},
	volume = {111},
	year = {2003},
	note = {758frTimes Cited:37Cited References Count:53},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {617-637},
	abstract = {One of the major unresolved issues of the Late Pleistocene catastrophic-flood events in the northwestern United States (e.g., from glacial Lake Missoula) has been what happened when the flood discharge reached the ocean. This study compiles available 3.5-kHz high-resolution and airgun seismic reflection data, long-range sidescan sonar images, and sediment core data to define the distribution of flood sediment in deepwater areas of the Pacific Ocean. Upon reaching the ocean at the mouth of the Columbia River near the present-day upper continental slope, sediment from the catastrophic floods continued flowing downslope as hyperpycnally generated turbidity currents. The turbidity currents resulting from the Lake Missoula and other latest Pleistocene floods followed the Cascadia Channel into and through the Blanco Fracture Zone and then flowed west to the Tufts Abyssal Plain. A small part of the flood sediment, which was stripped off the main flow at a bend in the Cascadia Channel at its exit point from the Blanco Fracture Zone, continued flowing more than 400 km to the south and reached the Escanaba Trough, a rift valley of the southern Gorda Ridge. Understanding the development of the pathway for the Late Pleistocene flood sediment reaching Escanaba Trough provides insight for understanding the extent of catastrophic flood deposits on the Pacific plate.},
	issn = {0022-1376},
	doi = {10.1086/378334},
	author = {Normark, W. R. and Reid, J. A.}
}
@article {2067,
	title = {Tufts submarine fan: Turbidity-current gateway to Escanaba Trough},
	journal = {U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2216},
	volume = {Bulletin 2216},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 418},
	month = {2003},
	author = {Reid, J. A. and Normark, W. R.}
}
@article {542,
	title = {Turbidite Megabeds in an Oceanic Rift Valley Recording Jokulhlaups of Late Pleistocene Glacial Lakes of the Western United States},
	journal = {Journal of Geology},
	volume = {108},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 162; J Geol. 2000 May;108(3):253-274.},
	pages = {253-274},
	abstract = {Escanaba Trough is the southernmost segment of the Gorda Ridge and is filled by sandy turbidites locally exceeding 500 m in thickness. New results from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 1037 and 1038 that include accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dates and revised petrographic evaluation of the sediment provenance, combined with high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, provide a lithostratigraphic framework for the turbidite deposits. Three fining-upward units of sandy turbidites from the upper 365 m at ODP Site 1037 can be correlated with sediment recovered at ODP Site 1038 and Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) Site 35. Six AMS 14C ages in the upper 317 m of the sequence at Site 1037 indicate that average deposition rates exceeded 10 m/k.yr. between 32 and 11 ka, with nearly instantaneous deposition of one approximately 60-m interval of sand. Petrography of the sand beds is consistent with a Columbia River source for the entire sedimentary sequence in Escanaba Trough. High-resolution acoustic stratigraphy shows that the turbidites in the upper 60 m at Site 1037 provide a characteristic sequence of key reflectors that occurs across the floor of the entire Escanaba Trough. Recent mapping of turbidite systems in the northeast Pacific Ocean suggests that the turbidity currents reached the Escanaba Trough along an 1100-km-long pathway from the Columbia River to the west flank of the Gorda Ridge. The age of the upper fining-upward unit of sandy turbidites appears to correspond to the latest Wisconsinan outburst of glacial Lake Missoula. Many of the outbursts, or jokulhlaups, from the glacial lakes probably continued flowing as hyperpycnally generated turbidity currents on entering the sea at the mouth of the Columbia River.},
	issn = {0022-1376 (Print) 0022-1376 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1086/314404},
	author = {Zuffa, G. G. and Normark, W. R. and Serra, F. and Brunner, C. A.}
}
@article {737,
	title = {Deep-sea sedimentary record of the late Wisconsin cataclysmic floods from the Columbia River},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1999},
	note = {193qfTimes Cited:40Cited References Count:19},
	month = {May},
	pages = {463-466},
	abstract = {New results from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1037 and U.S. Geological Survey high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles confirm the great thickness, fast deposition rate, distant source, and convolute path of turbidites that fill the Escanaba Trough, the rift valley of the southernmost segment of the Gorda Ridge. Accelerator mass spectrometry C-14 measurements provide the first direct dating of the Escanaba Trough turbidites, demonstrating an average deposition rate faster than 10 m/k.y. between 32 and 11 ka and as fast as 15 m/k.y. during the oxygen isotope stage 2 lowstand, In the upper 60 m of sediment, the petrology of turbidite sand beds, which are as much as 12 m thick, show that the dominant source for the turbidites is from the Columbia River, which is more than 800 km to the north, rather than from the much closer rivers of northern California. New high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles show that, except for areas of very recent volcanism, the entire Escanaba Trough below 3200 m water depth is floored by the turbidite sequence that was cored in the upper 60 m at Site 1037B, The ages of the upper 120 m of turbidites correspond with the ages of channeled scabland deposits associated with latest Quaternary jokulhlaups from glacial Lake Missoula, The age and source characteristics suggest that these megaturbidite beds in Escanaba Trough are most likely deposits formed by hyperpycnally generated turbidity currents as the largest of the Lake Missoula floods entered the sea.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0463:Dssrot>2.3.Co;2},
	author = {Brunner, C. A. and Normark, W. R. and Zuffa, G. G. and Serra, F.}
}
@article {983,
	title = {Le torbiditi dell{\textquoteright}Escanaba Trough (Juan de Fuca Plate, Pacifico nordorientale): registrazione sedimentaria di piene fluviali catastrofiche del Fiume Columbia durante le fasi di deglaciazione tardo quaternaria},
	journal = {Giornale di Geologia},
	volume = {60},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 1470},
	pages = {18-19},
	author = {Brunner, C. A. and Normark, W. R. and Zuffa, G. G. and Serra, F.}
}
