@article {428,
	title = {Millennial-scale climate variability during the Last Glacial period in the tropical Andes},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 1886; 584JY Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:59Y},
	pages = {1017-1024},
	abstract = {Millennial-scale climate variation during the Last Glacial period is evident in many locations worldwide, but it is unclear if such variation occurred in the interior of tropical South America. and, if so, how the low-latitude variation was related to its high-latitude counterpart A high-resolution record, derived from the deep drilling of sediments on the floor of Lake Titicaca in the southern tropical Andes, is presented that shows clear evidence of millennial-scale climate variation between similar to 60 and 20 ka BP This variation is manifested by alternations of two interbedded sedimentary units The two units have distinctive sedimentary, geochemical, and paleobiotic properties that are controlled by the relative abundance of terrigenous or nearshore components versus pelagic components The sediments of more terrigenous or nearshore nature likely were deposited during regionally wetter climates when river transport of water and sediment was higher, whereas the sediments of more pelagic character were deposited during somewhat drier climates regionally. The majority of the wet periods inferred from the Lake Titicaca sediment record are correlated with the cold events in the Greenland ice cores and North Atlantic sediment cores. indicating that increased intensity of the South American summer monsoon was part of near-global scale climate excursions (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/J.Quascirev.2010.01.001},
	author = {Fritz, S. C. and Baker, P. A. and Ekdahl, E. and Seltzer, G. O. and Stevens, L. R.}
}
@inbook {1384,
	title = {The nature and origin of decadal to millennial scale climate variability in the southern tropics of South America},
	booktitle = {Past Climate Variability from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene in South America and Surrounding Regions},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 843},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {301-322},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	author = {Baker, P. A. and Fritz, S. C. and Burns, S. J. and Ekdahl, E. and Rigsby, C. A.},
	editor = {Vimeux, F.}
}
@article {306,
	title = {Holocene multidecadal- to millennial-scale hydrologic variability on the South American Altiplano},
	journal = {Holocene},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 842; ISI Document Delivery No.: 341ZR Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 49 Ekdahl, Erik J. Fritz, Sherilyn C. Baker, Paul A. Rigsby, Catherine A. Coley, KirstinY},
	pages = {867-876},
	abstract = {Precipitation on the South American Altiplano varies at a range of temporal scales. A long-term secular increase in moisture availability from the early/mid Holocene to the present, driven by increasing summer insolation resulting from precessional changes in the Earth{\textquoteright}s orbit, has been documented in earlier studies. However, higher frequency Holocene variability is not yet understood. Here we present high-resolution diatom assemblage data from two small Altiplano lakes, Lago Lagunillas and Lago Umayo, indicating changes in effective moisture in the southern tropical Andes at decadal, centennial and millennial timescales throughout the mid to late Holocene. A strong millennial-scale component, similar in pacing to periods of increased ice-rafted debris flux in the North Atlantic, is observed in both lake records, which suggests that regional precipitation and North Atlantic climate variability are coupled at these scales. The interpretation of the higher frequency variability is hampered by the small number of high-resolution continental and marine records for comparison.},
	issn = {0959-6836},
	doi = {10.1177/0959683608093524},
	author = {Ekdahl, E. J. and Fritz, S. C. and Baker, P. A. and Rigsby, C. A. and Coley, K.}
}
@article {421,
	title = {Quaternary glaciation and hydrologic variation in the South American tropics as reconstructed from the Lake Titicaca drilling project},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 841; 227AJ Times Cited:9 Cited References Count:63Y},
	pages = {410-420},
	abstract = {A 136-m-long drill core of sediments was recovered from tropical high-attitude Lake Titicaca, Bolivia-Peru, enabling a reconstruction of past climate that spans four cycles of regional glacial advance and retreat and that is estimated to extend continuously over the last 370,000 yr. Within the errors of the age model, the periods of regional glacial advance and retreat are concordant respectively with global glacial and interglacial stages. Periods of ice advance in the southern tropical Andes generally were periods of positive water balance, as evidenced by deeper and fresher conditions in Lake Titicaca. Conversely, reduced glaciation occurred during periods of negative water balance and shallow closed-basin conditions in the lake. The apparent coincidence of positive water balance of Lake Titicaca and glacial growth in the adjacent Andes with Northern Hemisphere ice sheet expansion implies that regional water balance and glacial mass balance are strongly influenced by global-scale temperature changes, as well as by precessional forcing of the South American summer monsoon. (c) 2007 University of Washington. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1016/J.Yqres.2007.07.008},
	author = {Fritz, S. C. and Baker, P. A. and Seltzer, G. O. and Ballantyne, A. and Tapia, P. and Cheng, H. and Edwards, R. L.}
}
@article {1952,
	title = {Spacial and temporal variation in cores from Lake Titicaca, Bolivia/Peru during the last 13,000 yrs},
	journal = {Quaternary International},
	volume = {158},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 588},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {23-29},
	author = {Fritz, S. C. and Baker, P. A. and Tapia, P. and Garland, J.}
}
@article {541,
	title = {Holocene hydrologic variation at Lake Titicaca, Bolivia/Peru, and its relationship to North Atlantic climate variation},
	journal = {Journal of Quaternary Science},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 1095; 000CQ Times Cited:21 Cited References Count:46},
	pages = {655-662},
	abstract = {A growing number of sites in the Northern Hemisphere show centennial- to millennial-scale climate variation that has been correlated with change in solar variability or with change in North Atlantic Circulation. However, it is unclear how (or whether) these oscillations in the climate system are manifest in the Southern Hemisphere because of a lack of sites with suitably high sampling resolution. In this paper, we reconstruct the lake-level history of Lake Titicaca, using the carbon isotopic content of sedimentary organic matter, to evaluate centennial- to millennial-scale precipitation variation and its phasing relative to sites in the Northern Hemisphere. The pattern and timing of lake-level change in Lake Titicaca is similar to the ice-rafted debris record of Holocene Bond events, demonstrating a possible coupling between precipitation variation on the Altiplano and North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures (SSTs). The cold periods of the Holocene Bond events correspond with periods of increased precipitation on the Altiplano. Holocene precipitation variability on the Altiplano is anti-phased with respect to precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere monsoon region. More generally, the tropical Andes underwent large changes in precipitation on centennial-to-millennial timescales during the Holocene. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {0267-8179},
	doi = {10.1002/Jqs.987},
	author = {Baker, P. A. and Fritz, S. C. and Garland, J. and Ekdahl, E.}
}
@article {655,
	title = {Hydrologic variation during the last 170,000 years in the southern hemisphere tropics of South America},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2004},
	note = {776jhTimes Cited:98Cited References Count:43},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {95-104},
	abstract = {Despite the hypothesized importance of the tropics in the global climate system, few tropical paleoclimatic records extend to periods earlier than the last glacial maximum (LGM), about 20,000 years before present. We present a well-dated 170,000-year time series of hydrologic variation from the southern hemisphere tropics of South America that extends from modem times through most of the penultimate glacial period. Alternating mud and salt units in a core from Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia reflect alternations between wet and dry periods. The most striking feature of the sequence is that the duration of paleolakes increased in the late Quaternary. This change may reflect increased precipitation, geomorphic or tectonic processes that affected basin hydrology, or some combination of both. The dominance of salt between 170,000 and 140,000 yr ago indicates that much of the penultimate glacial period was dry, in contrast to wet conditions in the LGM. Our analyses also suggest that the relative influence of insolation forcing on regional moisture budgets may have been stronger during the past 50,000 years than in earlier times. (C) 2003 University of Washington. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yqres.2003.08.007},
	author = {Fritz, S. C. and Baker, P. A. and Lowenstein, T. K. and Seltzer, G. O. and Rigsby, C. A. and Dwyer, G. S. and Tapia, P. M. and Arnold, K. K. and Ku, T. L. and Luo, S. D.}
}
@article {2149,
	title = {A 160,000-year record of tropical climate variability from Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1474},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {757},
	author = {Fritz, S. C. and Baker, P. A. and Dwyer, G. S.}
}
@article {878,
	title = {Climatic significance of large lakes on the Altiplano of South America},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 333},
	pages = {751},
	author = {Baker, P. A. and Seltzer, G. O. and Fritz, S. C. and Rigsby, C. A. and Dwyer, G. S.}
}
@article {340,
	title = {The history of South American tropical precipitation for the past 25,000 years},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {291},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 369; Baker, P A Seltzer, G O Fritz, S C Dunbar, R B Grove, M J Tapia, P M Cross, S L Rowe, H D Broda, J P New York, N.Y. Science. 2001 Jan 26;291(5504):640-3.},
	pages = {640-3},
	abstract = {Long sediment cores recovered from the deep portions of Lake Titicaca are used to reconstruct the precipitation history of tropical South America for the past 25,000 years. Lake Titicaca was a deep, fresh, and continuously overflowing lake during the last glacial stage, from before 25,000 to 15,000 calibrated years before the present (cal yr B.P.), signifying that during the last glacial maximum (LGM), the Altiplano of Bolivia and Peru and much of the Amazon basin were wetter than today. The LGM in this part of the Andes is dated at 21,000 cal yr B.P., approximately coincident with the global LGM. Maximum aridity and lowest lake level occurred in the early and middle Holocene (8000 to 5500 cal yr B.P.) during a time of low summer insolation. Today, rising levels of Lake Titicaca and wet conditions in Amazonia are correlated with anomalously cold sea-surface temperatures in the northern equatorial Atlantic. Likewise, during the deglacial and Holocene periods, there were several millennial-scale wet phases on the Altiplano and in Amazonia that coincided with anomalously cold periods in the equatorial and high-latitude North Atlantic, such as the Younger Dryas.},
	issn = {0036-8075 (Print) 0036-8075 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1126/science.291.5504.640},
	author = {Baker, P. A. and Seltzer, G. O. and Fritz, S. C. and Dunbar, R. B. and Grove, M. J. and Tapia, P. M. and Cross, S. L. and Rowe, H. D. and Broda, J. P.}
}
@article {870,
	title = {Late quaternary climate and hydrology of tropical South America inferred from an isotopic and chemical model of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia and Peru},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {56},
	year = {2001},
	note = {452lzTimes Cited:50Cited References Count:46},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {1-9},
	abstract = {A simple mass balance model provides insight into the hydrologic, isotopic, and chemical responses of Lake Titicaca to past climatic changes. Latest Pleistocene climate of the Altiplano is assumed to have been 20\% wetter and 5 degreesC colder than today, based on previous modeling. Our simulation of lacustrine change since 15,000 cal yr B.P. is forced by these modeled climate changes. The latest Pleistocene Lake Titicaca was deep, fresh, and overflowing. The latest Pleistocene riverine discharge from the lake was about 8 times greater than the modern average, sufficient to allow the expansion of the great paleolake Tauca on the central Altiplano. The lake delta O-18 value averaged about -13 parts per thousand SMOW (the modern value is about -4.2 parts per thousand). The early Holocene decrease in precipitation caused Lake Titicaca to fall below its outlet and contributed to a rapid desiccation of paleolake Tauca. Continued evaporation caused the 100-m drop in lake level, but only a slight(1-2 parts per thousand) increase (relative to modern) in delta O-18 Of early Holocene lake waters. This Holocene lowstand level of nearly 100 m was most likely produced by a precipitation decrease, relative to modern, of about 40\%, The lake was saline as recently as 2000 cal yr B.P. The timing of these hydrologic changes is in general agreement with calculated changes of insolation forcing of the South American summer monsoon, (C) 2001 University of Washington.},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1006/qres.2001.2244},
	author = {Cross, S. L. and Baker, P. A. and Seltzer, G. O. and Fritz, S. C. and Dunbar, R. B.}
}
@article {879,
	title = {Tropical climate changes at millennial and orbital timescales on the Bolivian Altiplano},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {409},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 388},
	pages = {167-170},
	abstract = {Tropical South America is one of the three main centres of the global, zonal overturning circulation of the equatorial atmosphere (generally termed the {\textquoteright}Walker{\textquoteright} circulation1). Although this area plays a key role in global climate cycles, little is known about South American climate history. Here we describe sediment cores and down-hole logging results of deep drilling in the Salar de Uyuni, on the Bolivian Altiplano, located in the tropical Andes. We demonstrate that during the past 50,000 years the Altiplano underwent important changes in effective moisture at both orbital (20,000-year) and millennial timescales. Long-duration wet periods, such as the Last Glacial Maximum{\textemdash}marked in the drill core by continuous deposition of lacustrine sediments{\textemdash}appear to have occurred in phase with summer insolation maxima produced by the Earth{\textquoteright}s precessional cycle. Short-duration, millennial events correlate well with North Atlantic cold events, including Heinrich events 1 and 2, as well as the Younger Dryas episode. At both millennial and orbital timescales, cold sea surface temperatures in the high-latitude North Atlantic were coeval with wet conditions in tropical South America, suggesting a common forcing.},
	doi = {10.1038/35055524},
	author = {Baker, P. A. and Rigsby, C. A. and Seltzer, G. O. and Fritz, S. C. and Lowenstein, T. K. and Bacher, N. P. and Veliz, C.}
}
@article {2202,
	title = {A New Estimate of the Holocene Lowstand Level of Lake Titicaca and Implications for Tropical Paleohydrology},
	journal = {The Holocene},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 1339},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {21-32},
	author = {Cross, S. C. and Baker, P. A. and Seltzer, G. O. and Fritz, S. C.}
}
