@article {322,
	title = {Little Ice Age drought in equatorial Africa: Intertropical Convergence Zone migrations and El Nino-Southern Oscillation variability RID C-1423-2010},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 2049; PT: J; UT: WOS:000243483800006},
	pages = {21-24},
	abstract = {High-resolution analyses of the Mg concentration in authigenic calcite in five cores from Lake Edward provide a water balance history of central equatorial Africa spanning the past 1400 yr. A high ratio of Mg to Ca (\%Mg) indicates strong droughts in central Africa during the Little Ice Age (A.D. 1400-1750), in contrast to records from Lake Naivasha, Kenya, which suggest a wet Little Ice Age. This spatial pattern in Africa likely arose due to coupled changes in the high latitudes, the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and the Ell Ni (n) over tildeo-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system. Our results further suggest that the patterns and variability of twentieth-century rainfall in central Africa have been unusually conducive to human welfare in the context of the past 1400 yr.},
	issn = {0016-8505},
	doi = {10.1130/G23125A.1},
	author = {Russell, J. M. and Johnson, T. C.}
}
@article {1893,
	title = {Little Ice Age drought in quatorial Africa: ITCZ migrations and ENSO variability},
	journal = {geology},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 1005},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {21-24},
	author = {Russell, J. M. and Johnson, T. C.}
}
@article {1972,
	title = {An equatorial harmonic of the high latitude 1500-year cycle},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 1006},
	month = {2005},
	author = {Russell, J. M. and Johnson, T. C.}
}
@article {658,
	title = {A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2005},
	note = {933pzTimes Cited:63Cited References Count:74},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {1375-1389},
	abstract = {High-resolution analyses of the elemental composition of calcite and biogenic silica (BSi) content in piston cores from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability and lacustrine geochemistry over the past 5400 years. Correlation of these records from Lake Edward to other climatically-forced geochemical and lake level records from Lakes Naivasha, Tanganyika, and Turkana allows us to develop a chronology of drought events in equatorial East Africa during the late Holocene. Major drought events of at least century-scale duration are recorded in lacustrine records at about 850, 1500, similar to 2000, and 4100 cal year BP. Of these, the most severe event occurred between about 2050 and 1850 cal year BP, during which time Lake Edward stood about 15 in below its present level. Numerous additional droughts of less intensity and/or duration are present in the Lake Edward record, some of which may be correlated to other lacustrine climate records from equatorial East Africa. These events are superimposed on a long-term trend of increasingly and conditions from 5400 to about 2000 cal year BP, followed by a shift toward wetter climates that may have resulted from an intensification of the winter Indian monsoon. Although the causes of decade- to century-scale climate variability in the East African tropics remain obscure, time-series spectral analysis suggests no direct linkage between solar output and regional rainfall. Rather, significant periods of similar to 725, similar to 125, 63-72, 31-25, and 19-16 years suggest a tight linkage between the Indian Ocean and African rainfall, and could result from coupled ocean-atmosphere variability inherent to the tropical monsoon system. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003},
	author = {Russell, J. M. and Johnson, T. C.}
}
@article {732,
	title = {A 725 yr cycle in the climate of central Africa during the late Holocene},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2003},
	note = {710ajTimes Cited:27Cited References Count:34},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {677-680},
	abstract = {High-resolution analyses of the chemical and stable isotope composition of endogenic calcite from Lake Edward, an equatorial rift take in central Africa, reveal large oscillations in African climate and moisture balance over the past 5400 yr. These oscillations indicate a series of droughts from 4900 to 400 yr B.P. that define a drought period of similar to725 yr. This period may be correlated to variations in the Indian Ocean monsoons, as documented by similar periods in sea-surface salinity records from the northern Indian Ocean. The similarities in periodicity of the Lake Edward and Indian Ocean records may indicate that low-frequency variability within the Indian and Pacific Oceans dominates millennial-scale African moisture balance and the Holocene climate of the tropical Indian Ocean.},
	issn = {0016-8505},
	doi = {10.1130/G19449.1},
	author = {Russell, J. M. and Johnson, T. C. and Talbot, M. R.}
}
@article {2081,
	title = {Variations in the hydrological regime of Kara-Bogaz-Gol Gulf Lake Issyk-Kul, and the Aral Sea assessed based on data of bottom sediment studies},
	journal = {Water Resources},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 493},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {252-259},
	author = {Ferronskii, V. I. and Polyakov, V. A. and Brezgunov, V. S. and Vlasova, L. S. and Karpychev, Yu A. and Bobkov, A. F. and Romaniovskii, V. V. and Johnson, T. C. and Ricketts, R. D. and Rasmussen, K. A.}
}
@article {2097,
	title = {An 11,000 year lithostratigraphic and paleohydrologic record from equatorial Africa: Lake Edward, Uganda-Congo},
	journal = {Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
	volume = {193},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 1010},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {25-49},
	author = {Russell, J. M. and Johnson, T. C. and Kelts, K. R. and Laerdal, T. and Talbot, M. R.}
}
@inbook {1385,
	title = {A 20,000-yr sedimentological record from Lake Malawi, East Africa: the Late-Pleistocene/Holocene transition in the southern tropics},
	booktitle = {The East African Great Lakes: Limnology, Palaeoclimatology and Biodiversity},
	series = {Advances in global change research},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 1478},
	month = {2002},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht},
	isbn = {6610618461},
	author = {Barry, S. L. and Filippi, M. L. and Talbot, M. and Johnson, T. C.},
	editor = {Odada, E. O.}
}
@inbook {1405,
	title = {A 24,600 year diatom record from the northern basin of Lake Malawi},
	booktitle = {The East African Great Lakes, Limnology, Palaeoclimatology and Biodiversity},
	series = {Advances in global change research},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 1479},
	month = {2002},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht},
	isbn = {6610618461},
	author = {Gasse, F. and Barker, P. and Johnson, T. C.},
	editor = {Odada, E. O.}
}
@inbook {2423,
	title = {Biogenic silica profiles in the sediments of large tropical lakes: examples from East Africa},
	booktitle = {Sedimentation in Continental Rifts},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 343},
	month = {2002},
	publisher = {Spec. Publ. Society Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	organization = {Spec. Publ. Society Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists},
	author = {Johnson, T. C.},
	editor = {Renaut, R. W.}
}
@article {703,
	title = {A high-resolution paleoclimate record spanning the past 25,000 years in southern East Africa},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {296},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Johnson, Thomas CBrown, Erik TMcManus, JamesBarry, SylviaBarker, PhilipGasse, FrancoisengResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.2002/04/06 10:00Science. 2002 Apr 5;296(5565):113-32.},
	month = {Apr 05},
	pages = {113-32},
	abstract = {High-resolution profiles of the mass accumulation rate of biogenic silica and other geochemical proxies in two piston cores from northern Lake Malawi provide a climate signal for this part of tropical Africa spanning the past 25,000 years. The biogenic silica mass accumulation rate was low during the relatively dry late Pleistocene, when the river flux of silica to the lake was suppressed. Millennial-scale fluctuations, due to upwelling intensity, in the late Pleistocene climate of the Lake Malawi basin appear to have been closely linked to the Northern Hemisphere climate until 11 thousand years ago. Relatively cold conditions in the Northern Hemisphere coincided with more frequent north winds over the Malawi basin, perhaps resulting from a more southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone.},
	issn = {0036-8075 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1070057},
	author = {Johnson, T. C. and Brown, E. T. and McManus, J. and Barry, S. and Barker, P. and Gasse, F.}
}
@article {2142,
	title = {Decadal record of climate variability spanning the last 700 years in the southern tropics of East Africa},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1477},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {83-86},
	author = {Johnson, T. C. and Barry, S. L. and Chan, Y. and Wilkinson, P.}
}
@article {412,
	title = {The Holocene paleolimnology of Lake Issyk-Kul, Kyrgystan: trace element and stable isotope composition of ostracods},
	journal = {Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeocecology},
	volume = {176},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 341},
	pages = {207-227},
	abstract = {The stable isotope and trace element geochemistry of ostracode shells from Lake Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan, provide an important new paleoclimate record for central Asia. The δ18O, δ13C, Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca and U/Ca composition of shells from the species Candona neglecta found in two piston cores constrains the paleohydrology of the lake from 8700 to 1000 calendar yr before present. These data, combined with robust chronologies based on 16 AMS 14C dates, suggest that the region went from a relatively moist climate in the early Holocene to a more arid climate in the late Holocene. Intense freshwater input, presumably glacial runoff, flowed into the lake from 8700 to 8300 cal yr BP as evident from the δ18O and δ13C values. From 8300 to 6900 cal yr BP δ18O and Sr/Ca values indicate that the lake was relatively fresh and an open basin, and U/Ca values suggest that the lake was well-mixed with well-oxygenated bottom waters. There is a transition zone between 6900 and 4900 cal yr BP when δ18O and Sr/Ca values rapidly increase and Mg/Ca and U/Ca values rapidly decrease. During this period the lake evolved from an open, freshwater, well-mixed lake to a closed, more saline, less well-mixed lake. For the remainder of the record δ18O, Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca and U/Ca are relatively constant, implying conditions similar to modern conditions, although the slight increasing trend in Sr/Ca may suggest an increase in salinity over this period. The δ13C values were approximately in equilibrium with atmospheric CO2 in the early part of the record but became relatively negative in the later part of the record. This indicates that the dominant mechanism controlling the isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon shifted from exchange with the atmosphere to variations in biological productivity.},
	doi = {10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00339-X},
	author = {Ricketts, R. D. and Johnson, T. C. and Brown, E. T. and Rasmussen, K. A. and Romanovsky, V. V.}
}
@article {2191,
	title = {The Holocene history of Lake Victoria, East Africa},
	journal = {Ambio},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 340},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {2-11},
	author = {Johnson, T. C. and Kelts, K. and Odada, E. O.}
}
