@article { ISI:000349875300017,
	title = {Freshening of the Marmara Sea prior to its post-glacial reconnection to the Mediterranean Sea},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {413},
	year = {2015},
	month = {MAR 1},
	pages = {176-185},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {During the last glaciation the Marmara Sea was isolated from the Mediterranean Sea because global sea level was below the depth of the Dardanelles sill. Prior to the postglacial reconnection to the Mediterranean Sea (similar to 14.7 cal kyr BP), the surface waters of the Marmara Sea were brackish (Marmara Lake). Freshening of a previously saline Marmara Sea could have happened via spill-out of brackish to fresh water from the surface water of the Black Sea through the Bosphorus Strait. This hypothesis has not been tested against alternative possibilities (salt flushing by river run-off and precipitation). Here we use the dissolved Cl- and stable isotope composition (delta O-18 and delta D) of Marmara Sea sediment pore water to estimate the salinity and stable isotope composition of Marmara Lake bottom water and to evaluate possible freshening scenarios. We use a transport model to simulate pore water Cl-, delta O-18 and delta D in Marmara Sea sediments in the past 130 kyr, which includes the last interglacial (130-75 cal kyr BP), the last glacial (75-14 cal kyr BP) and the current postglacial period. Our results show that the bottom waters of the Marmara Lake were brackish (similar to 4 parts per thousand salinity) and isotopically depleted (delta O-18 similar to -10.2 parts per thousand and delta D similar to -70 parts per thousand, respectively) compared to modern seawater. Their salinity and stable isotope ratios show that they are a mixture of Mediterranean waters and Danube-like waters implying that the freshening took place via spill-out of freshwater through the Bosphorus. Our modelling approach indicates that the transit of fresh water from glacial Eurasia to the Mediterranean via the Marmara Sea started at least 50 cal kyr BP, was continuous throughout most of the last glaciation and persisted up to the post glacial reconnection to the Mediterranean through the Dardanelles sill (14.7 cal kyr BP). These results are consistent with previously published micropaleontological and geochemical investigations of sediment cores that indicate lacustrine conditions in the Marmara Sea from about 75 to 14.7 cal kyr BP. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Black Sea outflow, Last glacial maximum, Marmara Lake, pore water isotope composition},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.052},
	author = {Aloisi, G. and Soulet, G. and Henry, P. and Wallmann, K. and Sauvestre, R. and Vallet-Coulomb, C. and Lecuyer, C. and Bard, E.}
}
@article {1846,
	title = {Intcal09 and Marine09 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves, 0-50,000 Years Cal Bp Rid F-4952-2011 Rid B-7298-2008},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 1983; PT: J; UT: WOS:000274407500002},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {1111-1150},
	abstract = {The IntCal04 and Marine04 radiocarbon calibration curves have been updated from 12 cal kBP (cal kBP is here defined as thousands of calibrated years before AD 1950), and extended to 50 cal kBP, utilizing newly available data sets that meet the IntCal Working Group criteria for pristine corals and other carbonates and for quantification of uncertainty in both the (14)C and calendar timescales as established in 2002. No change was made to the curves from 0-12 cal kBP. The curves were constructed using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) implementation of the random walk model used for IntCal04 and Marine04. The new curves were ratified at the 20th International Radiocarbon Conference in June 2009 and; ire available in the Supplemental Material at www.radiocarbon.org.},
	isbn = {0033-8222},
	author = {Reimer, P. J. and Baillie, M. G. L. and Bard, E. and Bayliss, A. and Beck, J. W. and Blackwell, P. G. and Ramsey, C. Bronk and Buck, C. E. and Burr, G. S. and Edwards, R. L. and Friedrich, M. and Grootes, P. M. and Guilderson, T. P. and Hajdas, I. and Heaton, T. J. and Hogg, A. G. and Hughen, K. A. and Kaiser, K. F. and Kromer, B. and McCormac, F. G. and Manning, S. W. and Reimer, R. W. and Richards, D. A. and Southon, J. R. and Talamo, S. and Turney, C. S. M. and van der Plicht, J. and Weyhenmeye, C. E.}
}
@article {473,
	title = {Late Pleistocene-Holocene evolution of the northern shelf of the Sea of Marmara},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {265},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 1843; 500UN Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:80Y},
	pages = {87-100},
	abstract = {Chirp sub-bottom profiling, multibeam bathymetric mapping and a combination of faunal and isotopic analysis of molluscs and foraminifera in sediment cores on the northern shelf of the Sea of Marmara (SoM) provide evidence of sea-level excursions, water exchanges between the adjacent Mediterranean and Black Seas, and oscillating salinity over the last 160 ka bp. During the marine isotope stages MIS-2, MIS-3, MIS-4 and MIS-6 the SoM disconnected from the Mediterranean Sea and evolved into a lake. During MIS-1, MIS-5 and MIS-7, the SoM reconnected and became salty once again. Sapropels formed shortly after each invasion of Mediterranean saltwater observed in our cores. Concurrent suboxic-dysoxic conditions prevailed over quite shallow substrates on the shelf. Ancient shorelines are pervasive at -85 m on the northern shelf and in the region of Prince Islands coincident with the elevation of the modern bedrock sill in the Canakkale (Dardanelles) Strait. At times when global (eustatic) sea level dropped below this sill, the surface of the SoM stabilized at its outlet and freshened. Thus this particular shoreline is interpreted as the edge of the most recent SoM lake that existed from about 75 ka bp to 12 ka bp. The freshening is observed in very light (-6 parts per thousand) values of delta O-18 measured on freshwater molluscs and the complete absence of foraminifera. Two brief lacustrine episodes during MIS-5 suggest that the level of the Canakkale outlet might have been as shallow as -50 m in the past, a likelihood supported by submerged terraces along its margins bounding the modern central channel and the presence of an euryhaline biofacies in Unit L4.1 corresponding to MIS-5b. delta O-18 profiles and carbon-14 dating show that salinification of the SoM and the blossoming of bioherms evolved rapidly after the latest connection with the Mediterranean at 12 ka bp. However, freshening proceeded more slowly once the connection was severed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2009.06.011},
	author = {Cagatay, M. N. and Eris, K. and Ryan, W. B. F. and Sancar, U. and Polonia, A. and Akcer, S. and Biltekin, D. and Gasperini, L. and Gorur, N. and Lericolais, G. and Bard, E.}
}
@article {475,
	title = {Reply to Comment on "The timing and evolution of the post-glacial transgression across the Sea of Marmara shelf south of Istanbul" by Hiscott et al., Marine Geology 248, 228-236},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {254},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 784; 377ZE Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:33Y},
	pages = {230-236},
	abstract = {In their comment Hiscott and co-authors adhere rigidly to ages and sources for sedimentary units in the subsurface of the Marmara shelf that they have previously reported in their publications from 2002 through 2007. This adherence is in spite of a superior age-depth model from our 13 m-long sediment core that penetrated deeply into the deposits under consideration and in disregard to the results of subsequent more-detailed and full-coverage mapping of the region under scrutiny. The age revisions are dismissed by the authors of the comment as representing sediments severely disturbed during coring. We rebut this criticism. The Bosporus source attributed by them to the sedimentary units sampled and dated by us appears to be driven by their conception that the Black Sea had a persistent outflow prior to its two-way connection with Marmara. Irrespective of whether the outflow was persistent, our reply shows that the drawing of the isopachs of the sedimentary units by Hiscott and coauthors was accomplished in a fashion to promote the Bosporus source hypothesis regardless of the geographic limits of their survey. The ages assigned to the units are equally indeterminate because the cores used by them have missing core tops of unknown lengths that are not discussed in their publications. Furthermore, the sub-bottom reflectors at the sites where the reflectors were calibrated to their only core without a missing top are actually hidden by the finite width of the bottom reflecting wavelet. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2008.04.005},
	author = {Eris, K. K. and Ryan, W. B. F. and Cagatay, M. N. and Lericolais, G. and Sancar, U. and Menot, G. and Bard, E.}
}
@article {569,
	title = {The timing and evolution of the post-glacial transgression across the Sea of Marmara shelf south of Istanbul},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {243},
	year = {2007},
	note = {210tuTimes Cited:36Cited References Count:52},
	month = {Sep 6},
	pages = {57-76},
	abstract = {High-resolution seismic reflection profiles and analyses of the sedimentary substrate at the Sea of Marmara (SoM) entrance to the Strait of Istanbul (Sol, Bosphorus) provide a detailed record of the transgression that took place after the SoM reconnected with the Mediterranean. The sediments progressively fill a paleo shelf valley that incised the margin from the Sol to the shelf break at the time of the pre-Holocene lowstand. We map seven seismic reflection units that can be confidently correlated to sediment cores by lithology and physical properties. Sediments in the cores are dated by radiocarbon methods. Early channel and levee deposits within the paleo valley belong to the Younger Dryas cold stage and record outflow from the Black Sea via the Sol. Small clinoform packages on the valley margin formed in proximity to climbing paleo shorelines. The elevations of these deposits conform to the sealevel history recorded in Barbados corals. The younger part of the succession includes a subaqueous prodelta sourced from the Kurbagalidere River. Its relatively young age when the Holocene sea had almost reached its modem level suggests that the thick progradational and aggradational clinoform development was primarily a response to sediment supply rather than the filling of expanding accommodation space. Our findings refute the hypothesis of Aksu et al. (Aksu, A.E., Hiscott, R.N., Mudie., P.J., Rochon, A., Kaminski, M.A., Abrojano, T., Yasar, D., 2002a. Persistent Holocene outflow fromn the Black Sea to the Eastern Mediterranean contradicts Noah{\textquoteright}s Flood hypothesis, GSA Today 10,(6), 3-7., Aksu, A.E., Hiscott, R.N., Kaminski, M.A., Mudie, P.J., Gillespie, H., Abrojano, T., Yasar, D., 2002b. Last glacial-Holocene paleoceanography of the Black Sea and Marmara Sea: stable isotopic, foraminiferal and coccolith evidence. Mar. Geol., 190, 119-149.) and Hiscott et al. (Hiscott, R.N., Aksu, A.E., Yasar, D., Kaminski, M.A., Mudie, P.J., Kostylev, V.E., MacDonald, J.C. Isler, F.I., Lord, A.R., 2002. Deltas south of the Bosphorus Strait record persistent Black Sea outflow to the Marmara Sea since similar to 10 ka, Mar. Geol., 190,95-118., Hiscott, R.N., Aksu, A.E., Mudie., P.J., Kaminski, M.A., Abrajano, T, Yasar, D., Rochon, A., 2007. The Marmara Sea gateway since similar to 16 ky BP: non-catastrophic causes of paleoceanographic events in the Black Sea at 8.4 and 7.15 ky BR In Yanko-Hombach,V, Gilbert, A.S., Dolukhanov, P.M. (Eds.), The Black Sea Flood Question, Springer, The Netherlands, 89-117.) that this deposit was supplied from the Sol and that its presence requires a persistent Black Sea outflow since 10 C-14 ka bp (not corrected from the reservoir age or calibrated). (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2007.04.010},
	author = {Eris, K. K. and Ryan, W. B. F. and Cagatay, M. N. and Sancar, U. and Lericolais, G. and Menot, G. and Bard, E.}
}
@article {1013,
	title = {Chronologie des variations climatiques repides pendant la derniere periode glaciaire},
	journal = {Comptes Rendus de l{\textquoteright}Academie des Sciences},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 398},
	pages = {13-19},
	doi = {10.1016/j.crpv.2005.11.002},
	author = {Bard, E. and Rostek, F. and G, Menot-Combes}
}
@article {2014,
	title = {NotCal04-Comparison/Calibration 14 C records 26-50 cal kBP},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 399},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {1225{\textendash}1238},
	author = {van der Plicht, J. and Beck, J. W. and Bard, E. and Baillie, M. G. L. and Blackwell, P. G. and Buck, C. E. and Friedrich, M. and Guilderson, T. P. and Hughen, K. A. and Kromer, B.}
}
@article {337,
	title = {Paleoclimate. A better radiocarbon clock},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {303},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 974; Bard, Edouard Rostek, Frauke Menot-Combes, Guillemette New York, N.Y. Science. 2004 Jan 9;303(5655):178-9.},
	pages = {178-9},
	issn = {1095-9203 (Electronic) 0036-8075 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1091964},
	author = {Bard, E. and Rostek, F. and Menot-Combes, G.}
}
@article {1014,
	title = {Present status of radiocarbon calibration and comparison records based on Polynesian corals and Iberian Margin sediments},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2004},
	note = {956zfTimes Cited:30Cited References Count:33},
	pages = {1189-1202},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present updated information and results of the radiocarbon records based on Polynesian corals and on Iberian Margin planktonic foraminifera. The latter record was first published by Bard et al. (2004a,b), with the subsequent addition of some data by Shackleton et al. (2004). These data sets are compared with the IntCal98 record (Stuiver et al. 1998) and with data sets based on other archives, such as varves of Lake Suigetsu (Kitagawa and van der Plicht 1998, 2000), speleothems from the Bahamas (Beck et al. 2001), and Cariaco sediments (Hughen et al. 2004). Up to 26,000 cal BP, the Iberian Margin data agree within the errors of the other records. By contrast, in the interval between 33,000 and 41,000 cal BP, the Iberian Margin record runs between the Lake Suigetsu and Bahamian speleothem data sets, but it agrees with the few ImCal98 coral data and the Cariaco record.},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	url = {https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/4176/3601},
	author = {Bard, E. and Menot-Combes, G. and Rostek, F.}
}
@article {1012,
	title = {Radiocarbon calibration beyond 20,000 B.P. by means of planktonic foraminifera of the Iberian Margin},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 401},
	pages = {204-214},
	abstract = {We present a new set of 14C ages obtained by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) on planktonic foraminifera from a deep-sea core collected off the Iberian Margin (MD952042). This site, at 37{\textdegree}N, is distant from the high-latitude zones where 14C reservoir age is large and variable. Many independent proxies {\textemdash} alkenones, magnetic susceptibility, ice-rafted debris, foraminifera stable isotopes, abundances of foraminifera, pollen, and dinoflagellates {\textemdash} show abrupt changes correlative with Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich events of the last glacial period. The good stratigraphic agreement of all proxies {\textemdash} from the fine to the coarse-size fractions {\textemdash} indicates that the foraminifera 14C ages are representative of the different sediment fractions. To obtain reliable 14C ages of foraminifera beyond 20,000 14C yr B.P., we leached the shells prior to carbonate hydrolysis and subsequent analysis. For a calendar age scale, we matched the Iberian Margin U37K' profile with that of Greenland Summit δ18O. Both are proxies for temperature, which in models varies synchronously in the two areas. The match creates no spurious jumps in sedimentation rate and requires only a limited number of tie points. Except for ages older than 40,000 14C yr B.P., Greenland{\textquoteright}s GISP2 and GRIP records yield similar calendars. The 14C and imported calendar ages of the Iberian Margin record are then compared to data {\textemdash} from lacustrine annual varves and from corals and speleothems dated by U{\textendash}Th {\textemdash} previously used to extend the calibration beyond 20,000 14C yr B.P. The new record follows a smooth pattern between 23,000 and 50,000 cal yr B.P. We find good agreement with the previous data sets between 23,000 and 31,000 cal yr B.P. In the interval between 33,000 and 41,000 cal yr B.P., for which previous records disagree by up to 5000 cal yr, the Iberian Margin record closely follows the polynomial curve that was previously defined by an interpolation of the coral ages and runs between the Lake Suigetsu and the Bahamian speleothem data sets.},
	keywords = {Dansgaard-Oeschger events, Heinrich events, Laschamp magnetic excursion, Last glacial cycle, North Atlantic, Radiocarbon calibration},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yqres.2003.11.006},
	author = {Bard, E. and Rostek, F. and Menot-Combes, G.}
}
