@article {373,
	title = {Dating the rise of atmospheric oxygen},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {427},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 1534; Bekker, A Holland, H D Wang, P-L Rumble, D 3rd Stein, H J Hannah, J L Coetzee, L L Beukes, N J England Nature. 2004 Jan 8;427(6970):117-20.},
	pages = {117-20},
	abstract = {Several lines of geological and geochemical evidence indicate that the level of atmospheric oxygen was extremely low before 2.45 billion years (Gyr) ago, and that it had reached considerable levels by 2.22 Gyr ago. Here we present evidence that the rise of atmospheric oxygen had occurred by 2.32 Gyr ago. We found that syngenetic pyrite is present in organic-rich shales of the 2.32-Gyr-old Rooihoogte and Timeball Hill formations, South Africa. The range of the isotopic composition of sulphur in this pyrite is large and shows no evidence of mass-independent fractionation, indicating that atmospheric oxygen was present at significant levels (that is, greater than 10(-5) times that of the present atmospheric level) during the deposition of these units. The presence of rounded pebbles of sideritic iron formation at the base of the Rooihoogte Formation and an extensive and thick ironstone layer consisting of haematitic pisolites and oolites in the upper Timeball Hill Formation indicate that atmospheric oxygen rose significantly, perhaps for the first time, during the deposition of the Rooihoogte and Timeball Hill formations. These units were deposited between what are probably the second and third of the three Palaeoproterozoic glacial events.},
	issn = {1476-4687 (Electronic) 0028-0836 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1038/nature02260},
	author = {Bekker, A. and Holland, H. D. and Wang, P. L. and Rumble, D. and Stein, H. J. and Hannah, J. L. and Coetzee, L. L. and Beukes, N. J.}
}
@inbook {1450,
	title = {Mantle Samples Included in Volcanic Rocks: Xenoliths and Diamonds},
	booktitle = {Treatise on Geochemistry},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 1575},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {172-221},
	address = {Elsevier Ltd, Oxford},
	author = {Pearson, D. G. and Canil, D. and Shirey, S. B.},
	editor = {Holland, H. D.}
}
@inbook {1416,
	title = {Sampling Mantle Heterogeneity through Oceanic Basalts: Isotopes and Trace Elements},
	booktitle = {Treatise on Geochemistry},
	series = {The Mantle and Core},
	volume = {2.03},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 1525},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {61-101},
	publisher = {Max-Plank-Institut fur Chemie; Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA},
	organization = {Max-Plank-Institut fur Chemie; Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA},
	address = {Mainz, Germany; Palisades, NY. USE},
	author = {Hofmann, A. W.},
	editor = {Holland, H. D.}
}
@inbook {1448,
	title = {Cosmochemical Estimates of Mantle Composition},
	booktitle = {Treatise on Geochemistry},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1583},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {1-38},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd, Oxford},
	organization = {Elsevier Ltd, Oxford},
	author = {Palme, H. and O{\textquoteright}Neill, H. St C.},
	editor = {Holland, H. D.}
}
@book {1383,
	title = {Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks},
	series = {Treatise on Geochemistry},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1604},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {369-407},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd, Oxford},
	organization = {Elsevier Ltd, Oxford},
	author = {Veizer, J. and Mackenzie, F. T.},
	editor = {Turekian, K. K.}
}
@book {1380,
	title = {Mantle Volatiles--Distribution and Consequences},
	series = {Treatise on Geochemistry},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1597},
	month = {2003},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
	organization = {Elsevier Ltd},
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Luth, R. W.},
	editor = {Turekian, K. K.}
}
@article {2118,
	title = {Volcanic gases, black smokers, and the Great Oxidation Event},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2002},
	note = {608ztTimes Cited:295
Cited References Count:57
},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {3811-3826},
	abstract = {This paper proposes that gradual changes in the composition of volatiles that have been added to the atmosphere-ocean system are responsible for the Great Oxidation Event (G.O.E.) ca. 2.3 Ga. Before ca. 2.3 Ga, the composition of these volatiles was probably such that 20\% of the carbon gases could be reduced to organic matter and all of the sulfur gases could be reduced to pyrite. Since 2.3 Ga, the composition of these volatiles has been such that 20\% of the carbon gases could be reduced to organic matter, but only a fraction of the sulfur gases could be reduced to pyrite. This change led to the oxygenation of the atmosphere and to a large increase in the SO4-2 concentration of seawater. A considerable body of observational data supports these proposals. Copyright (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.},
	keywords = {atmospheric oxygen, carbon, chemistry, east pacific rise, evolution, hydrothermal vent fluids, midocean ridges, precambrian cherts, south-africa, sulfur cycle},
	isbn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00950-X},
	author = {Holland, H. D.}
}
@article {739,
	title = {Carbon isotopes and the rise of atmospheric oxygen},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {24},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Vm224Times Cited:257Cited References Count:44},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {867-870},
	abstract = {New data for the isotopic composition of carbon in carbonate sediments deposited between 2.6 and 1.6 Ga indicate that the value of delta(13)C in these sediments underwent a very large positive excursion between 2.22 and 2.06 Ga. A reassessment of the earlier delta(13)C data for carbonate sediments shows that this excursion was probably worldwide, and that it was preceded and followed by several hundred million years during which the delta(13)C of carbonate sediments differed little from that of modern carbonates. The large delta(13)C excursion between 2.22 and 2.06 Ga was probably related to an abnormally high rate of organic carbon deposition, which generated an abnormally high rate of O-2 production, We estimate that the total excess O-2 produced during the excursion was between 12 and 22 times the present atmospheric O-2 inventory. The delta(13)C data therefore suggest that the O-2 content of the atmosphere increased very significantly between 2.22 and 2.06 Ga. This inference is supported strongly by several other lines of evidence.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0867:Ciatro>2.3.Co;2},
	author = {Karhu, J. A. and Holland, H. D.}
}
