@article {2519,
	title = {Amino acid ratios in reworked marine bivalve shells constrain Greenland Ice Sheet history during the Holocene},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2014},
	month = {Jan-01-2014},
	pages = {75 - 78},
	abstract = {Reconstructions of ice sheet fluctuations during the Holocene, which encompassed cooler and warmer conditions than those that are captured in the historic record, help to elucidate ice margin sensitivity to climate change. We used amino acid geochronology to constrain the history of the western Greenland Ice Sheet margin during intervals of relative warmth in the middle Holocene. We measured the extent of amino acid racemization in 251 ice sheet-reworked marine bivalve shells from three locations spanning western Greenland. A significant relationship between shell age and the ratio of aspartic acid (Asp) isomers (Asp D/L) was revealed using Bayesian model fitting on 20 radiocarbon-dated shell fragments. The range of Asp-inferred bivalve ages at each site corresponds well with independent records of early Holocene ice retreat and late Holocene ice advance. Furthermore, the frequency of Asp-inferred bivalve ages from the three widely separated locations is nearly identical, with most ages between 5 and 3 ka, coinciding with optimum oceanic conditions. Because ice margin changes in western Greenland are tightly linked with oceanographic conditions, the distribution of reworked bivalve ages provides important information about relative ice margin position during smaller-than-present ice sheet configurations. This approach adds a new chronometer to our toolkit for constraining smaller-than-present ice sheet configurations and may have wide applicability around Greenland. 

Amino acid ratios in reworked marine bivalve shells constrain Greenland Ice Sheet history during the Holocene. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270688646_Amino_acid_ratios_in_reworked_marine_bivalve_shells_constrain_Greenland_Ice_Sheet_history_during_the_Holocene [accessed Jun 5, 2017].},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G34843.1},
	url = {http://geology.gsapubs.org/cgi/doi/10.1130/G34843.1},
	author = {Briner, J. P. and Kaufman, D. S. and Bennike, O. and Kosnik, M. A.}
}
@article {534,
	title = {The last interglacial to glacial transition, Togiak Bay, Southwestern Alaska},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1392},
	pages = {190-202},
	abstract = {An 18-m-high coastal bluff at Togiak Bay (northwestern Bristol Bay, southwestern Alaska) exposes marine, lacustrine, fluvial, glacial, volcanic, and organic deposits that record the \~{}50,000-year-long transition from the peak of the last interglaciation to the early Wisconsin glaciation. The base of the section is dominated by stratified sand and silt extending up to 4.3 m above sea level; marine diatoms are present, and pollen assemblages are characterized by relatively high percentages of Picea, Alnus, and Betula and low percentages of Poaceae and Cyperaceae. The marine sediment was probably deposited during the peak of marine oxygen-isotope stage (OIS) 5e. An infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) age of 151,000{\textpm}13,000 yr from near the base of the exposure is permissive of this correlation. The marine sand and silt are overlain by 0.8 m of peaty silt with diatoms that record a transition from marine to lacustrine conditions. During this interval, Poaceae and Cyperaceae dominate the pollen assemblages, and Picea and shrubs are nearly absent, suggesting that herb tundra occupied the landscape. This interval probably encompasses OIS 5d on the basis of the herb tundra and an IRSL age of 119,000{\textpm}10,000 yr from 60 cm below the marine/lacustrine transition. The organic mud is overlain by 3.1 m of stratified sand and organic silt that apparently record shallowing of the lake; reappearance of spruce and shrubs (=OIS 5c?); and subsequent deepening of the lake (=OIS 5b?); followed by aggradation of a floodplain (=OIS 5a?), which was dry at the time basaltic lava buried the site. Thermoluminescence analyses on lava-baked sediment indicate that the eruption occurred 70,000{\textpm}10,000 yr ago. Sometime thereafter, but prior to 53,600 14C yr B.P. an outlet of the Ahklun Mountains ice cap advanced over the site and deposited \~{}7 m of bouldery ice-contact drift. The sedimentary sequence contains at least four tephra beds. Major- and trace-element chemistry provide a basis for correlating two of the tephras with tephra beds at nearby sites. The tephras, luminescence ages, and correlations with marine isotope stages provide the geochronological control to place the Togiak Bay section into a global context. The site serves as an important new reference section for late Pleistocene paleoenvironmental change in eastern Beringia.},
	doi = {10.1006/qres.2001.2214},
	author = {Kaufman, D. S. and Manley, W. F. and Wolfe, A. P. and Hu, F. S. and Preece, S. J. and Westgate, J. A. and Forman, S. L.}
}
@article {408,
	title = {Pleistocene glacial history of the southern Ahklun Mountains, southwestern Alaska: Soil-development, morphometric, and radiocarbon constraints},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1204},
	pages = {353-370},
	abstract = {Four new AMS ages, glacial mapping, and measurements of soil development, loess thickness, and moraine morphology constrain the age and extent of at least three Quaternary advances by outlet lobes of an ice cap over the Ahklun Mountains of southwestern Alaska. The relative-age data are from 107 sites correlated to 25 ice-marginal positions in the Kanektok, Goodnews, Togiak, and Kulukak River valleys and along the southeastern flank of the range. Radiocarbon ages provide minimum ages for six {\textemdash} and a maximum age for one {\textemdash} of the former ice margins. Soil and morphometric parameters subdivide the ice limits into three relative-age groups. One to three pre-Wisconsin advances, probably middle Pleistocene in age, are represented by drift with relatively thick B horizons (60{\textpm}5 cm, with Bt horizons), thick loess caps (80{\textpm}12 cm), and broad moraines (135{\textpm}134 m) with gentle side slopes (7{\textpm}5{\textdegree}). An extensive early Wisconsin (sensu lato, s.l.) advance, >39.9 ka, and three associated stillstands or readvances are characterized by intermediate soil and morphometric parameters (Bw and weak Bt horizons with thicknesses of 40{\textpm}11 cm; loess thicknesses of 69{\textpm}46 cm; crest widths of 38{\textpm}13 m; and slope angles of 14{\textpm}4{\textdegree}). The maximum late Wisconsin advance, >16.9 ka, and two readvances or stillstands are associated with thin (20{\textpm}5 cm), weakly to moderately developed Bw horizons, thin loess caps (28{\textpm}8 cm), narrow crest widths (28{\textpm}9 m), and steep slope angles (18{\textpm}3{\textdegree}). The data confirm that early-Wisconsin glaciers in southeast Beringia were much more extensive than late Wisconsin glaciers, which were apparently limited by availability of moisture.},
	doi = {10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00111-6},
	author = {Manley, W. F. and Kaufman, D. S. and Briner, J. P.}
}
@article {407,
	title = {Pre-late Wisconsin glacial history, coastal Ahklun Mountains, southwestern Alaska-New amino acid, thermoluminescence, and 40Ar/30Ar results},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1203},
	pages = {337-352},
	abstract = {New stratigraphic and geochronologic data from the Togiak Bay area of southwestern Alaska indicate that glaciers advanced from the southern Ahklun Mountains at least three and as many as six times prior to the late Wisconsin. The oldest glaciations are represented by glacial{\textendash}marine sediment in coastal exposures on Hagemeister Island. The extent of amino acid (isoleucine) epimerization in fossil molluscs indicates that at least one, and possibly four, older middle Pleistocene glacial intervals are represented, with age estimates spanning \~{}500{\textendash}280 ka and averaging \~{}400{\textpm}100 ka. The youngest glacial-marine drift on Hagemeister Island may correlate with the eruption of the Togiak tuya. A new 40Ar/39Ar age on basalt that overlies pillow lava indicates that the volcano erupted through glacial ice at least 300 m thick 263{\textpm}22 ka. The youngest drift in the region overlies the Old Crow tephra (140{\textpm}10 ka) and a 70{\textpm}10 ka basaltic lava flow dated by thermoluminescence analysis of underlying baked sediment. The drift delimits flat piedmont lobes that spread out onto the continental shelf and terminated >100 km from their source areas during the early Wisconsin (sensu lato). The glacial-geologic evidence suggests that major expansions of glaciers were out of phase with global ice volume.},
	doi = {10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00112-8},
	author = {Kaufman, D. S. and Manley, W. F. and Forman, S. L. and Layer, P.}
}
@inbook {1424,
	title = {Amino acid racemization in ostracodes},
	booktitle = {Perspectives in Amino Acid and Protein Geochemistry},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 1390},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {145},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	isbn = {0195135075},
	author = {Kaufman, D. S.},
	editor = {Goodfriend, G. A.}
}
