@book {2733,
	title = {The Potential Impact of Hydrocarbons on Mussels in Port au Port Bay, Newfoundland},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1 - 22},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {Since 2012, the scallop fishery in Port au Port Bay, Newfoundland, Canada has experienced a drastic decline, while no decline was observed in adjacent St. George{\textquoteright}s Bay. Local fishermen have raised concerns about an abandoned oil exploration well in the Port au Port Bay. This study investigated the potential impact of petroleum hydrocarbons on sediments and blue mussels [Mytilus edulis] (a proxy organism for scallops) in the area. Sediments from both bays were characterized for their hydrocarbons and compared to potential petroleum hydrocarbon sources. Mussels were analysed for health indices and their 14C content. The results showed that the concentration of hydrocarbons found in the sediments of the fishing ground was within the range of unpolluted marine sediments and that the hydrocarbons present were likely from a mixture of sources. The health indices of the mussels in Port au Port Bay were similar to the health indices of mussels in St. George{\textquoteright}s Bay and the 14C content of the mussels from both bays was modern. These data suggest that the Port au Port fishing ground was not solely contaminated from crude oil leaking from an oil exploration well, that the mussels were not contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, and that Port au Port mussels were just as healthy as the mussels of St. George{\textquoteright}s Bay. Therefore, whatever caused the scallop decline was most likely scallop- and bay-specific. During this study a fast and efficient method for extracting petroleum hydrocarbons from sediment using accelerated solvent extraction with integrated silica gel was developed.},
	keywords = {Health indices, Hydrocarbon contamination, Mussels, Petroleum, Scallops},
	isbn = {9780128151051},
	issn = {00652881},
	doi = {10.1016/bs.amb.2018.09.003},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S006528811830018Xhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S006528811830018X?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S006528811830018X?httpAccept=text/plain},
	author = {Cook, Melissa C. and May, Adam and Kohl, Lucas and Van Biesen, Geert and Parrish, Christopher C. and Morrill, Penny L.}
}
@article {45,
	title = {Deciphering microbial carbon substrates in PAH contaminated sediments using phospholipid fatty acids, and compound specific δ13C and Δ14C},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {76-87},
	abstract = {Stable and radiogenic carbon isotopes (δ13C and Δ14C) of organic compounds and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) ratios were used to determine sources and fates of organic contaminants in highly contaminated, and less contaminated sediments of Hamilton Harbour. The highly contaminated sediments had an order of magnitude more total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) compared to the less contaminated sediments. The TPHs extracted from both sites were depleted in 14C (average Δ14C of -775{\textperthousand} and -973{\textperthousand}, for Sites 1 and 2, respectively) consistent with inputs of fossil derived contaminants. Fossil carbon also contributed to the unextractable residue (Δ14C = -503 {\textpm} 55{\textperthousand}) in the sediment at the highly contaminated site relative to the less contaminated site (Δ14C = -132 {\textpm} 2{\textperthousand}) indicating inputs of fossil carbon not derived from petroleum or PAHs. Diagnostic PAH ratios (e.g. PAH:NaP between 0.01 and 1), and less negative δ13C (-25.6 {\textpm} 0.2{\textperthousand}) of the unextractable residue indicated that a coal derived source was the most likely source of these inputs. Despite the presence of this fossil carbon, there was little evidence of utilization of ancient carbon by the microbial community. The Δ14C of PLFAs from the highly contaminated site were slightly more 14C depleted (Δ14C = -138 {\textpm} 20{\textperthousand}) relative to the PLFAs from the less contaminated site (Δ14C = -77 {\textpm} 42{\textperthousand}), demonstrating some microbial metabolism of older carbon; however, the majority of the carbon metabolized was modern at both sites, indicating that there was minimal natural attenuation via bioremediation of fossil fuel organic contaminants.},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2014.01.017},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638014000308},
	author = {Morrill, Penny L. and Szponar, Natalie and Johnston, Mathew and Marvin, Chris and Slater, Gregory F.}
}
