@conference {1712,
	title = {The nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry of Long Island Sound; insights into mechanisms of 15N enrichment in eutrophication-impacted estuaries},
	booktitle = {ASLO Meeting},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 752},
	month = {2007},
	address = {New Orelans, LA},
	author = {Altabet, M. A. and Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@conference {1618,
	title = {The early history of Long Island Sound},
	booktitle = {The last deglaciation},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 1185},
	month = {2006},
	address = {Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia Univ., NY},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E.}
}
@conference {1628,
	title = {Environmental impact on LIS from the early colonial society},
	booktitle = {Long Island Sound Research Conference},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 750},
	month = {2006},
	address = {Groton, CT},
	author = {Thomas, E. and Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@conference {1636,
	title = {The formation history of Long Island Sound},
	booktitle = {Long Island Sound Research Conference},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 1187},
	month = {2006},
	address = {Groton, CT},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E. and Lewis, R. and Altabet, M.}
}
@article {1915,
	title = {The historical fur trade and climate change},
	journal = {EOS},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 725},
	month = {2006},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@conference {1671,
	title = {The late Pleistocene-Holocene history of Long Island Sound},
	booktitle = {LISRC proceedings},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 1175},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {27-32},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E. and Groner, M.}
}
@conference {1677,
	title = {Long Island Sound - a human dominated estuary},
	booktitle = {AGU spring meeting, 2006},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 1186},
	month = {2006},
	address = {Baltimore, MD},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E.}
}
@conference {1685,
	title = {Mechanism of 15N enrichment in eutrophication-impacted estuaries},
	booktitle = {ASLO Ocean Sciences meeting},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 745},
	month = {2006},
	address = {Honolulu, HI},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and Altabet, M. A. and Thomas, C. R.}
}
@conference {1686,
	title = {Mercury contamination in Connecticut and Long Island Sound from historic hat-making sources},
	booktitle = {GSA Annual Meeting},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 747},
	month = {2006},
	address = {Philadelphia, PA},
	author = {Goldoff, B. and Varekamp, J. C. and Neupane, A.}
}
@conference {1687,
	title = {Mercury contamination in Long Island Sounds, USA, from the historic hat-making industry},
	booktitle = {ISEG7 meeting},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 746},
	month = {2006},
	address = {Beijing, China},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@conference {1814,
	title = {Two ecological shifts in Long Island Sound during the industrial period},
	booktitle = {Long Island Sound Research Center},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 751},
	month = {2006},
	address = {Groton, CT},
	author = {Thomas, E. and Varekamp, J. C. and Mecray, E. L. and Buchholtzten-Brink, M. R. L. and Cooper, S. and Brinkhuis, H. and Sangioirgio, F.}
}
@conference {1557,
	title = {The American Mediterranean: the influence of human populations on the ecosystem of Long Island Sound},
	booktitle = {Living on the Edge},
	volume = {Abstract},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 1184},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {10-11},
	author = {Thomas, E. and Varekamp, J. C. and Thaler, B. and Sangiorgio, F.}
}
@conference {1617,
	title = {The early geological history of Long Island Sound},
	booktitle = {AGU Fall meeting},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 744},
	month = {2005},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E.}
}
@conference {1626,
	title = {The environmental history of Long Island Sound with evidence for human impacts},
	booktitle = {Living on the Edge Symposium},
	volume = {Abstract},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 743},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {12-13},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E.}
}
@inbook {1468,
	title = {Once spilled, still found: metal contamination in Connecticut wetlands and Long Island Sound sediment from historic industries, Chapter 9},
	booktitle = {Our Changing Coasts},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 724},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {122-147},
	publisher = {E. Elgar},
	organization = {E. Elgar},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and Mecray, E. L. and Zierzow, T.},
	editor = {Visiglione, Whitelaw}
}
@conference {1565,
	title = {Anthropogenic eutrophication of Long Island Sound: effects on diatom communities through time},
	booktitle = {7th Biennial Long Island Sound reserach conference proceedings},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 1181},
	month = {2004},
	author = {Cooper, S. R. and Thomas, E. and Varekamp, J. C. and Sangiorgio, F.}
}
@conference {1566,
	title = {Anthropogenic influences on benthis foraminiferal faunas in Long Island Sound},
	booktitle = {7th Biennial Long Island Sound reserach conference, Program and Abstracts},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 1183},
	month = {2004},
	author = {Thomas, E. and Varekamp, J. C. and Thaler, B. and Acosta, Z.}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {Benthic foraminifera in the changing ecosystem of Long Island Sound, abstract},
	journal = {EOS Trans. AGU},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 1182},
	month = {2004},
	author = {Thaler, B. and Thomas, E. and Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@conference {1619,
	title = {The early history of Long Island Sound},
	booktitle = {7th Biennial Long Island Sound research conference, Program/Abstracts},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 741},
	month = {2004},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E. and Groner, M.}
}
@article {2012,
	title = {The eutrophication of Long Island Sound, abstract},
	journal = {EOS Trans. AGU},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 740},
	month = {2004},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and Lugolobi, F. and Thomas, E. and Mecray, E. and Buchholtz ten Brink, M. R.}
}
@article {2017,
	title = {Eutrophication of western Long Island Sound},
	journal = {GSA Annual Meeting},
	volume = {Abstracts 36},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 739},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {212-217},
	author = {Thomas, E. and Varekamp, J. C. and Acosta, Z. and Thaler, B. and Cooper, S. and Sangiorgio, F.}
}
@conference {1633,
	title = {Evidence of historical wet period deposits in central Long Island Sound: source and transport processes based on mercury profiles and sedimentology},
	booktitle = {7th biennial Long Island Sound research conference, Program and abstrracts},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 734},
	month = {2004},
	author = {Carey, D. A. and Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@article {1353,
	title = {Fate of mercury in Long Island Sound},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@conference {1678,
	title = {Long Island Sound: diatoms from sediment cores as part of environmental and ecological change studies, abstracts},
	booktitle = {Mid-Atlantic ecology conference: sustainable landscapes},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 735},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {6},
	address = {Franklin \& Marshall College, Lancaster, PA},
	author = {Cooper, S. R. and Thomas, E. and Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@conference {1688,
	title = {Mercury contamination in wetlands},
	booktitle = {Meeting of the Atlantic Chaopter of the Soc. of Env. Toxicology and Health},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 742},
	month = {2004},
	address = {Rhode Island},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@conference {986,
	title = {Mercury in Connecticut and Long Island Sound: impact of historic hatting industries},
	booktitle = {American Geophyscial Union, Joint Assembly},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 733},
	month = {2004},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
	author = {Bronsther, R. and Welsh, P. and Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@conference {892,
	title = {Nitrogen isotopic ratio records the eutrophication history of Long Island sound},
	booktitle = {American Geophyscial Union, Joint Assembly},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 732},
	month = {2004},
	publisher = { 	American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
	organization = { 	American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
	abstract = {Increasing coastal population and industrialization has led to the steady degradation of the Long Island Sound (LIS) environment. Increased nutrient loading from sewage inputs has resulted in eutrophication and decreased summertime subsurface oxygen concentration particularly at its western end. It is critical to develop a detailed history of these environmental changes, both to understand causative processes and for design of optimal and cost effective remediation plans. We are developing a detailed time line of environmental changes in LIS over the last few centuries based on the study of geochemical and paleo-ecological proxies in geographically distributed sediment cores. Sediment nitrogen isotopic ratio (d15N) in particular is being used as an indicator of perturbations of the nitrogen biogeochemistry. Higher d15N is expected from sewage inputs as well as from the initiation of subsurface denitrification during low O2 conditions. Contemporary correlation between eutrophication intensity and d15N is seen in sediment core top data which show a substantial 4 per mil increase in d15N going from eastern to western LIS. This observation is consistent with greater nutrient loading toward New York City with its greater coastal population density. Downcore data from a site in western LIS show 4 per mil lower d15N prior to 200 years ago, documenting the point at which significant anthropogenic impact began. Increasing d15N over the last 200 years correlate with productivity proxies and other proxies for anthropogenic influence},
	author = {Altabet, M. and Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@conference {1730,
	title = {The paleo-environmental history of Long Island Sound as traced by organic carbon, biogenic silica and stable isotope/trace element studies in sediment cores},
	booktitle = {6th Biennual LIS Res. Conf. Proc.},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 1174},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {109-113},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E. and Lugolobi, F. and Buchholtz ten Brink, M. R.}
}
@conference {888,
	title = {Paleoproductivity indicators in Long Island Sound},
	booktitle = {American Geophyscial Union, Joint Assembly},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 1180},
	month = {2004},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
	abstract = {Oxygen depletion in bottom waters is considered to be the most pressing environmental problem affecting Long Island Sound (LIS). Summer anoxia occurs as a result of two factors: 1) Stratification of the water column due to warming of the shallow water preventing mixing and thus homogeneous distribution of oxygen. 2) Eutrophication resulting in increased primary productivity leading to a greater oxygen demand in the bottom waters as the larger amount of organic matter decays. The goal of this project is to create a paleoproductivity record for LIS and to attempt to link recent increases in productivity with anthropogenic nutrient sources, most notably wastewater treatment plant effluent. Two cores, WLIS-75 from the western narrows and B1GGC1 from near the mouth of the Housatonic River, have been analyzed for biogenic silica (BSi), total carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. The BSi data was obtained through analyses of timed sequential extracts from an alkaline solution that reacted with the sediment at 85 C. Sediment densities were calculated from measured core water contents and assumed dry rock densities. A preliminary age model was developed using the onset of mercury pollution (about 1820 AD) as a reference point. At around 1800, the C, N, S and BSi concentrations all start to increase. In WLIS-75, BSi was higher throughout the core compared to core B1GGC1, suggesting an overall higher rate of productivity in the western section of LIS. In both cores the mass accumulation rates of BSi, C, N, and S increased exponentially over the last 300 years. A coarse layer was deposited around 1950-1960 in core WLIS-75, and is marked by abundant coarse debris of rocks and coal fragments. This layer may represent a flood deposit or stem from local (illegal?) dumping; its presence impacts the data for the last 30-40 years of the core. A strong correlation between total S and total C is observed, suggesting that Sulfide formation is limited by the amount of labile organic matter present. The data from the two cores show strong evidence for eutrophication over the last 200 years, with a strong increase in the N supply.},
	author = {Andersen, N. and Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@article {2051,
	title = {Radiocarbon studies of Long Island Sound sediments},
	journal = {EOS Trans. AGU},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 737},
	month = {2004},
	author = {Groner, M. and Thomas, E. and Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@conference {1817,
	title = {The urban sea: anthropogenic influences on benthic foraminifera in Long Island Sound},
	booktitle = {IGC 32},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 738},
	month = {2004},
	address = {Florence, Italy},
	author = {Thomas, E. and Varekamp, J. C. and Thaler, B. and Groner, M.}
}
@conference {1820,
	title = {The use of stable carbon isotopes in foraminiferal calcite to trace changes in biological oxygen demand in Long Island Sound},
	booktitle = {6th Biennual LIS Res. Conf. Proc.},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 723},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {47-51},
	author = {Lugolobi, F. and Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E. and Buchholtz ten Brink, M. R.}
}
@conference {1827,
	title = {Western Long Island Sound: evidence from diatom studies of eutrophication and environmental change in the 19th centure},
	booktitle = {AERS fall meeting},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 736},
	month = {2004},
	address = {New Jersey Meadowland Commission, Lyndhurst, NJ},
	author = {Cooper, S. R. and Thomas, E. and Varekamp, J. C. and Sangiorgio, F.}
}
@conference {1583,
	title = {Carbon cycling in Long Island Sound over the last 1000 years},
	booktitle = {AGU, Fall meeting},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1179},
	month = {2003},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	author = {Lugolobi, F. and Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E. and Buchholtz ten Brink, M. L. and Mecray, E.}
}
@article {619,
	title = {Mercury contamination chronologies from Connecticut wetlands and Long Island Sound sediments},
	journal = {Environmental Geology},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2003},
	note = {643lmTimes Cited:22Cited References Count:45},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {268-282},
	abstract = {Sediment cores were used to investigate the mercury deposition histories of Connecticut and Long Island Sound. Most cores show background (pre-1800s) concentrations (50-100 ppb Hg) below 30-50 cm depth, strong enrichments up to 500 ppb Hg in the core tops, with lower Hg concentrations in the surface sediments (200-300 ppb Hg). A sediment core from the Housatonic River has peak levels of 1,500 ppb Hg, indicating the presence of a Hg point source in this watershed. The Hg records were translated into Hg contamination chronologies through Pb-210 dating. The onset of Hg contamination occurred in similar to1840-1850 in eastern Connecticut, whereas in the Housatonic River the onset is dated at around 1820. The mercury accumulation profiles show periods of peak contamination at around 1900 and at 1950-1970. Peak Hg* (Hg* = Hg measured minus Hg background) accumulation rates in the salt marshes vary; dependent on the sediment character, between 8 and 44 ng Hg/cm(2) per year, whereas modern Hg* accumulation rates range from 4-17 ng Hg/cm(2) per year; time-averaged Hg* accumulation rates are 15 ng Hg/cm(2) per year. These Hg* accumulation rates in sediments are higher than the observed Hg atmospheric deposition rates (about 1-2 ng Hg/cm(2) per year), indicating that contaminant Hg from the watershed is focused into the coastal zone. The Long Island Sound cores show similar Hg profiles as the marsh cores, but time-averaged Hg* accumulation rates are higher than in the marshes (26 ng Hg/cm(2) a year) because of-the different sediment characteristics. In-situ atmospheric deposition of Hg in the marshes and in Long Island Sound is only a minor component of the total Hg budget. The 1900 peak of Hg contamination is most likely related to climatic factors (the wet period of the early 1900s) and the 1950-1970 peak was caused by strong anthropogenic Hg emissions at that time. Spatial trends in total Hg burdens in cores are largely related to sedimentary parameters (amount of clay) except for the high inventories of the Housatonic River, which are related to Hg releases from hat-making in the town of Danbury. Much of the contaminated sediment transport in the Housatonic River Basin occurs during floods; creating distinct layers of Hg-contaminated sediment in western Long Island Sound. The drop of about 40\% in Hg accumulation rates between the 1960s and 1990s seems largely the result of reduced Hg emissions and to a much lesser extent of climatic factors.},
	issn = {0943-0105},
	doi = {10.1007/s00254-002-0624-x},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and Kreulen, B. and ten Brink, M. R. B. and Mecray, E. L.}
}
@article {1354,
	title = {Muckrakers discover history in Long Island Sound},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	address = {New York, NY},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@conference {1729,
	title = {The paleo environmental history of Long Island Sound, Abstract},
	booktitle = {Long Island Sound Lobster Research meeting},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1178},
	month = {2003},
	address = {Groton, CT},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E. and Buchholtz ten Brink, M. F. and Altabet, M. and Cooper, S.}
}
@conference {1577,
	title = {Benthic foraminifera in Long Island Sound as indicators of eutrophication},
	booktitle = {GSA Annual meeting},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 731},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {384},
	address = {Denver, CO},
	author = {Abramson, I. and Thomas, E. and Varekamp, J. C. and Buchholtz ten Brink, M. R.}
}
@conference {1629,
	title = {Eutrophication of Long Island Sound as traced by benthic foraminifera},
	booktitle = {Long Island Sound/NEERS Research Conference},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 727},
	month = {2002},
	address = {Groton, CT},
	author = {Thomas, E. and Abramson, I. and Varekamp, J. C. and Buchholtz ten Brink, M. R.}
}
@conference {1647,
	title = {The historical record of water quality in Long Island Sound},
	booktitle = {Long Island Sound workshop},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 726},
	month = {2002},
	publisher = {Batelle Laboratories},
	organization = {Batelle Laboratories},
	address = {Groton, CT},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E. and Mecray, E. L. and Buchholtz ten Brink, M. F.}
}
@article {1352,
	title = {Mercury from hatting industry in Connecticut},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	address = {USA},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@conference {1689,
	title = {Mercury in Connecticut and Long Island Sound sediment},
	booktitle = {Long Island Sound/NEERS Research Conference},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 729},
	month = {2002},
	address = {Groton, CT},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and Buchholtz ten Brink, M. R.}
}
@article {1356,
	title = {Mercury issues from old industries},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {second page},
	address = {Chicago, IL},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@article {1355,
	title = {Mercury legacy from hatmaking in Danbury, CT},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {Frontpage},
	address = {Hartford, CT},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@article {2091,
	title = {Paleoceanographic proxies in Long Island Sound, CT, USA},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Suppl. 1583rx
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0
},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {A772-A772},
	isbn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01013-X},
	url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2\&amp;SrcAuth=Alerting\&amp;SrcApp=Alerting\&amp;DestApp=WOS\&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord;UT=WOS:000177423401511},
	author = {Thomas, E. and Lugolobi, F. and Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@conference {1738,
	title = {Paleoenvironmental history of Long Island Sound},
	booktitle = {Long Island Sound/NEERS Research Conference AGU Fall Meeting},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 1177},
	month = {2002},
	address = {Groton, CT San Francisco, CA},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E. and Lugolobi, F. and Buchholtz ten Brink, M. R.}
}
@conference {1783,
	title = {Sea level rise in Long Island Sound over the last millennium},
	booktitle = {Long Island Sound/NEERS Research Conference AGU Fall meeting},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 728},
	month = {2002},
	address = {Groton, CT San Francisco, CA},
	author = {Thomas, E. and Varekamp, J. C.}
}
@conference {1818,
	title = {The use of carbon isotopes to trace changes in biological oxygen demand in Long Island Sound},
	booktitle = {Long Island Sound/NEERS Research Conference},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 730},
	month = {2002},
	address = {Groton, CT},
	author = {Lugolobi, F. and Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E.}
}
@conference {1683,
	title = {Marsh accretion and relative sea level rise since AD 1000},
	booktitle = {Geological Society of America, 1995 annual meeting},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1995},
	note = {id: 1290; 6},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {448},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America (GSA) Boulder, CO, USA},
	organization = {Geological Society of America (GSA) Boulder, CO, USA},
	address = {New Orleans, LA, USA},
	author = {Varekamp, J. C. and E, Thoma}
}
@article {855,
	title = {A Sea-Level Rise Curve from Guilford, Connecticut, USA},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {124},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Rl477Times Cited:71Cited References Count:81},
	month = {May},
	pages = {137-159},
	abstract = {High-resolution stratigraphic studies based on sediment chemistry, lithology, macroflora, and benthic foraminiferal assemblages in three peat cores from coastal salt marshes at Guilford, Connecticut, show that coastal marshes are ephemeral environments. Marsh-wide environmental variations were common, and century-long episodes of relative submergence alternated with emergence. Despite about 2 m of relative sea-level rise (RSLR) in Connecticut over the last 1500 years, the marshes have expanded both landwards and seawards, and marsh accretion has been outpaced only marginally by RSLR.We used radiocarbon dating and the level of anthropogenic markers (metal pollution, as dated with Pb-210) in the cores for age control. For most of the last 1000 years the rate of RSLR was between 1.3 and 1.8 mm/yr, but over the last 300-400 years it increased to 2.9-3.3 mm/yr, and has been faster than the accretion rate, especially in the middle marsh. The net-submergence rate or {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}submergence index{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} (ratio of the rate of RSLR and marsh-accretion rate) averaged about 1.15 over the last 1000 years, and increased to about 1.5 over the last 200 years.The rate of RSLR was very sluggish during the early part of the Little Ice Age, but we found a slightly higher rate during the Little Climate Optimum; this excursion is close to the noise level, however. The most significant observation is that RSLR increased strongly around A.D. 1650. The onset of this acceleration falls in the middle to end of the Little Ice Age, and thus preceded the period of modern global warming that started late last century and that has been tentatively correlated with anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases.},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(95)00037-Y},
	author = {Nydick, K. R. and Bidwell, A. B. and Thomas, E. and Varekamp, J. C.}
}
