@article {731,
	title = {Mid-Holocene El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) attenuation revealed by individual foraminifera in eastern tropical Pacific sediments},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2006},
	note = {113wzTimes Cited:128Cited References Count:26},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {993-996},
	abstract = {Holocene reconstructions of the Ell Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) provide valuable perspective on its recent evolution and can be important for assessing its future. Optimal assessment of past ENSO variability requires observations from its center of action in the eastern equatorial Pacific, but these are limited due to paucity of high-resolution paleoceanographic archives (e.g., corals). Here we use a new approach to quantify past ENSO variance based on the oxygen isotopic composition (delta O-18) of individual foraminifera (Globigerinoides ruber) from deep-sea sediments in the ENSO source region.. Individual G. ruber foraminifera behave as monthly recorders of sea-surface conditions, including ENSO extremes, circumventing the lack of annual resolution in the sediments. Intrapopulation delta O-18 distributions derived with this method from a core near the Galapagos Islands reveal mid-Holocene reductions in variance or 50\%, requiring drastic attenuation of the ENSO amplitude. Furthermore, Mg/Ca thermometry indicates that mid-Holocene background conditions were accompanied by a stronger zonal temperature gradient that coincided with a northward-displaced Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The results suggest that the position of the ITCZ is an important factor in the low-frequency modulation of ENSO and could influence its future evolution.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G22810a.1},
	author = {Koutavas, A. and deMenocal, P. B. and Olive, G. C. and Lynch-Stieglitz, J.}
}
@article {626,
	title = {Decline of surface temperature and salinity in the western tropical Pacific Ocean in the Holocene epoch},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {431},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Stott, LowellCannariato, KevinThunell, RobertHaug, Gerald HKoutavas, AthanasiosLund, SteveengResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.England2004/09/03 05:00Nature. 2004 Sep 2;431(7004):56-9.},
	month = {Sep 02},
	pages = {56-9},
	abstract = {In the present-day climate, surface water salinities are low in the western tropical Pacific Ocean and increase towards the eastern part of the basin. The salinity of surface waters in the tropical Pacific Ocean is thought to be controlled by a combination of atmospheric convection, precipitation, evaporation and ocean dynamics, and on interannual timescales significant variability is associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation cycles. However, little is known about the variability of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system on timescales of centuries to millennia. Here we combine oxygen isotope and Mg/Ca data from foraminifers retrieved from three sediment cores in the western tropical Pacific Ocean to reconstruct Holocene sea surface temperatures and salinities in the region. We find a decrease in sea surface temperatures of approximately 0.5 degrees C over the past 10,000 yr, whereas sea surface salinities decreased by approximately 1.5 practical salinity units. Our data imply either that the Pacific basin as a whole has become progressively less salty or that the present salinity gradient along the Equator has developed relatively recently.},
	issn = {0028-0836 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1038/nature02903},
	author = {Stott, L. and Cannariato, K. and Thunell, R. and Haug, G. H. and Koutavas, A. and Lund, S.}
}
@article {951,
	title = {Glacial-interglacial dynamics of the eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue Intertropical Convergence Zone system reconstructed from oxygen isotope records},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2003},
	note = {756nfTimes Cited:56Cited References Count:100},
	month = {Dec 4},
	abstract = {We use planktonic oxygen isotope (delta(18)O) records spanning the last 30,000 years (kyr) to constrain the magnitude and spatial pattern of glacial cooling in the upwelling environment of the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP). Fourteen new downcore delta(18)O records were obtained from surface-dwelling planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides sacculifer and Globigerinoides ruber in eight cores from the upwelling tongue of the EEP. All sites have sedimentation rates exceeding 5 cm/kyr and, with one exception, lie above the modern depth of the foraminiferal lysocline. Sites directly underlying the cool band of upwelling immediately south of the equator record mean late Holocene (LH)-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) delta(18)O amplitudes ranging between 1.0 and 1.3parts per thousand. We estimate that mean sea surface temperatures (SST) in this region during the LGM were on average 1.5 +/- 0.5degreesC lower than the LH. Larger delta(18)O amplitudes are observed in sites north of the equator, indicating a spatial pattern of reduced meridional SST gradient across the equator during the LGM. This result is supported by comparison of Mg/Ca SST reconstructions from two sites straddling the equator. We interpret the reduction of this gradient during the LGM as evidence for a less intense cold tongue-Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) frontal system, a more southerly position of the ITCZ, and weaker southeast equatorial trades in the EEP.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2003PA000894},
	author = {Koutavas, A. and Lynch-Stieglitz, J.}
}
@article {949,
	title = {Thirty thousand year record of climate from the Galapagos Islands and links with high latitudes},
	journal = {EOS},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 255},
	abstract = {Fall Meeting Supplement F737},
	author = {Koutavas, A. and Lynch-Stieglitz, J. and Sachs, J. P. and Marchitto, T. M.}
}
@article {952,
	title = {A Younger Dryas Temperature Reversal in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific, EOS, Transactions},
	journal = {AGU, 1999 Fall Meeting},
	volume = {80},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 167; 46},
	pages = {530},
	author = {Koutavas, A. and Lynch-Stieglitz, J.}
}
