@article {626,
	title = {Decline of surface temperature and salinity in the western tropical Pacific Ocean in the Holocene epoch},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {431},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Stott, LowellCannariato, KevinThunell, RobertHaug, Gerald HKoutavas, AthanasiosLund, SteveengResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.England2004/09/03 05:00Nature. 2004 Sep 2;431(7004):56-9.},
	month = {Sep 02},
	pages = {56-9},
	abstract = {In the present-day climate, surface water salinities are low in the western tropical Pacific Ocean and increase towards the eastern part of the basin. The salinity of surface waters in the tropical Pacific Ocean is thought to be controlled by a combination of atmospheric convection, precipitation, evaporation and ocean dynamics, and on interannual timescales significant variability is associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation cycles. However, little is known about the variability of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system on timescales of centuries to millennia. Here we combine oxygen isotope and Mg/Ca data from foraminifers retrieved from three sediment cores in the western tropical Pacific Ocean to reconstruct Holocene sea surface temperatures and salinities in the region. We find a decrease in sea surface temperatures of approximately 0.5 degrees C over the past 10,000 yr, whereas sea surface salinities decreased by approximately 1.5 practical salinity units. Our data imply either that the Pacific basin as a whole has become progressively less salty or that the present salinity gradient along the Equator has developed relatively recently.},
	issn = {0028-0836 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1038/nature02903},
	author = {Stott, L. and Cannariato, K. and Thunell, R. and Haug, G. H. and Koutavas, A. and Lund, S.}
}
@article {702,
	title = {Super ENSO and global climate oscillations at millennial time scales},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {297},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Stott, LowellPoulsen, ChristopherLund, SteveThunell, Roberteng2002/07/13 10:00Science. 2002 Jul 12;297(5579):222-6.},
	month = {Jul 12},
	pages = {222-6},
	abstract = {The late Pleistocene history of seawater temperature and salinity variability in the western tropical Pacific warm pool is reconstructed from oxygen isotope (delta18O) and magnesium/calcium composition of planktonic foraminifera. Differentiating the calcite delta18O record into components of temperature and local water delta18O reveals a dominant salinity signal that varied in accord with Dansgaard/Oeschger cycles over Greenland. Salinities were higher at times of high-latitude cooling and were lower during interstadials. The pattern and magnitude of the salinity variations imply shifts in the tropical Pacific ocean/atmosphere system analogous to modern El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). El Nino conditions correlate with stadials at high latitudes, whereas La Nina conditions correlate with interstadials. Millennial-scale shifts in atmospheric convection away from the western tropical Pacific may explain many paleo-observations, including lower atmospheric CO2, N2O, and CH4 during stadials and patterns of extratropical ocean variability that have tropical source functions that are negatively correlated with El Nino.},
	issn = {0036-8075 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1071627},
	author = {Stott, L. and Poulsen, C. and Lund, S. and Thunell, R.}
}
