@article {1490,
	title = {Using packrat middens to assess how grazing influences vegetation change in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 1105},
	month = {2006},
	author = {Fisher, J. and Cole, K. L. and Anderson, R. S.}
}
@article {682,
	title = {Carbon isotopes from fossil packrat pellets and elevational movements of Utah agave plants reveal the Younger Dryas cold period in Grand Canyon, Arizona},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2005},
	note = {960jfTimes Cited:22Cited References Count:26},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {713-716},
	abstract = {Carbon isotopes in rodent fecal pellets were measured on packrat (Neotoma spp.) middens from the Grand Canyon, Arizona. The pellet samples reflect the abundance of cold-intolerant C4 and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant species relative to the predominant C3 vegetation in the packrat diet. The temporal sequence of isotopic results suggests a temperature decline followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the Boiling/ Allerod-Younger Dryas-early Holocene sequence. This pattern was then tested using the past distribution of Utah agave (Agave utahensis). Spatial analyses of the range of this temperature-sensitive CAM species demonstrate that its upper elevational limit is controlled by winter minimum temperature. Applying this paleotemperature proxy to the past ellevational limits of Utah agave suggests that minimum winter temperatures were similar to 8 degrees C below modern values during the Last Glacial Maximum, 4.5-6.5 degrees C below modern during the Bolling/Allerod, and 7.5-8.7 degrees C below modern during the early Younger Dryas. As the Younger Dryas terminated, temperatures warmed similar to 4 degrees C between ca. 11.8 ka and 11.5 ka. These extreme fluctuations in winter minimum temperature have not been generally accepted for terrestrial paleoecological records from the and southwestern United States, likely because of large statistical uncertainties of older radiocarbon results and reliance on proxies for summer temperatures, which were less affected.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G21769.1},
	author = {Cole, K. L. and Arundel, S. T.}
}
@article {748,
	title = {Holocene climate in the western Great Lakes national parks and lakeshores: Implications for future climate change},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2000},
	note = {338uvTimes Cited:47Cited References Count:46},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {968-983},
	abstract = {We reconstruct Holocene climate history (last 10,000 years) for each of the U.S. National Park Service units in the western Great Lakes region in order to evaluate their sensitivity to global warming. Annual precipitation, annual temperature, and July and January temperatures were reconstructed by comparing fossil pollen in lake sediment with pollen in surface samples, assuming that ancient climates were similar to modern climate near analogous surface samples. In the early Holocene, most of the parks experienced colder winters, warmer summers, and lower precipitation than today. An exception is Voyageurs National Park in northern Minnesota where, by 8000 years ago, January temperatures were higher than today. The combination of high mean annual temperature and lower precipitation at Voyageurs resulted in a dry period between 8000 and 5000 years ago, similar to the Prairie Period in regions to the south and west. A mid-Holocene warm-dry period also occurred at other northern and central parks but was much less strongly developed. In southern parks there was no clear evidence of a mid-Holocene warm-dry period. These differences suggest that global model predictions of a warm, dry climate in the northern Great Plains under doubled atmospheric CO2 may be more applicable to Voyageurs than to the other parks. The contrast in reconstructed temperatures at Voyageurs and Isle Royale indicates that the ameliorating effect of the Great Lakes on temperatures has been in effect throughout the Holocene and presumably will continue in the future, thus reducing the potential for species loss caused by future temperature extremes. Increased numbers of mesic trees at all of the parks in the late Holocene reflect increasing annual precipitation. This trend toward more mesic conditions began 6000 years ago in the south and 4000 years ago in the north and increased sharply in recent millennia at parks located today in lake-effect snow belts. This suggests that lake-effect snowfall is sensitive to continental-scale changes in climate and could be affected by future climate change. Plant and animal species sensitive to changes in the moisture regime could thus be endangered within the Great Lakes parks.},
	issn = {0888-8892},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99219.x},
	author = {Davis, M. and Douglas, C. and Calcote, R. and Cole, K. L. and Winkler, M. G. and Flakne, R.}
}
@article {2205,
	title = {A late Holocene pollen record from Torrey Pine State Reserve, California},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 214},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {341-351},
	author = {Cole, K. L. and Wahl, Eugene}
}
@conference {1739,
	title = {Paleoenvironments of Capitol Reef National Park reconstructed from fossil packrate middens},
	booktitle = {4th biennial Conference on Research on the Colorado Plateau},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 1369},
	month = {1999},
	address = {USGS Colorado Plateau Field Station, Flagstaff, AZ},
	author = {Cole, K. L. and Murray, L. K.},
	editor = {Riper, van}
}
@article {2277,
	title = {Western Great Lakes regional paleoenvironmental changes: island and inland contrasts},
	journal = {Ecological Society of America Bulletin},
	year = {1997},
	note = {id: 1301},
	month = {1997},
	author = {Winkler, M. G. and Sanford, P. R. and Cole, K. L. and Flakne, R. L.}
}
@book {1371,
	title = {One thousand years of change in the Great Lakes Region. A pilot project of the NBS Landscape Use History of North America (LUHNA) publ. electronically on the World Wide Web},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1323; http://www.nbs.gov/luhna/cole},
	month = {1996},
	author = {Cole, K. L. and Davis, M. B. and Winkler, M. G.}
}
