@article {709,
	title = {Abrupt tropical climate change: past and present},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	volume = {103},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Thompson, Lonnie GMosley-Thompson, EllenBrecher, HenryDavis, MaryLeon, BlancaLes, DonLin, Ping-NanMashiotta, TracyMountain, KeithengResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.2006/07/04 09:00Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jul 11;103(28):10536-43. Epub 2006 Jun 30.},
	month = {Jul 11},
	pages = {10536-43},
	abstract = {Three lines of evidence for abrupt tropical climate change, both past and present, are presented. First, annually and decadally averaged delta(18)O and net mass-balance histories for the last 400 and 2,000 yr, respectively, demonstrate that the current warming at high elevations in the mid- to low latitudes is unprecedented for at least the last 2 millennia. Second, the continuing retreat of most mid- to low-latitude glaciers, many having persisted for thousands of years, signals a recent and abrupt change in the Earth{\textquoteright}s climate system. Finally, rooted, soft-bodied wetland plants, now exposed along the margins as the Quelccaya ice cap (Peru) retreats, have been radiocarbon dated and, when coupled with other widespread proxy evidence, provide strong evidence for an abrupt mid-Holocene climate event that marked the transition from early Holocene (pre-5,000-yr-B.P.) conditions to cooler, late Holocene (post-5,000-yr-B.P.) conditions. This abrupt event, approximately 5,200 yr ago, was widespread and spatially coherent through much of the tropics and was coincident with structural changes in several civilizations. These three lines of evidence argue that the present warming and associated glacier retreat are unprecedented in some areas for at least 5,200 yr. The ongoing global-scale, rapid retreat of mountain glaciers is not only contributing to global sea-level rise but also threatening freshwater supplies in many of the world{\textquoteright}s most populous regions.},
	issn = {0027-8424 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0603900103},
	author = {Thompson, L. G. and Mosley-Thompson, E. and Brecher, H. and Davis, M. and Leon, B. and Les, D. and Lin, P. N. and Mashiotta, T. and Mountain, K.}
}
@article {748,
	title = {Holocene climate in the western Great Lakes national parks and lakeshores: Implications for future climate change},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2000},
	note = {338uvTimes Cited:47Cited References Count:46},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {968-983},
	abstract = {We reconstruct Holocene climate history (last 10,000 years) for each of the U.S. National Park Service units in the western Great Lakes region in order to evaluate their sensitivity to global warming. Annual precipitation, annual temperature, and July and January temperatures were reconstructed by comparing fossil pollen in lake sediment with pollen in surface samples, assuming that ancient climates were similar to modern climate near analogous surface samples. In the early Holocene, most of the parks experienced colder winters, warmer summers, and lower precipitation than today. An exception is Voyageurs National Park in northern Minnesota where, by 8000 years ago, January temperatures were higher than today. The combination of high mean annual temperature and lower precipitation at Voyageurs resulted in a dry period between 8000 and 5000 years ago, similar to the Prairie Period in regions to the south and west. A mid-Holocene warm-dry period also occurred at other northern and central parks but was much less strongly developed. In southern parks there was no clear evidence of a mid-Holocene warm-dry period. These differences suggest that global model predictions of a warm, dry climate in the northern Great Plains under doubled atmospheric CO2 may be more applicable to Voyageurs than to the other parks. The contrast in reconstructed temperatures at Voyageurs and Isle Royale indicates that the ameliorating effect of the Great Lakes on temperatures has been in effect throughout the Holocene and presumably will continue in the future, thus reducing the potential for species loss caused by future temperature extremes. Increased numbers of mesic trees at all of the parks in the late Holocene reflect increasing annual precipitation. This trend toward more mesic conditions began 6000 years ago in the south and 4000 years ago in the north and increased sharply in recent millennia at parks located today in lake-effect snow belts. This suggests that lake-effect snowfall is sensitive to continental-scale changes in climate and could be affected by future climate change. Plant and animal species sensitive to changes in the moisture regime could thus be endangered within the Great Lakes parks.},
	issn = {0888-8892},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99219.x},
	author = {Davis, M. and Douglas, C. and Calcote, R. and Cole, K. L. and Winkler, M. G. and Flakne, R.}
}
