@article {1887,
	title = {Constraining global air-sea gas exchange for CO2 with recent bomb 14C measurements},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 1052},
	month = {2007},
	author = {Sweeney, C. and Gloor, E. and Jacobson, A. J. and Key, R. M. and McKinley, G. and Sarmiento, J. L. and Wanninkhof, R.}
}
@article {1530,
	title = {Determination of carbon dioxide, hydrographic and chemical parameters during the R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer cruise in the southern Indian Ocean (WOCE section S041)},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 1053},
	month = {2006},
	author = {Takahashi, R. and Millero, F. J. and Key, R. M. and Chipman, D. and Peltola, E. and Rubin, S. and Sweeney, C. and Sutherland, S.}
}
@article {1525,
	title = {Global ocean data analysis project (GLODAP): Results and data, ORNL/CDIAC-145, NDP-145},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 529},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {81 pp.},
	author = {Sabine, C. L. and Key, R. M. and Kozyr, A. and Feely, R. A. and Wanninkhof, R. and Millero, F. J. and Peng, T. H. and Bullister, J. L. and Lee, K.}
}
@article {2039,
	title = {Evaluation of ocean carbon cycle models with data-based metrics},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2004},
	note = {811adTimes Cited:110
Cited References Count:17
},
	month = {Apr 2},
	abstract = {New radiocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon-11 data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment are used to assess a suite of 19 ocean carbon cycle models. We use the distributions and inventories of these tracers as quantitative metrics of model skill and find that only about a quarter of the suite is consistent with the new data-based metrics. This should serve as a warning bell to the larger community that not all is well with current generation of ocean carbon cycle models. At the same time, this highlights the danger in simply using the available models to represent the state-of-the-art modeling without considering the credibility of each model.},
	keywords = {anthropogenic co2, pacific-ocean, radiocarbon},
	isbn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2003GL018970},
	url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2\&amp;SrcAuth=Alerting\&amp;SrcApp=Alerting\&amp;DestApp=WOS\&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord;UT=WOS:000220743900001},
	author = {Matsumoto, K. and Sarmiento, J. L. and Key, R. M. and Aumont, O. and Bullister, J. L. and Caldeira, K. and Campin, J. M. and Doney, S. C. and Drange, H. and Dutay, J. C. and Follows, M. and Gao, Y. and Gnanadesikan, A. and Gruber, N. and Ishida, A. and Joos, F. and Lindsay, K. and Maier-Reimer, E. and Marshall, J. C. and Matear, R. J. and Monfray, P. and Mouchet, A. and Najjar, R. and Plattner, G. K. and Schlitzer, R. and Slater, R. and Swathi, P. S. and Totterdell, I. J. and Weirig, M. F. and Yamanaka, Y. and Yool, A. and Orr, J. C.}
}
@inbook {1438,
	title = {Natural radiocarbon distribution in the deep ocean},
	booktitle = {Global Environmental Change in the Ocean and on Land},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 1050},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {45-58},
	publisher = {Terrapub},
	organization = {Terrapub},
	address = {Tokyo},
	author = {Matsumoto, K. and Key, R. M.},
	editor = {Shiyomi, M.}
}
@article {2052,
	title = {Oceanic ventilation and biogeochemical cycling: Understanding the physical mechanisms that produce realistic distributions of tracers and productivity},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2004},
	note = {867xpTimes Cited:66
Cited References Count:42
},
	month = {Oct 20},
	abstract = {[1] Differing models of the ocean circulation support different rates of ventilation, which in turn produce different distributions of radiocarbon, oxygen, and export production. We examine these fields within a suite of general circulation models run to examine the sensitivity of the circulation to the parameterization of subgridscale mixing and surface forcing. We find that different models can explain relatively high fractions of the spatial variance in some fields such as radiocarbon, and that newer estimates of the rate of biological cycling are in better agreement with the models than previously published estimates. We consider how different models achieve such agreement and show that they can accomplish this in different ways. For example, models with high vertical diffusion move young surface waters into the Southern Ocean, while models with high winds move more young North Atlantic water into this region. The dependence on parameter values is not simple. Changes in the vertical diffusion coefficient, for example, can produce major changes in advective fluxes. In the coarse-resolution models studied here, lateral diffusion plays a major role in the tracer budget of the deep ocean, a somewhat worrisome fact as it is poorly constrained both observationally and theoretically.},
	keywords = {Biogeochemical cycles, bottom water formation, circulation models, diffusion, particle export, pycnocline, sensitivity, Temperature, vertical exchange, weddell sea, World Ocean},
	isbn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2003GB002097},
	url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2\&amp;SrcAuth=Alerting\&amp;SrcApp=Alerting\&amp;DestApp=WOS\&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord;UT=WOS:000224876500001},
	author = {Gnanadesikan, A. and Dunne, J. P. and Key, R. M. and Matsumoto, K. and Sarmiento, J. L. and Slater, R. D. and Swathi, P. S.}
}
@article {2021,
	title = {Role of bottom water transport and diapycnic mixing in determing the radiocarbon distribution in the Pacific},
	journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
	volume = {109},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 526},
	month = {2004},
	author = {Roussenov, V. and Williams, R. G. and Follows, M. J. and Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2085,
	title = {Calcium carbonate budget in the Atlantic Ocean based on water column inorganic carbon chemistry},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2003},
	note = {732egTimes Cited:44
Cited References Count:73
},
	month = {Oct 9},
	abstract = {[1] Recent independent lines of evidence suggest that the dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles is substantial in the upper ocean above the calcite 100\% saturation horizon. This shallow-water dissolution of carbonate particles is in contrast with the current paradigm of the conservative nature of pelagic CaCO3 at shallow water depths. Here we use more than 20,000 sets of carbon measurements in conjunction with CFC and C-14 data from the WOCE/JGOFS/OACES global CO2 survey to estimate in situ dissolution rates of CaCO3 in the Atlantic Ocean. A dissolution rate is estimated from changes in alkalinity as a parcel of water ages along an isopycnal surface. The in situ CaCO3 dissolution increases rapidly at the aragonite 100\% saturation horizon. Estimated dissolution rates north of 40degreesN are generally higher than the rates to the south, which is partly attributable to the production of exported CaCO3 being higher in the North Atlantic than in the South Atlantic. As more CaCO3 particles move down the water column, more particles are available for in situ dissolution. The total water column CaCO3 dissolution rate in the Atlantic Ocean is determined on an annual basis by integrating estimated dissolution rates throughout the entire water column and correcting for alkalinity input of approximately 5.6 x 10(12) mol C yr(-1) from CaCO3-rich sediments. The resulting water column dissolution rate of CaCO3 for the Atlantic Ocean is approximately 11.1 x 10(12) mol C yr(-1). This corresponds to about 31\% of a recent estimate (35.8 x 10(12) mol C yr(-1)) of net CaCO3 production by Lee [2001] for the same area. Our calculation using a large amount of high-quality water column alkalinity data provides the first basin-scale estimate of the CaCO3 budget for the Atlantic Ocean.},
	keywords = {alkalinity, anthropogenic co2, caco3 dissolution, calcium carbonate budget, chemical lysocline, Deep-sea, dioxide system, dissociation-constants, dissolution kinetics, dissolution of calcium carbonate, eastern north-atlantic, ocean carbon cycle, organic-carbon, pacific-ocean, saturation state of seawater},
	isbn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GB002001},
	author = {Chung, S. N. and Lee, K. and Feely, R. A. and Sabine, C. L. and Millero, F. J. and Wanninkhof, R. and Bullister, J. L. and Key, R. M. and Peng, T. H.}
}
@conference {1613,
	title = {The distribution and inventory of bomb produced radiocarbon in the Pacific Ocean},
	booktitle = {AGU/ASLO Conference},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 1448},
	month = {2002},
	address = {Honolulu, HI},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2120,
	title = {In situ calcium carbonate dissolution in the Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2002},
	note = {649rqTimes Cited:86
Cited References Count:60
},
	month = {Dec 31},
	abstract = {Over the past several years researchers have been working to synthesize the WOCE/JGOFS global CO(2) survey data to better understand carbon cycling processes in the oceans. The Pacific Ocean data set has over 35,000 sample locations with at least two carbon parameters, oxygen, nutrients, CFC tracers, and hydrographic parameters. In this paper we estimate the in situ CaCO(3) dissolution rates in the Pacific Ocean water column. Calcium carbonate dissolution rates ranging from 0.01-1.1 mumol kg(-1) yr(-1) are observed in intermediate and deepwater beginning near the aragonite saturation horizon. In the North Pacific Intermediate Water between 400 and 800 m, CaCO(3) dissolution rates are more than 7 times faster than observed in middle and deep water depths (average=0.051 m mol kg(-1) yr(-1)). The total amount of CaCO(3) that is dissolved within the Pacific is determined by integrating excess alkalinity throughout the water column. The total inventory of CaCO(3) added by particle dissolution in the Pacific Ocean, north of 40degreesS, is 157 Pg C. This amounts to an average dissolution rate of approximately 0.31 Pg C yr(-1). This estimate is approximately 74\% of the export production of CaCO(3) estimated for the Pacific Ocean. These estimates should be considered to be upper limits for in situ carbonate dissolution in the Pacific Ocean, since a portion of the alkalinity increase results from inputs from sediments.},
	keywords = {anthropogenic co(2), anthropogenic co2, aragonite saturation, atmospheric carbon, caco(3) dissolution, calcite saturation, carbonate lysocline, chemical lysocline, coccolithophore emiliania-huxleyi, indian-ocean, north pacific, organic-matter, Pacific Ocean, panama basin, particulate matter},
	isbn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GB001866},
	author = {Feely, R. A. and Sabine, C. L. and Lee, K. and Millero, F. J. and Lamb, M. F. and Greeley, D. and Bullister, J. L. and Key, R. M. and Peng, T. H. and Kozyr, A. and Ono, T. and Wong, C. S.}
}
@article {2096,
	title = {Inorganic carbon in the Indian Ocean: Distribution and dissolution processes},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2002},
	note = {643rkTimes Cited:50
Cited References Count:72
},
	month = {Oct-Nov},
	abstract = {This study uses nearly 25,000 carbon measurements from the WOCE/JGOFS global CO2 survey to examine the distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) in the Indian Ocean. Shallow and intermediate distributions of inorganic carbon do not strictly follow temperature and salinity because of differing surface gradients and vertical biological processes that work to modify the circulation derived features. Anthropogenic CO2 has increased the shallow DIC by as much as 3\%, decreasing the vertical DIC gradient. Deep ocean DIC and TA increase toward the north because of the decomposition and dissolution of organic and inorganic particles. Calcite saturation depths range from 2900-3900 m with the deepest saturation depth in the central Indian Ocean. Variations of aragonite saturation depth (200-1400 m) are similar to calcite, but the deepest saturations are in the southwestern Indian Ocean. The shallowest aragonite saturation depths are found in the Bay of Bengal. In the northern Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, the current aragonite saturations are 100 and 200 m shallower, respectively, than in preindustrial times. Estimates of carbonate dissolution rates on isopycnal surfaces range from 0.017 to 0.083 mumol kg(-1) yr(-1) in deep waters. Upper water column dissolution rates range from 0 to 0.73 mumol kg(-1) yr(-1), with a local maximum occurring in intermediate waters just below the aragonite saturation horizon. Dissolution is also generally higher north of the Chemical Front at 10-20degreesS. There is some evidence for significant sedimentary sources in the northern Indian Ocean.},
	keywords = {alkalinity, anthropogenic co2, arabian sea, calcium carbonate, Carbon cycle, dioxide system, dissociation, indian ocean, pressure, saturation state, SEAWATER, Temperature, thermodynamics, total alkalinity, total co2, water},
	isbn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GB001869},
	author = {Sabine, C. L. and Key, R. M. and Feely, R. A. and Greeley, D.}
}
@inbook {1465,
	title = {Ocean circulation: thermohaline circulation},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 521},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {2941-2947},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {London},
	author = {Toggweiler, J. R. and Key, R. M.},
	editor = {Steele, J.}
}
@article {2116,
	title = {Possible biological or physical explanations for decadal scale trends in North Pacific nutrient concentrations and oxygen utilization},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2002},
	note = {507ceTimes Cited:24
Cited References Count:71
},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {345-362},
	abstract = {We analyze North Pacific GEOSECS (1970s) and WOCE (1990s) observations to examine potential decadal trends of the marine biological carbon pump. Nitrate concentrations ([NO3]) and apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) decreased significantly in intermediate waters (by -0.6 and -2.9 mu mol kg(-1) respectively, at sigma (theta) = 27.4 kg m(-3), corresponding to approximate to 1050 m). In shallow waters (above roughly 750 m) [NO3-] and AOU increased, though the changes were not statistically significant. A sensitivity study with an ocean general circulation model indicates that reasonable perturbations of the biological carbon pump due to changes in export production or remineralization. efficiency are insufficient to account for the intermediate water tracer trends. However, changes in water ventilation rates could explain the intermediate water tracer trends and would be consistent with trends of water age derived from radiocarbon. Trends in AOU and [NO3-] provide relatively poor constraints on decadal scale trends in the marine biological carbon pump for two reasons. First, most of the expected changes due to decadal scale perturbations of the marine biota occur in shallow waters, where the available data are typically too sparse to account for the strong spatial and temporal variability. Second, alternative explanations for the observed tracer trends (e.g., changes in the water ventilation rates) cannot be firmly rejected. Our data analysis does not disprove the null-hypothesis of an unchanged biological carbon pump in the North Pacific. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.},
	keywords = {anthropogenic co2 invasion, atmospheric co2, carbon-cycle, el-nino, hydrographic data, organic-matter, redfield ratios, sargasso-sea, subtropical gyre, vertical fluxes},
	isbn = {0967-0645},
	url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2\&amp;SrcAuth=Alerting\&amp;SrcApp=Alerting\&amp;DestApp=WOS\&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord;UT=WOS:000173008600015},
	author = {Keller, K. and Slater, R. D. and Bender, M. and Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2098,
	title = {Separating natural and bomb-produced radiocarbon in the ocean: The potential alkalinity method},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2002},
	note = {646xuTimes Cited:44
Cited References Count:35
},
	month = {Dec 3},
	abstract = {[1] The use of radiocarbon (Delta(14)C) as a tracer for oceanic processes generally requires differentiation of naturally occurring radiocarbon from the bomb component produced by atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. We present a new separation method based on the strong linear correlation between Delta(14)C and potential alkalinity. Unlike previous techniques the new algorithm is applicable at all latitudes. Additionally, the potential alkalinity method provides an estimate of surface ocean prebomb Delta(14)C concentrations. Predictions with the technique appear to be unbiased and have uncertainties which are less than previous techniques.},
	keywords = {bomb-produced radiocarbon, CO2, indian-ocean, inventory, natural radiocarbon, pacific-ocean, potential alkalinity method, radiocarbon inventory, radiocarbon separation, silicate method, thermocline, ventilation, woce},
	isbn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2001GB001432},
	author = {Rubin, S. I. and Key, R. M.}
}
@article {1522,
	title = {U. S. WOCE Indian Ocean survey: Final report for radiocarbon, Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Report $\#$902-1},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 528},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {22 pp.},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Quay, P. D.}
}
@article {966,
	title = {WOCE radiocarbon IV: Pacific Ocean results; P10, P13N, P14C, P18, P19 \& S4P},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2002},
	note = {591keTimes Cited:33Cited References Count:56},
	pages = {239-392},
	abstract = {The World Ocean Circulation Experiment, carried out between 1990 and 1997, provided the most comprehensive oceanic survey of radiocarbon to date. Approximately 10,000 samples were collected in the Pacific Ocean by U.S. investigators for both conventional large volume P counting and small volume accelerator mass spectrometry analysis techniques. Results from six cruises are presented. The data quality is as good or better than previous large-scale surveys. The C-14 distribution for the entire WOCE Pacific data set is graphically described using mean vertical profiles and sections, and property-property plots.},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	url = {https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/4097},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Quay, P. D. and Schlosser, P. and McNichol, A. P. and von Reden, K. F. and Schneider, R. J. and Elder, K. L. and Stuiver, M. and Ostlund, H. G.}
}
@conference {1580,
	title = {Bomb 14C versus anthropogenic CO2 in OCMIP ocean biogeochemical models},
	booktitle = {Global Change Open Science Conference},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1446},
	month = {2001},
	address = {Amsterdam, the Netherlands},
	author = {Matsumoto, K. and Sarmiento, J. L. and Key, R. M. and Slater, R. D. and Sabine, C. L.}
}
@conference {1720,
	title = {On the d13C:PO4 relationahip in the modern and glacial ocean},
	booktitle = {Fall AGU Meeting},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1447},
	month = {2001},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	author = {Toggweiler, J. R. and Key, R. M. and McNeil, B.}
}
@article {771,
	title = {Estimates of anthropogenic carbon uptake from four three-dimensional global ocean models},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2001},
	note = {417rwTimes Cited:187Cited References Count:64},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {43-60},
	abstract = {We have compared simulations of anthropogenic CO2 in the four three-dimensional ocean models that participated in the first phase of the Ocean Carbon-Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP), as a means to identify their major differences. Simulated global uptake agrees to within +/- 19\%, giving a range of 1.85 +/-0.35 Pg C yr(-1) for the 1980-1989 average, Regionally, the Southern Ocean dominates the present-day air-sea flux of anthropogenic CO2 in all models, with one third to one half of the global uptake occurring south of 30 degreesS. The highest simulated total uptake in the Southern Ocean was 70\% larger than the lowest. Comparison with recent data-based estimates of anthropogenic CO2 suggest that most of the models substantially overestimate storage in the Southern Ocean; elsewhere they generally underestimate storage by less than 20\%. Globally, the OCMIP models appear to bracket the real ocean{\textquoteright}s present uptake, based on comparison of regional data-based estimates of anthropogenic CO2 and bomb C-14. Column inventories of bomb C-14 have become more similar to those for anthropogenic CO2 with the time that has elapsed between the Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (1970s) and World Ocean Circulation Experiment (1990s) global sampling campaigns. Our ability to evaluate simulated anthropogenic CO2 would improve if systematic errors associated with the data-based estimates could be provided regionally.},
	issn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2000gb001273},
	author = {Orr, J. C. and Maier-Reimer, E. and Mikolajewicz, U. and Monfray, P. and Sarmiento, J. L. and Toggweiler, J. R. and Taylor, N. K. and Palmer, J. and Gruber, N. and Sabine, C. L. and Le Quere, C. and Key, R. M. and Boutin, J.}
}
@conference {1695,
	title = {Multiple anthropogenic tracer distributions in the ocean},
	booktitle = {Sixth International CO2 Conference},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 319},
	month = {2001},
	address = {Sendai, Japan},
	author = {Sabine, C. L. and Key, R. M. and Bullister, J. L. and Feely, R. A. and Lamb, M. F. and Millero, F. J. and Wanninkhof, R. and Peng, T. H. and Lee, K. and Kozyr, A. and Gruber, N.}
}
@conference {1708,
	title = {A new method for separating bomb-produced and natural D14C, Global Change},
	booktitle = {Open Science Conference},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1445},
	month = {2001},
	address = {Amsterdam, the Netherlands},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@book {1379,
	title = {Ocean process tracers: Radiocarbon},
	series = {Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 310},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {2338-2353},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {London},
	author = {Key, R. M.},
	editor = {Steele, J.}
}
@article {2178,
	title = {An estimate of the anthropogenic offset of oceanic d13CDIC based on the ventilation of the California Current at 42N},
	journal = {Global Biogeochem. Cycles},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 307},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {917-930},
	author = {Ortiz, J. D. and Mix, A. C. and Wheeler, P. and Key, R. M.}
}
@conference {1716,
	title = {An ocean-wide DIC-13 data set},
	booktitle = {AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 1444},
	month = {2000},
	address = {San Antonio, TX},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Quay, P. D. and Stuart, D. R. and Sonnerup, R. E. and Key, R. M.}
}
@conference {1767,
	title = {The radiocarbon gradient at the Antarctic Polar Front},
	booktitle = {AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 317},
	month = {2000},
	address = {San Antonio, TX},
	author = {Schneider, R. J. and McNichol, A. P. and von Reden, K. F. and Elder, K. L. and Gagnon, A. R. and Key, R. M. and Quay, P. D. and Schlosser, P. M.}
}
@conference {1798,
	title = {Status of the WOCE tracer synthesis effort, Invited presentation},
	booktitle = {WOCE Data Products Committee Meeting 13},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 1457},
	month = {2000},
	address = {College Station, TX},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@conference {1804,
	title = {Ten years after - the WOCE AMS radiocarbon program},
	booktitle = {Accelerator Mass Spectrometer Conference},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 316},
	month = {2000},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Schneider, R. J. and von Reden, K. F. and Gagnon, A. R. and Elder, K. L. and Key, R. M. and Quay, P. D.}
}
@article {810,
	title = {Ten years after - The WOCE AMS radiocarbon program},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments \& Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {172},
	year = {2000},
	note = {372jrTimes Cited:14Cited References Count:12},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {479-484},
	abstract = {The National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) Facility is measuring all of the samples collected as part of the US WOCE Program - over 13,000 samples. We designed our extraction lines so that we also measure precise, oceanographically useful delta C-13-Sigma CO2 values. We have completed the analysis of samples from the Pacific and Southern Oceans and are processing those from the Indian Ocean now. At present, this constitutes the world{\textquoteright}s largest AMS data set. Reviews of the Pacific radiocarbon data are available and demonstrate the increased penetration of the "bomb signal" into the water column since the 1970s. Stable isotope data are being combined with those collected as part of NOAA{\textquoteright}s Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study to study the ocean{\textquoteright}s role in the anthropogenic CO2 cycle. The relationship of delta C-13 to other chemical tracers, e.g., PO4, O-2 and chlorofluorocarbons, will further our understanding of basic oceanographic processes. We present preliminary results from these studies as well as investigate the relationship of C-14 to C-13 in the ocean. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0168-583x},
	doi = {10.1016/S0168-583x(00)00093-8},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Schneider, R. J. and von Reden, K. F. and Gagnon, A. R. and Elder, K. L. and Key, R. M. and Quay, P. D.}
}
@conference {1825,
	title = {Ventilation of the deep Pacific Ocean, invited talk},
	booktitle = {AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 315},
	month = {2000},
	address = {San Antonio, TX},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@conference {1750,
	title = {A preliminary model-data comparison for bomb-14C in the Pacific thermocline},
	booktitle = {WOCE-AIMS Tracer Workshop},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 313},
	month = {1999},
	address = {Bremen, Germany},
	author = {Rogers, K. and Peacock, S. and Latif, M. and Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2228,
	title = {S4I Final report for AMS 14C samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep.},
	volume = {99},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 325},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {9},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@conference {1646,
	title = {High-precision Measurements of 14C as a Circulation Tracer in the Pacific, Indian, and Southern Oceans with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)},
	booktitle = {8th International Conference on Heavy Ion Accelerator Technology},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 1636},
	month = {1998},
	address = {Argonne National Lab},
	author = {von Reden, K. F. and Peden, J. C. and Schneider, R. J. and Bellino, M. and Donoghue, J. and Elder, K. L. and Gagnon, A. R. and Long, P. and McNichol, A. P. and Morin, T. and Stuart, D. and Hayes, J. M. and Key, R. M.},
	editor = {Shepard, K. American Institute of Physics}
}
@article {2271,
	title = {P10 Final report for AMS 14C samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep.},
	volume = {98},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 1463},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {10},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2270,
	title = {P10 Final report for large volume 14C samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep.},
	volume = {98},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 1462},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {12},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2269,
	title = {P17N Final report for AMS 14C samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep.},
	volume = {98},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 1460},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {16},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {973,
	title = {P18 Final report for AMS 14C samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Technical Report},
	volume = {98},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 1464},
	pages = {10},
	author = {Key, R. M. and D, Quay P.}
}
@article {2268,
	title = {P19C Final report for AMS 14C samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep.},
	volume = {98},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 1461},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {14},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {972,
	title = {Technology revolutionizes tracer oceanography during WOCE},
	journal = {International WOCE Newsletter},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 324},
	pages = {19-20},
	author = {Key, R. M. and McNichol, A.}
}
@article {802,
	title = {Temporal variations of bomb radiocarbon inventory in the Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {60},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Zm128Times Cited:22Cited References Count:18},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {3-13},
	abstract = {The natural and anthropogenic components of the radiocarbon measurements from seawater samples can be successfully separated by an improved method, which is based on a very well-defined relationship between natural radiocarbon and dissolved silica observed mainly during the GEOSECS survey for waters beneath 1000 m depth. This relationship is further reconfirmed by the C-14 measurements from large volume samples taken in the deep waters in the Pacific Ocean during the recent WOCE survey program. Analysis of upper ocean C-14 measurements made along 152 degrees W, and north of 20 degrees N, in the northeastern Pacific Ocean during the NOAA{\textquoteright}s CGC91 cruise, which is a part of the WOCE survey program, indicates that the bomb C-14 inventory in this part of the ocean has increased by 22\% since the GEOSECS measurements made in 1974, This increase is consistent with the model prediction of 25\% for the northern hemisphere ocean. Change of the surface water bomb Delta(14)C values during this period is insignificant, This feature is also consistent with the model simulation. Results of this new analysis will provide useful information of the temporal variations of bomb C-14 inventory in the ocean, in addition to the spatial distribution, which can be used as powerful constraints in calibrating the global ocean carbon cycle models, especially those based on three-dimensional ocean general circulation models, for estimating the uptake of CO2 by the ocean. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00089-3},
	author = {Peng, T. H. and Key, R. M. and Ostlund, H. G.}
}
@article {1508,
	title = {Changes in the Pacific Ocean distribution of radiocarbon since GEOSECS, 1997},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1997},
	note = {id: 323},
	month = {1997},
	institution = {U. S. WOCE Office},
	address = {College Station, TX},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {969,
	title = {P13N final report for AMS 14C samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Technical Report},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1997},
	note = {id: 1254},
	pages = {11},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Quay, P. D.}
}
@article {2301,
	title = {P14C final report for AMS 14C samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Report},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1997},
	note = {id: 1255},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {10},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2300,
	title = {P16A17A final report for AMS 14C samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Report},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1997},
	note = {id: 1253},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {10},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2308,
	title = {Large-volume WOCE radiocarbon sampling in the Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Xd080Times Cited:12
Cited References Count:8
},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {519-561},
	abstract = {At the University of Miami Tritium Laboratory and the University of Washington Quaternary Isotope Laboratory, more than 1000 large-volume Pacific Ocean radiocarbon samples were measured for the WOCE program. Here we present a comprehensive data set, and a brief discussion of our findings.},
	keywords = {geosecs},
	isbn = {0033-8222},
	author = {Stuiver, M. and Ostlund, H. G. and Key, R. M. and Reimer, P. J.}
}
@article {2328,
	title = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Report},
	journal = {P17E19S final report for AMS 14C samples},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1252},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {10},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {1501,
	title = {P16 S17S TUNES-2 final report for AMS 14C samples (Report)},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1250},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {10},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2327,
	title = {P16A17A Final report for large volume samples and D14C measurements},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep.},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1454},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {13},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {970,
	title = {P16C TUNES-3 final report for AMS 14C samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Technical Report},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1453},
	pages = {9},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Quay, P.}
}
@article {1502,
	title = {P16C TUNES-3 final report for AMS 14C samples (Report)},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1251},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {9},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Quay, P.}
}
@article {2326,
	title = {P16S17S TUNES-2 final report for AMS 14C samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep.},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1452},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {10},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2325,
	title = {P16S17S TUNES-2 final report for large volume samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep.},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1451},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {14},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2324,
	title = {P17C TUNES-1 final report for AMS 14C samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Report},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1249},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {9},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2323,
	title = {P17C TUNES-1 final report for large volume samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rept},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1449},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {18},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2322,
	title = {P17E19S Final report for large volume samples and D14C measurements},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep.},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1455},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {15},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2321,
	title = {P17N Final report for large volume samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep.},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1459},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {21},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2320,
	title = {P19C Final report for large volume samples and D14C measurements},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep.},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1458},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {20},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2319,
	title = {P6 final report for AMS 14C samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep.},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1456},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {9},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2318,
	title = {PC17 TUNES-1 final report for AMS 14C samples},
	journal = {Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rept.},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1450},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {9},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@conference {1794,
	title = {Stable and radio-carbon isotope measurements in the Pacific Ocean; contributions from NOSAMS},
	volume = {77},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 2240; Source type: conferencepapers\&proceedings; Object type: Article; Object type: Conference Paper; Copyright: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute.; CSAUnique: 1997-047916; AccNum: 1997-047916; ISSN: 0096-3941; CODEN: EOSTAJ},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {79},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States (USA)},
	organization = {American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States (USA)},
	address = {United States (USA)},
	keywords = {02D, 07, accelerator mass spectroscopy, C-13/C-12, C-14, carbon, chemical analysis, geochemical indicators, high-resolution methods, Isotope geochemistry, isotope ratios, isotopes, marine geology, mass spectroscopy, National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, NOSAMS, Oceanography, Pacific Ocean, radioactive isotopes, radioactive tracers, sampling, sea water, spectroscopy, Stable isotopes, tracers, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and von Reden, K. F. and Schneider, R. J. and Key, R. M. and Jones, G. A.}
}
@conference {1795,
	title = {Stable and radiocarbon isotope measurements in the Pacific Ocean: Contributions from NOSAMS},
	booktitle = {AGU/ASLO 1996 Ocean Sciences Meeting},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 960},
	month = {1996},
	address = {San Diego, CA},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and von Reden, K. F. and Schneider, R. J. and Key, R. M. and Jones, G. A.}
}
@article {967,
	title = {WOCE AMS Radiocarbon I: Pacific Ocean results (P6, P16, and P17)},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 38},
	pages = {425-518},
	abstract = {AMS radiocarbon results from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment in the Pacific Ocean show dramatic changes in the inventory and distribution of bomb-produced 14C since the time of the GEOSECS survey (8/73-6/74). Nearsurface 4C values for the eastern portion of both the northern and southern subtropical gyres decreased by 25-50\%, with the change being greater in the north. Equatorial near-surface values have increased by ca. 25\%. Changes in the 250-750-m depth range are dramatically different between the northern and southern basins. The intermediate and mode waters of the
southern basin have increased by as much as 75\%o since GEOSECS. Waters of similar density in the northern hemisphere are not exposed to the Southern Ocean circulation regime and are significantly less ventilated, showing maximum changes of ca. 50\%.
},
	url = {https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/1918},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Quay, P. D. and Jones, G. A. and McNichol, A. P. and von Reden, K. F. and Schneider, R. J.}
}
@article {2317,
	title = {WOCE Pacific Ocean radiocarbon program},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Xd080Times Cited:21
Cited References Count:40
},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {415-423},
	abstract = {Fieldwork for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) radiocarbon program was recently completed. Ca. 9000 samples were collected for analysis using both conventional B-counting techniques and the newer AMS technique. The mean uncertainty for the beta analyses is 3 parts per thousand; for AMS analyses, ca. 4.5 parts per thousand.},
	keywords = {sciences-ams-facility},
	isbn = {0033-8222},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@conference {962,
	title = {A first look at changes in Pacific 14C levels between GEOSECS and WOCE},
	booktitle = {International Association for the Physical Sciences of Oceans, General Assembly, 5-12 August 1995, Honolulu, Hawaii},
	volume = {130},
	year = {1995},
	note = {id: 40},
	month = {1995},
	publisher = { 	International Association for the Physical Sciences of Oceans (IAPSO)},
	organization = { 	International Association for the Physical Sciences of Oceans (IAPSO)},
	address = {Honolulu, Hawaii},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Toggweiler, J. R.}
}
@article {965,
	title = {Ventilation of the deep Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Supplement to Trans. American Geophysic. Union},
	volume = {76},
	year = {1995},
	note = {id: 41},
	pages = {0S40},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Rooth, C. and Ostlund, G. and Stuiver, M.}
}
@article {1366,
	title = {Carbon and Radiocarbon in the Northeast Pacific: Implications for Abyssal Ventilation and Biogenic Input},
	year = {1994},
	note = {id: 911},
	month = {1994},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Rooth, C. G. A. and Feely, R.}
}
@article {961,
	title = {The Deep-water Radiocarbon Minimum in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean; Early WOCE Results},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union; Ocean Sciences Mtg., San Diego, Feb.21-25, 1994},
	volume = {75},
	year = {1994},
	note = {id: 912},
	pages = {182},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Toggweiller, J. R.}
}
@article {2371,
	title = {Rapid analysis of seawater samples at the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, Woods Hole, MA},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1994},
	note = {id: 305},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {237-246},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Jones, G. A. and Hutton, D. L. and Gagnon, A. R. and Key, R. M.}
}
@article {2369,
	title = {The Rapid Preparation of Seawater Sigma-Co2 for Radiocarbon Analysis at the National Ocean Sciences Ams Facility},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Pz926Times Cited:61
Cited References Count:14
},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {237-246},
	abstract = {We have established a laboratory for extracting Sigma CO2 from seawater samples for AMS analysis of the radiocarbon content. The seawater samples are collected at sea, poisoned and stored until analysis in the laboratory. Each sample is acidified; the inorganic carbon is stripped out as CO2 with an inert carrier gas and then converted to graphite. We present results for Buzzards Bay surface H2O and Na2CO3 standards that demonstrate we strip > 98\% of inorganic carbon from seawater. Stable isotope analyses are performed to better than 0.2 parts per thousand, and the reproducibility of C-14 measurements on Buzzards Bay seawater is better than 13 parts per thousand. Finally, we compare data from samples collected in 1991 to those collected in the 1970s and to large volume samples.},
	keywords = {accelerator mass-spectrometry, C-14, samples},
	isbn = {0033-8222},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Jones, G. A. and Hutton, D. L. and Gagnon, A. R. and Key, R. M.}
}
@article {1368,
	title = {Thermocline Ventilation Rates in the North Pacific},
	year = {1994},
	note = {id: 917},
	month = {1994},
	author = {Sonnerup, R. E. and Quay, P. D. and Bullister, J. L. and Key, R. M. and McNichol, A. P. and Jones, G. A.}
}
@article {964,
	title = {First results in from Pacific 14C Program},
	journal = {WOCE Notes},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1993},
	note = {id: 39},
	pages = {1-8},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Toggweiler, J. R.}
}
@conference {1698,
	title = {The National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility and the WOCE Hydrographic Program. Measurement of 14C in seawater by AMS},
	booktitle = {Third Scientific Meeting, Oceanography Society},
	volume = {95},
	year = {1993},
	note = {id: 1656},
	month = {1993},
	address = {Seattle, WA},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Jones, G. A. and Schneider, R. J. and von Reden, K. F. and Key, R. M.}
}
@article {963,
	title = {Progress report for the WOCE radiocarbon program},
	journal = {WOCE Notes},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1993},
	note = {id: 322},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Toggweiler, J. R.}
}
@article {2400,
	title = {Rapid Analysis of Seawater Inorganic Carbon at the National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility: Progress and Preliminary Results (abstract)},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union Meeting},
	volume = {72},
	year = {1992},
	note = {id: 1655},
	month = {1992},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Jones, G. A. and Schneider, R. J. and von Reden, K. F. and Key, R. M.}
}
@inbook {1431,
	title = {Radiocarbon},
	booktitle = {WOCE Hydrographic Operations and Methods Manual},
	year = {1991},
	note = {id: 321},
	month = {1991},
	publisher = {WOCE Hydrographic Program Office Technical Report},
	organization = {WOCE Hydrographic Program Office Technical Report},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
