@article {Kemp201713,
	title = {Extended late Holocene relative sea-level histories for North Carolina, \{USA\}},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {160},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {13 - 30},
	abstract = {Abstract We produced \~{}3000-year long relative sea-level (RSL) histories for two sites in North Carolina (USA) using foraminifera preserved in new and existing cores of dated salt-marsh sediment. At Cedar Island, \{RSL\} rose by \~{}2.4~m during the past \~{}3000 years compared to \~{}3.3~m~at Roanoke Island. This spatial difference arises primarily from differential \{GIA\} that caused late Holocene \{RSL\} rise to be 0.1{\textendash}0.2~mm/yr faster at Roanoke Island than at Cedar Island. However, a non-linear difference in \{RSL\} between the two study regions (particularly from \~{}0 \{CE\} to \~{}1250 CE) indicates that additional local- to regional-scale processes drove centennial-scale \{RSL\} change in North Carolina. Therefore, the Cedar Island and Roanoke Island records should be considered as independent of one another. Between-site differences on sub-millennial timescales cannot be adequately explained by non-stationary tides, sediment compaction, or local sediment dynamics. We propose that a period of accelerating \{RSL\} rise from \~{}600 \{CE\} to 1100 \{CE\} that is present at Roanoke Island (and other sites north of Cape Hatteras at least as far as Connecticut), but absent at Cedar Island (and other sites south of Cape Hatteras at least as far as northeastern Florida) is a local-to regional-scale effect of dynamic ocean and/or atmospheric circulation.},
	keywords = {Salt marsh},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.01.012},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379116304759},
	author = {Andrew C. Kemp and Jessica J. Kegel and Stephen J. Culver and Donald C. Barber and David J. Mallinson and Eduardo Leorri and Christopher E. Bernhardt and Niamh Cahill and Stanley R. Riggs and Anna L. Woodson and Ryan P. Mulligan and Benjamin P. Horton}
}
@article {Zaremba2016109,
	title = {Controls on the stratigraphic framework and paleoenvironmental change within a Holocene estuarine system: Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {379},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {109 - 123},
	abstract = {Abstract This study examines the Holocene stratigraphic record and paleoenvironmental evolution of a large estuarine system, at high temporal and spatial resolution, in the context of changing climate, sea level, and hydrodynamics. New data are used to examine two time periods of increased marine influence within Pamlico Sound in northeastern North Carolina interpreted to be the result of extensive barrier island segmentation synchronous with periods of rapid climate change during the late Holocene. The study reveals the controls on the stratigraphic development and the highly dynamic character of the coastal system in response to climate, and sea-level change as it interacts with paleotopography. These findings can be used to inform projections of future environmental changes. Estuarine waters occupied paleovalleys in the Pamlico Sound region as early as ca. 7500 cal \{BP\} and Pleistocene interfluves separated the paleovalleys from the Atlantic Ocean until ca. 5500 cal BP, when they were flooded by rising sealevel forming the broad, shallow Pamlico Sound. Initial barrier islands and shoals likely formed sometime between 5500 and 5000 cal BP, providing the geomorphic setting for continued estuarine conditions behind the barriers. At ca. 4000 cal BP, an increase in marine influence and sand content is detected in multiple cores, and is correlated to seismic data within the Pamlico Sound basin. This change is interpreted to be the result of increased segmentation of barrier islands (thus a greater number of inlets, or wider inlets), which is consistent with a rapid transgression seen in other areas of the U.S. east coast. The segmentation may have been partially facilitated by a rapid increase in lagoonal area and tidal prism by overtopping of interfluves. Greater barrier island continuity is evident from 3500 to 1200 cal BP, as indicated by muddy deposits with low brackish estuarine foraminiferal assemblages. At ca. 1200 cal BP, seismic, sedimentological and micropaleontological data suggest an increase in wave and current energy and marine influence throughout southeastern Pamlico Sound. These changes are interpreted to represent extensive segmentation of the barrier islands during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA). Since ca. 500 cal BP, the Pamlico Sound system has returned to a more restricted state, as inlets have closed. Currently only three major inlets segment the Outer Banks, the barrier island system fronting Pamlico Sound, but warming climate and increasing rates of sea-level rise suggest that another episode of barrier island segmentation began about a half century ago and appears that it may extend into the near future.},
	keywords = {Coastal geology},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2016.04.012},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322716300664},
	author = {Nicholas Zaremba and David J. Mallinson and Eduardo Leorri and Stephen Culver and Stanley Riggs and Ryan Mulligan and Eric Horsman and Siddhartha Mitra}
}
@article {Culver2016360,
	title = {Micropaleontologic record of Pliocene and Quaternary paleoenvironments in the southern Albemarle Embayment, North Carolina, U.S.A},
	journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
	volume = {457},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {360 - 379},
	abstract = {Abstract The Albemarle Embayment, a Cenozoic depositional basin on the Atlantic coast of the USA, is an ideal setting to understand the temporal and spatial variation of eustatic sea-level fluctuations, glacio-hydro-isostasy, tectonics, subsidence, environments and sedimentation patterns of a passive margin Quaternary section. A NE{\textendash}SW transect of cores and seismic data in the southern Albemarle Embayment were analyzed using micropaleontologic (foraminifera, diatoms, pollen), sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and geochronologic data to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental evolution and paleoclimates in the nearly 90 m thick Quaternary section. The study area is a very low gradient Quaternary landscape that is cross-cut by several Pleistocene incised valleys; a Holocene barrier island complex forms its eastern margin. In the subsurface, the Albemarle Embayment is bordered to the north by the Norfolk Arch and to the south by the depositionally-constructed Cape Lookout High, which is positioned on the northern flank of the structural Carolina Platform. The Quaternary section overlies mid-Pliocene carbonates in three cores; the contact rises in elevation towards the Cape Lookout High. Fossils and sediment characteristics suggest a subtropical, shallow, high energy marine environment during the Pliocene. Overlying units include incomplete Pleistocene, clastic, transgressive-regressive (T-R) deposits. These have similar ages and stratigraphic signatures as the T-R cycles in the central and north-central Albemarle Embayment, although mid-Pleistocene deposits may be older in the southern region. The bulk of the early and mid-Pleistocene record consists of inner to mid-shelf sand and muddy sand. In contrast, late Pleistocene sands are of inner shelf origin, reflecting the infilling of the basin. Lowstand paleovalleys, with fluvial, wetland and estuarine fill, dissect the early, mid- and late Pleistocene marine units; their locations reflect antecedent topography. Holocene sediments were deposited in shoreface and barrier island environments. Quaternary foraminiferal assemblages in the southern Albemarle Embayment exhibit greater species richness than those in the central and north-central embayment reflecting the presence of a major biogeographic boundary at the same location as the modern biogeographic boundary at Cape Hatteras.},
	keywords = {Holocene},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.05.017},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018216301572},
	author = {Stephen J. Culver and Kathleen M. Farrell and David J. Mallinson and Debra A. Willard and Benjamin P. Horton and Stanley R. Riggs and E. Robert Thieler and John F. Wehmiller and Peter R. Parham and Jessica Pierson Moore and Scott W. Snyder and Caroline Hillier}
}
