@article {75,
	title = {Radiocarbon Dating of Basal Peats Supports Separation of Lake Superior from Lakes Michigan-Huron about 1250 years ago},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {375},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {319-325},
	abstract = {Lake Superior represents an important component of the aquatic ecosystem in North America. Along its south shore, ongoing lake-level rise, accelerated erosion, and wetland loss are major environmental concerns to coastal communities. A better prediction of the future of this shore requires placing the instrumental lake-level records in a geological context. However, our knowledge of the late-Holocene history of the world{\textquoteright}s largest freshwater body remains fragmentary. Here we present a sedimentary record of late-Holocene relative lake-level changes by dating transgressive basal peats resting directly on a sandy substrate along a bathymetric gradient in Bark Bay Slough, Wisconsin. Our record shows a moderate lake-level rise at 1.4{\textpm}0.2 mm/yr from about 2200 to 1250 cal yr BP as a result of relatively slow differential uplift of Bark Bay relative to the controlling outlet at Port Huron. The rise accelerated to 2.3{\textpm}0.2 mm/yr at about 1250 cal yr BP when Sault Ste. Marie emerged as the controlling outlet, thereby separating Superior from Lakes Michigan{\textendash}Huron and giving rise to the modern hydrographic regime of the upper Great Lakes. The timing of this event in our record is about 1000 yr later than that estimated in most previous studies, but our data complement and confirm the younger age of lake separation inferred using a different methodology. Our results not only provide pertinent information for hydrological regulation, navigation operation, and infrastructural design in the upper Great Lakes, but also provide insight into freshwater wetland succession on flooded coasts.},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2013.05.051},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X13003129},
	author = {Yu, Shi-Yong and Colman, Steven M. and Milne, Glenn A.}
}
@article {558,
	title = {Separation of Lake Superior from Lakes Michigan{\textendash}Huron about 1250 yr ago},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {375},
	year = {2013},
	note = {id: 2336},
	pages = {319-325},
	abstract = {Lake Superior represents an important component of the aquatic ecosystem in North America. Along its south shore, ongoing lake-level rise, accelerated erosion, and wetland loss are major environmental concerns to coastal communities. A better prediction of the future of this shore requires placing the instrumental lake-level records in a geological context. However, our knowledge of the late-Holocene history of the world{\textquoteright}s largest freshwater body remains fragmentary. Here we present a sedimentary record of late-Holocene relative lake-level changes by dating transgressive basal peats resting directly on a sandy substrate along a bathymetric gradient in Bark Bay Slough, Wisconsin. Our record shows a moderate lake-level rise at 1.4{\textpm}0.2 mm/yr from about 2200 to 1250 cal yr BP as a result of relatively slow differential uplift of Bark Bay relative to the controlling outlet at Port Huron. The rise accelerated to 2.3{\textpm}0.2 mm/yr at about 1250 cal yr BP when Sault Ste. Marie emerged as the controlling outlet, thereby separating Superior from Lakes Michigan{\textendash}Huron and giving rise to the modern hydrographic regime of the upper Great Lakes. The timing of this event in our record is about 1000 yr later than that postulated in most previous studies. Our results not only provide pertinent information for hydrological regulation, navigation operation, and infrastructural design in the upper Great Lakes, but also provide insight into freshwater wetland succession on flooded coasts.},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2013.05.051},
	author = {Yu, Shi-Yong and Colman, Steven M. and Milne, Glenn A.}
}
@article {134,
	title = {Marine radiocarbon reservoir corrections (∆R) for Chesapeake Bay and the Middle Atlantic Coast of North America},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2155},
	pages = {205-210},
	abstract = {Radiocarbon dates from known age, pre-bomb eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) shells provide local marine reservoir corrections (∆R) for Chesapeake Bay and the Middle Atlantic coastal area of eastern North America. These data suggest subregional variability in ∆R, ranging from 148 {\textpm} 46 14C yr on the Potomac River to - 109 {\textpm} 38 14C yr at Swan Point, Maryland. The ∆R weighted mean for the Chesapeake{\textquoteright}s Western Shore (129 {\textpm} 22 14C yr) is substantially higher than the Eastern Shore (- 88 {\textpm} 23 14C yr), with outer Atlantic Coast samples falling between these values (106 {\textpm} 46 and 2 {\textpm} 46 14C yr). These differences may result from a combination of factors, including 14C-depleted freshwater that enters the bay from some if its drainages, 14C-depleted seawater that enters the bay at its mouth, and/or biological carbon recycling. We advocate using different subregional ∆R corrections when calibrating 14C dates on aquatic specimens from the Chesapeake Bay and coastal Middle Atlantic region of North America.},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yqres.2011.11.002},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033589411001414},
	author = {Rick, Torben C. and Henkes, Gregory A. and Lowery, Darrin L. and Colman, Steven M. and Culleton, Brendan J.}
}
@article {230,
	title = {Freshwater Outburst from Lake Superior as a Trigger for the Cold Event 9300 Years Ago},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {328},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 1950; PT: J; UT: WOS:000278318600030},
	pages = {1262-1266},
	abstract = {Paleoclimate proxy records reveal a pervasive cooling event with a Northern Hemispheric extent similar to 9300 years ago. Coeval changes in the oceanic circulation of the North Atlantic imply freshwater forcing. However, the source, magnitude, and routing of meltwater have remained unknown. Located in central North America, Lake Superior is a key site for regulating the outflow of glacial meltwater to the oceans. Here, we show evidence for an similar to 45-meter rapid lake-level fall in this basin, centered on 9300 calibrated years before the present, due to the failure of a glacial drift dam on the southeast corner of the lake. We ascribe the widespread climate anomaly similar to 9300 years ago to this freshwater outburst delivered to the North Atlantic Ocean through the Lake Huron-North Bay-Ottawa River-St. Lawrence River valleys.},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1187860},
	author = {Yu, Shi-Yong and Colman, Steven M. and Lowell, Thomas V. and Milne, Glenn A. and Fisher, Timothy G. and Breckenridge, Andy and Boyd, Matthew and Teller, James T.}
}
@article {991,
	title = {Eutrophication and carbon sources in Chesapeake Bay over the last 2700 yr: human impacts in context},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 541},
	pages = {3385-3402},
	abstract = {To compare natural variability and trends in a developed estuary with human-influenced patterns, stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) were measured in sediments from five piston cores collected in Chesapeake Bay. Mixing of terrestrial and algal carbon sources primarily controls patterns of δ13Corg profiles, so this proxy shows changes in estuary productivity and in delivery of terrestrial carbon to the bay. Analyses of δ15N show periods when oxygen depletion allowed intense denitrification and nutrient recycling to develop in the seasonally stratified water column, in addition to recycling taking place in surficial sediments. These conditions produced 15N-enriched (heavy) nitrogen in algal biomass, and ultimately in sediment. A pronounced increasing trend in δ15N of +4{\textperthousand} started in about A.D. 1750 to 1800 at all core sites, indicating greater eutrophication in the bay and summer oxygen depletion since that time. The timing of the change correlates with the advent of widespread land clearing and tillage in the watershed, and associated increases in erosion and sedimentation. Isotope data show that the region has experienced up to 13 wet-dry cycles in the last 2700 yr. Relative sea-level rise and basin infilling have produced a net freshening trend overprinted with cyclic climatic variability. Isotope data also constrain the relative position of the spring productivity maximum in Chesapeake Bay and distinguish local anomalies from sustained changes impacting large regions of the bay. This approach to reconstructing environmental history should be generally applicable to studies of other estuaries and coastal embayments impacted by watershed development.},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00131-5},
	author = {Bratton, John F. and Colman, Steven M. and Seal, Robert R.}
}
@article {990,
	title = {Birth of the modern Chesapeake Bay estuary between 7.4 and 8.2 ka and implications for global sea-level rise},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 540},
	pages = {188-197},
	abstract = {Two major pulses of sea-level rise are thought to have taken place since the last glacial maximum {\textemdash} meltwater pulses (mwp) 1A (12 cal ka) and 1B (9.5 cal ka). Between mwp 1B and about 6 cal ka, many of the complex coastal ecosystems which ring the world{\textquoteright}s oceans began to form. Here we report data for rhenium, carbon isotopes, total organic carbon, and fossil oysters from Chesapeake Bay which span the transition from fresh to brackish water conditions in the bay in the mid-Holocene. These data constrain sea-level change and resulting environmental change in the bay. They indicate that the transition was rapid, and that it was produced by (1) a third pulse of rapid eustatic sea-level rise, or (2) a geometry of the prehistoric Chesapeake Bay basin which predisposed it to a nonlinear response to a steadily rising sea level. Similar nonlinear changes in vulnerable coastal environments are likely to take place in the future due to polar warming, regardless of the timing or rate of sea-level rise.},
	doi = {10.1007/s00367-002-0112-z},
	author = {Bratton, John F. and Colman, Steven M. and Thieler, E. Robert and Seal, Robert R.}
}
