@article {2839,
	title = {Springwater provenance and flowpath evaluation in Blue Lake, Bonneville basin, Utah},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {529},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-12-2019},
	pages = {119280},
	abstract = {Water in Utah and Nevada is important for agriculture, municipal use, solute transport, and ecosystem preservation. Large spring wetland systems occur on the playa margin of the Bonneville basin, including Blue Lake, 15 km south of the Bonneville Salt Flats on the Utah-Nevada state border. Large spring systems have historically been studied as water budgets don{\textquoteright}t apparently balance from direct mountain front recharge (Nelson and Mayo, 2014; Gardner and Heilweil, 2014; and others). Blue Lake is no exception; prior studies here have suggested discharge rates 0.04 - 0.05 km3/yr (Louderback and Rhode, 2009), greater than expected for modelled recharge in the surrounding mountain range (0.03 km3/yr). Three hypothesized recharge mechanisms for Blue Lake are tested: mountain-front recharge, interbasinal groundwater flow, and infiltration from historic Lake Bonneville. Remote sensing suggests that a conservative estimate of Blue Lake discharge constitutes 50-64\% of modelled mountain-front recharge (Flint et al., 2011). Major ions, δ18O, δ2H, dissolved gases (14C, 3He, 4He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) and trace elements (Sr and 87Sr/86Sr isotopes) comprehensively constrain recharge conditions, water-rock interactions, flowpaths, and groundwater provenance of this large spring system. 14C signatures suggest that Blue Lake discharge has a transit time between 5,600 and 12,200 years, older than that of Fish Springs. Noble gas concentrations in Blue Lake water suggest an elevated recharge temperature greater than 19{\textdegree}C and low salinity, indicating a deep water table and high geothermal gradient in the recharge area. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of playa-margin springs are elevated from that of mid-playa groundwaters, springwaters from the adjacent mountain range, and alluvial fill groundwater from the valley directly south of Blue Lake. Playa-margin spring Sr isotope values (0.713-0.714) are most similar to direct runoff from the Deep Creek Range granodiorite outcrop (>0.713). Interbasinal groundwater flow in combination with mountain-front recharge is best supported by chemical data rather than mountain-front recharge alone or the slow discharge of regional aquifers recharged by lacustrine infiltration from Lake Bonneville.},
	keywords = {Bonneville basin, Geochemistry, groundwater, Isotope chemistry},
	issn = {00092541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119280},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0009254119303870},
	author = {Lerback, Jory Chapin and Hynek, Scott A. and Bowen, Brenda B. and Bradbury, Christopher D. and Solomon, D. Kip and Fernandez, Diego P.}
}
@article { ISI:000269036900005,
	title = {Chemical and isotopic signature of old groundwater and magmatic solutes in a Costa Rican rain forest: Evidence from carbon, helium, and chlorine},
	journal = {WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2009},
	month = {AUG 11},
	type = {Article},
	chapter = {W08413},
	abstract = {C, He, and Cl concentrations and isotopes in groundwater and surface water in a lowland Costa Rican rain forest are consistent with the mixing of two distinct groundwaters: (1) high-solute bedrock groundwater representing interbasin groundwater flow (IGF) into the rain forest and (2) low-solute local groundwater recharged in the lowlands. In bedrock groundwater, high delta(13)C (-4.89\%), low (14)C (7.98 pM), high R/R(A) for He (6.88), and low (36)Cl/Cl (17 x 10(-15)) suggest that elevated tracer concentrations are derived from magmatic outgassing and/or weathering of volcanic rock beneath nearby Volcan Barva. In local groundwater, the magmatic signature is absent, and data suggest atmospheric sources for He and Cl and a biogenic soil gas CO(2) source for dissolved inorganic carbon. Dating of (14)C suggests that the age of bedrock groundwater is 2400-4000 years (most likely at the lower end of the range). Local groundwater has (14)C > 100 pM, indicating the presence of {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}bomb carbon{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} and thus ages less than similar to 55 years. Overall, data are consistent with a conceptual hydrologic model originally proposed on the basis of water budget and major ion data: (1) large variation in solute concentrations can be explained by mixing of the two distinct groundwaters, (2) bedrock groundwater is much older than local groundwater, (3) elevated solute concentrations in bedrock groundwater are derived from volcanic fluids and/or rock, and (4) local groundwater has not interacted with volcanic rock. Tracers with different capabilities converge on the same hydrologic interpretation. Also, transport of magmatic CO(2) into the lowland rain forest via IGF seems to be significant relative to other large ecosystem-level carbon fluxes.},
	issn = {0043-1397},
	doi = {10.1029/2008WR007630},
	author = {Genereux, David P. and Webb, Mathew and Solomon, D. Kip}
}
