@article { ISI:000386912700056,
	title = {Bomb-produced radiocarbon in the western tropical Pacific Ocean: Guam coral reveals operation-specific signals from the Pacific Proving Grounds},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS},
	volume = {121},
	number = {{8}},
	year = {2016},
	month = {AUG},
	pages = {6351-6366},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {High-resolution radiocarbon (C-14) analyses on a coral core extracted from Guam, a western tropical Pacific island, revealed a series of early bomb-produced C-14 spikes. The typical marine bomb C-14 signal-phase lagged and attenuated relative to atmospheric records-is present in the coral and is consistent with other regional coral records. However, C-14 levels well above what can be attributed to air-sea diffusion alone punctuate this pattern. This anomaly was observed in other Indo-Pacific coral records, but the Guam record is unmatched in magnitude and temporal resolution. The Guam coral Delta C-14 record provided three spikes in 1954-1955, 1956-1957, and 1958-1959 that are superimposed on a normal C-14 record. Relative to mean prebomb levels, the first peak rises an incredible similar to 700 parts per thousand and remained elevated for similar to 1.2 years. A follow up assay with finer resolution increased the peak by similar to 300 parts per thousand. Subsequent spikes were less intense with a rise of similar to 35 and similar to 70 parts per thousand. Each can be linked to thermonuclear testing in the Pacific Proving Grounds at Bikini and Enewetak atolls in Operations Castle (1954), Redwing (1956), and Hardtack I (1958). These C-14 signals can be explained by vaporization of coral reef material in the nuclear fireball, coupled with neutron activation of atmospheric nitrogen (C-14 production), and subsequent absorption of (CO2)-C-14 to form particulate carbonates of close-in fallout. The lag time in reaching Guam and other coral records abroad was tied to ocean surface currents and modeling provided validation of C-14 arrival observations.},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1002/2016JC012043},
	author = {Andrews, A.H. and Asami, Ryuji and Iryu, Yasufumi and Kobayashi, Donald R. and Camacho, Frank}
}
