@article {2465,
	title = {Carbon isotope-constrained seasonality of carbonaceous aerosol sources from an urban location (Kanpur) in the Indo-Gangetic Plain},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	volume = {122},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Apr-05-2018},
	pages = {4903 - 4923},
	abstract = {The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) in northern India, Pakistan and Bangladesh is a major source of carbonaceous aerosols in South Asia. However, poorly constrained seasonality of their sources over the IGP leads to large uncertainty in climate and health effects. Here, we present a first dataset for year-round radiocarbon (Δ14C) and stable carbon (δ13C) based source apportionment of total carbon (TC) in ambient PM10 (n = 17) collected from an urban site (Kanpur: 26.5 {\textdegree}N, 80.3 {\textdegree}E) in the IGP during January 2007-January 2008. The year-round 14C-based fraction biomass (fbio-TC) estimate at Kanpur averages ~77 {\textpm} 7\%, emphasize an impact of biomass burning emissions (BBEs). The highest fbio-TC(\%) is observed in fall season (October-November: 85 {\textpm} 6\%) followed by winter (December-February: 80 {\textpm} 4\%) and spring (March-May: 75 {\textpm} 8\%), while lowest values found in summer (June-September: 69 {\textpm} 2\%). Since biomass/coal combustion and vehicular emissions mostly contribute to carbonaceous aerosols over the IGP, we predict δ13CTC (δ13Cpred) over Kanpur using known δ13C source signatures and the measured Δ14C value of each sample. The seasonal variability of δ13Cobs - δ13Cpred versus Δ14CTC together with air mass back trajectories and MODIS fire count data reveal that carbonaceous aerosols in winter/fall are significantly influenced by atmospheric aging (downwind transport of crop-residue burning/wood combustion emissions in the northern IGP), while local sources (wheat residue combustion/vehicular emissions) dominate in spring/summer. Given the large temporal and seasonal variability in sources and emission strength of TC over the IGP, 14C-based constraints are, thus, crucial for reducing their uncertainties in carbonaceous aerosol budgets in climate models. 

Carbon isotope-constrained seasonality of carbonaceous aerosol sources from an urban location (Kanpur) in the Indo-Gangetic Plain: 14Capportionment of carbonaceous aerosol. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315970418_Carbon_isotope-constrained_seasonality_of_carbonaceous_aerosol_sources_from_an_urban_location_Kanpur_in_the_Indo-Gangetic_Plain_14Capportionment_of_carbonaceous_aerosol [accessed Jun 2, 2017].},
	doi = {10.1002/2016JD025634},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jgrd.v122.9http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2016JD025634http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/2016JD025634/fullpdfhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002\%2F2016JD025634},
	author = {Bikkina, Srinivas and Andersson, August and Ram, Kirpa and Sarin, M. M. and Sheesley, Rebecca J. and Kirillova, Elena N. and Rengarajan, R. and Sudheer, A. K. and Gustafsson, {\"O}rjan}
}
