@inbook {606,
	title = {14.31 Radiocarbon Dating of Plant Macrofossils from Tidal-Marsh Sediment},
	booktitle = {Treatise on Geomorphology},
	year = {2013},
	note = {id: 2293},
	pages = {370-388},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {San Diego},
	abstract = {Tidal-marsh sediment is an archive of Holocene environmental changes, including movements of sea and land levels, and extreme events such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Accurate and precise radiocarbon dating of environmental changes is necessary to estimate rates of change and the recurrence interval (frequency) of events. Plant macrofossils preserved in growth position (or deposited soon after death) in tidal-marsh sediment are ideal samples for dating such changes. In this chapter, we focus on the selection of plant macrofossils for radiocarbon dating and the application of ages from different types of macrofossils to varied research projects, and make recommendations for selection and preparation of tidal-marsh samples for dating.},
	issn = {9780080885223},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00400-0},
	author = {Kemp, A. C. and Nelson, A. R. and Horton, B. P.},
	editor = {Editor-in-Chief: John, F. Shroder}
}
@article {154,
	title = {Stratigraphic evidence for an early Holocene earthquake in Aceh, Indonesia},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2139},
	pages = {142-151},
	abstract = {The Holocene stratigraphy of the coastal plain of the Aceh Province of Sumatra contains 6 m of sediment with three regionally consistent buried soils above pre-Quaternary bedrock or pre-Holocene unconsolidated sediment. Litho-, bio-, and chronostratigraphic analyses of the lower buried soil reveals a rapid change in relative sea-level caused by coseismic subsidence during an earlyHolocene megathrust earthquake. Evidence for paleoseismic subsidence is preserved as a buried mangrove soil, dominated by a pollen assemblage of Rhizophora and/or Bruguiera/Ceriops taxa. The soil is abruptly overlain by a thin tsunami sand. The sand contains mixed pollen and abraded foraminiferal assemblages of both offshore and onshore environments. The tsunami sand grades upward into mud that contains both well-preserved foraminifera of intertidal origin and individuals of the gastropod Cerithidea cingulata. Radiocarbon ages from the pre- and post-seismic sedimentary sequences constrain the paleoearthquake to 6500{\textendash}7000 cal. yrs. BP. We use micro-and macrofossil data to determine the local paleoenvironment before and after the earthquake. We estimate coseismic subsidence to be 0.45 {\textpm} 0.30 m, which is comparable to the 0.6 m of subsidence observed during the 2004 Aceh{\textendash}Andaman earthquake on Aceh{\textquoteright}s west coast.},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.03.011},
	author = {Grand Pre, C. and Horton, B. P. and Kelsey, H. M. and Rubin, C. M. and Hawkes, A. D. and Daryono, M. and Rosenberg, G. and Culver, S. J.}
}
@article {182,
	title = {The application of foraminifera to reconstruct the rate of 20th century sea level rise, Morbihan Golfe, Brittany, France},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 1889; 713FR Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:71submittedY},
	pages = {24-35},
	abstract = {Foraminiferal assemblages preserved within salt-marsh sediment can provide an accurate and precise means to reconstruct relative sea level due to a strong relationship with elevation, which can be quantified using a transfer function. We collected a set of surface samples from two salt marshes in the Morbihan Golfe, France to determine foraminiferal distribution patterns. Dominant taxa included Jadammina macrescens, Trochammina inflata, Haplophragmoides spp. and Miliammina fusca. We developed a foraminifera-based transfer function using a modern training set of 36 samples and 23 species. The strong relationship between observed and predicted values (r(jack)(2) = 0.7) indicated that foraminiferal distribution is primarily controlled by elevation with respect to the tidal frame and precise reconstructions of former sea level are possible (RMSEP(jack) = 0.07 m). The application of the transfer function to a short salt-marsh core (0.32 m) allowed the reconstruction of former sea levels, which were placed in a chronological framework using short-lived radionuclides ((210)Pb and (137)Cs). The agreement between the foraminifera-based sea level curve and the Brest tide-gauge record confirms the reliability of transfer function estimates and the validity of this methodology to extend sea level reconstructions back into the pre-instrumental period. Both instrumental and microfossil records suggest an acceleration of sea level rise during the 20th century. (C) 2010 University of Washington. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1016/J.Yqres.2010.07.017},
	author = {Rossi, V. and Horton, B. P. and Corbett, D. R. and Leorri, E. and Perez-Belmonte, L. and Douglas, B. C.}
}
@article {203,
	title = {Climate related sea-level variations over the past two millennia},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	volume = {108},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 853; Kemp, Andrew C Horton, Benjamin P Donnelly, Jeffrey P Mann, Michael E Vermeer, Martin Rahmstorf, Stefan Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jul 5;108(27):11017-22. Epub 2011 Jun 20.3131350submittedY},
	pages = {11017-22},
	abstract = {We present new sea-level reconstructions for the past 2100 y based on salt-marsh sedimentary sequences from the US Atlantic coast. The data from North Carolina reveal four phases of persistent sea-level change after correction for glacial isostatic adjustment. Sea level was stable from at least BC 100 until AD 950. Sea level then increased for 400 y at a rate of 0.6 mm/y, followed by a further period of stable, or slightly falling, sea level that persisted until the late 19th century. Since then, sea level has risen at an average rate of 2.1 mm/y, representing the steepest century-scale increase of the past two millennia. This rate was initiated between AD 1865 and 1892. Using an extended semiempirical modeling approach, we show that these sea-level changes are consistent with global temperature for at least the past millennium.},
	issn = {1091-6490 (Electronic) 0027-8424 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1015619108},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21690367},
	author = {Kemp, A. C. and Horton, B. P. and Donnelly, J. P. and Mann, M. E. and Vermeer, M. and Rahmstorf, S.}
}
@article {207,
	title = {Coastal subsidence in Oregon, USA, during the giant Cascadia earthquake of AD 1700},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2143},
	pages = {364-376},
	abstract = {Quantitative estimates of land-level change during the giant AD 1700 Cascadia earthquake along the Oregon coast are inferred from relative sea-level changes reconstructed from fossil foraminiferal assemblages preserved within the stratigraphic record. A transfer function, based upon a regional training set of modern sediment samples from Oregon estuaries, is calibrated to fossil assemblages in sequences of samples across buried peat-mud and peat-sand contacts marking the AD 1700 earthquake. Reconstructions of sample elevations with sample-specific errors estimate the amount of coastal subsidence during the earthquake at six sites along 400 km of coast. The elevation estimates are supported by lithological, carbon isotope, and faunal tidal zonation data. Coseismic subsidence at Nehalem River, Nestucca River, Salmon River, Alsea Bay, Siuslaw River and South Slough varies between 0.18 m and 0.85 m with errors between 0.18 m and 0.32 m. These subsidence estimates are more precise, consistent, and generally lower than previous semi-quantitative estimates. Following earlier comparisons of semi-quantitative subsidence estimates with elastic dislocation models of megathrust rupture during great earthquakes, our lower estimates for central and northern Oregon are consistent with modeled rates of strain accumulation and amounts of slip on the subduction megathrust, and thus, with a magnitude of 9 for the AD 1700 earthquake.},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.11.017},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379110004130},
	author = {Hawkes, A. D. and Horton, B. P. and Nelson, A. R. and Vane, C. H. and Sawai, Y.}
}
@article {439,
	title = {The application of intertidal foraminifera to reconstruct coastal subsidence during the giant Cascadia earthquake of AD 1700 in Oregon, USA},
	journal = {Quaternary International},
	volume = {221},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 1981; PT: J; UT: WOS:000279551800012},
	pages = {116-140},
	abstract = {Changes in species assemblages of intertidal foraminifera can be used to estimate the amount of earthquake-related subsidence during plate-boundary earthquakes at the Cascadia subduction zone. The accuracy and precision of foraminiferal methods in paleoenvironmental reconstruction is underpinned by the relations between contemporary taxa and their environment, which are used to calibrate fossil foraminiferal assemblages in sediment sequences. A contemporary training set of surface sediment samples from five intertidal marshes along the Oregon coast was used to determine foraminiferal distributions and prevailing environmental control(s) along elevational transects. Dominant taxa include Balticammina pseudomacrescens, Trochamminita irregularis, Haplophragmoides wilberti, Trochammina inflata, Jadammina macrescens and Miliammina fusca. Unconstrained cluster analysis and detrended correspondence analysis was used to identify two elevation-dependent faunal zones: Faunal Zone I (upland, high marsh, middle marsh) dominated by Balticammina pseudomacrescens, Haplophragmoides wilberti and Trochammina inflata, and Faunal Zone II (low marsh and tidal flat) dominated by Miliammina fusca. Site-specific differences in assemblages at three marshes enabled further subdivision of Faunal Zone I. Zone la is based on one or more of Balticammina pseudomacrescens, Trochammina inflata, Trochamminita irregularis and Haplophragrnoides sp., and Zone Ib on Jadammina macrescens, Haplophragmoides sp., Trochammina inflata and Miliammina fusca. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and partial CCA of the training set from the Nehalem River marsh transect was used to infer that the zonation of foraminifera is elevation-dependent (39\% of explained variance). A transfer function was developed to reconstruct sudden changes in relative sea-level during plate-boundary earthquakes in Oregon. The results indicate a robust performance of the transfer function (r(jack)(2) = 0.82) with the error estimate (RMSEP(jack) = 0.20 m) comparable to local and regional transfer functions from other temperate marshes. To illustrate the potential of the technique, the transfer function was applied to reconstruct subsidence during the AD 1700 earthquake using at Alsea Bay, Oregon. The reconstruction (0.18 +/- 0.20 m) is less than half the subsidence estimate of Nelson et al. [2008. Great-earthquake palogeoesy and tsunamis of the past 2000 years at Alsea Bay, central Oregon coast, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, 747-768] using their foraminiferal transfer function, perhaps because of differences in taxonomy and the species relationship to elevation. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {1040-6182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quaint.2009.09.019},
	author = {Hawkes, A. D. and Horton, B. P. and Nelson, A. R. and Hill, D. F.}
}
@article {432,
	title = {Holocene sea-level changes along the North Carolina Coastline and their implications for glacial isostatic adjustment models},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 814; Sp. Iss. SI 484ZD Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:108Y},
	pages = {1725-1736},
	abstract = {We have synthesized new and existing relative sea-level (RSL) data to produce a quality-controlled, spatially comprehensive database from the North Carolina coastline. The RSL database consists of 54 sea-level index points that are quantitatively related to an appropriate tide level and assigned an error estimate, and a further 33 limiting dates that confine the maximum and minimum elevations of RSL The temporal distribution of the index points is very uneven with only five index points older than 4000 cal a BP, but the form of the Holocene sea-level trend is constrained by both terrestrial and marine limiting dates. The data illustrate RSL rapidly rising during the early and mid Holocene from an observed elevation of -35.7 +/- 1.1 m MSL at 11062-10576 cal a BP to -4.2 m +/- 0.4 m MSL at 4240-3592 cal a BP. We restricted comparisons between observations and predictions from the ICE-5G(VM2) with rotational feedback Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) model to the Late Holocene RSL (last 4000 cal a BP) because of the wealth of sea-level data during this time interval. The ICE-5G(VM2) model predicts significant spatial variations in RSL across North Carolina, thus we subdivided the observations into two regions. The model forecasts an increase in the rate of sea-level rise in Region 1 (Albemarle, Currituck, Roanoke, Croatan, and northern Pamlico sounds) compared to Region 2 (southern Pamlico, Core and Bogue sounds, and farther south to Wilmington). The observations show Late Holocene sea-level rising at 1.14 +/- 0.03 mm year(-1) and 0.82 +/- 0.02 mm year(-1) in Regions 1 and 2, respectively. The ICE-5G(VM2) predictions capture the general temporal trend of the observations, although there is an apparent misfit for index points older than 2000 cal a BR It is presently unknown whether these misfits are caused by possible tectonic uplift associated with the mid-Carolina Platform High or a flaw in the CIA model. A comparison of local tide gauge data with the Late Holocene RSL trends from Regions 1 and 2 support the spatial variation in RSL across North Carolina, and imply an additional increase of mean sea level of greater than 2 mm year(-1) during the latter half of the 20th century; this is in general agreement with historical tide gauge and satellite altimetry data. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.002},
	author = {Horton, B. P. and Peltier, W. R. and Culver, S. J. and Drummond, R. and Engelhart, S. E. and Kemp, A. C. and Mallinson, D. and Thieler, E. R. and Riggs, S. R. and Ames, D. V. and Thomson, K. H.}
}
@article {315,
	title = {Timing and magnitude of recent accelerated sea-level rise (North Carolina, United States)},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 829; 512AY Times Cited:15 Cited References Count:30Y},
	pages = {1035-1038},
	abstract = {We provide records of relative sea level since A. D. 1500 from two salt marshes in North Carolina to complement existing tide-gauge records and to determine when recent rates of accelerated sea-level rise commenced. Reconstructions were developed using foraminifera-based transfer functions and composite chronologies, which were validated against regional twentieth century tide-gauge records. The measured rate of relative sea-level rise in North Carolina during the twentieth century was 3.0-3.3 mm/a, consisting of a background rate of similar to 1 mm/a, plus an abrupt increase of 2.2 mm/a, which began between A. D. 1879 and 1915. This acceleration is broadly synchronous with other studies from the Atlantic coast. The magnitude of the acceleration at both sites is larger than at sites farther north along the U. S. and Canadian Atlantic coast and may be indicative of a latitudinal trend.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G30352a.1},
	author = {Kemp, A. C. and Horton, B. P. and Culver, S. J. and Corbett, D. R. and van de Plassche, O. and Gehrels, W. R. and Douglas, B. C. and Parnell, A. C.}
}
@article {452,
	title = {Micropaleontologic record of late pliocene and quaternary paleoenvironments in the northern Albemarle embayment, North Carolina, USA},
	journal = {Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology},
	volume = {264},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 815; 331MZ Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:79Y},
	pages = {54-77},
	abstract = {Micropaleontological data provide a strong actualistic basis for detailed interpretations of Quaternary paleoenvironmental change. The 90 m-thick Quaternary record of the Albemarle Embayment in the mid-Atlantic coastal plain of the USA provides an excellent opportunity to use such an approach in a region where the details of Quaternary environmental change are poorly known. The foraminiferal record in nine cores from the northern Outer Banks, east of Albemarle Sound, North Carolina, indicates the deposition of subhorizontal, mostly open-marine early to late Pleistocene units unconformably upon a basement of late Pliocene reduced-oxygen, fine-grained, shelf-basin deposits. Pollen data record several warm-cool fluctuations within the early to mid-Pleistocene deposits. Diatom data indicate that some fresh and brackish-water units occur within the generally open-marine Pleistocene succession. A channel cut by the paleo-Roanoke River during the last glacial sea-level lowstand occurs in the northern part of the study area. Pollen indicates that the basal fluvial valley fill accumulated in cooler than modern climate conditions in the latest Pleistocene. Overlying silts and muds accumulated under cool climatic, estuarine conditions according to diatom and pollen data. Radiocarbon ages from the estuarine deposits indicate that the bulk of these sediments accumulated during the latest Pleistocene. The estuarine channel-fill deposits are overlain by Holocene open-marine sands deposited as the rising sea transgressed into the estuary approximately 8.5 to 9.0 kyr BR Within the barrier island drill cores of this study, fully marine sedimentation occurred throughout the Holocene. However, immediately west of the present barrier island, mid- to late Holocene estuarine deposits underlie the modern Albemarle Sound. The islands that currently form a continuous barrier across the mouth of Albemarle Sound have a complex history of Holocene construction and destruction and large portions of them may be less than 3 kyr old. The barrier island sands overlie open-marine sands of Colington Shoal in the north and to the south overlie fluvial and marine sand filling paleo-Roanoke tributary valleys. The Pleistocene sediments underlying the northern Outer Banks study area are mainly of open inner to midshelf origin. If, as is likely, sea level continues to rise, a return to such environmental conditions is likely in the near future. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.012},
	author = {Culver, S. J. and Farrell, K. M. and Mallinson, D. J. and Horton, B. P. and Willard, D. A. and Thieler, E. R. and Riggs, S. R. and Snyder, S. W. and Wehmiller, J. F. and Bernhardt, C. E. and Hillier, C.}
}
@article {597,
	title = {Modern saltmarsh diatom distributions of the Outer Banks, North Carolina, and the development of a transfer function for high resolution reconstructions of sea level},
	journal = {Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2006},
	note = {090jmTimes Cited:37Cited References Count:74},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {381-394},
	abstract = {We collected modern diatom samples from Currituck Barrier Island, Oregon inlet and Pea Island marshes, Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA, which have different salinity regimes due to their varying distances from a major barrier island inlet. Multivariate analyses separate the saltmarsh diatom assemblages into distinct elevational zones, dominated by differing abundances of polyhalobous, mesohalobous and oliohalobous taxa. suggesting that the distribution of saltmarsh diatoms is a direct function of elevation, with the most important controlling factors being the duration and frequency of subaerial exposure.We developed the first diatom-based transfer function for the east coast of North America to reconstruct former sea levels based upon the relationship between diatom assemblage and elevation. Results imply that this is possible to a precision of +/- 0.08 m, superior to most similar studies from temperate, mid-latitude environments. The transfer function is used to construct a relative sea-level curve from fossil assemblages from Salvo. North Carolina. These results suggest a sea-level rise of 0.7 m over the last c. 150 years, at an average of c. 3.7 mm year(-1). This is consistent with existing sea-level data, and illustrates the utility of the transfer function approach. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0272-7714},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.007},
	author = {Horton, B. P. and Corbett, R. and Culver, S. J. and Edwards, R. J. and Hillier, C.}
}
