@article {2676,
	title = {Removal of Refractory Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jan-12-2020},
	abstract = {The removal mechanism of refractory deep-ocean dissolved organic carbon (deep-DOC) is poorly understood. The Amundsen Sea Polynya (ASP) serves as a natural test basin for assessing the fate of deep-DOC when it is supplied with a large amount of fresh-DOC and exposed to strong solar radiation during the polynya opening in austral summer. We measured the radiocarbon content of DOC in the water column on the western Amundsen shelf. The radiocarbon content of DOC in the surface water of the ASP reflected higher primary production than in the region covered by sea ice. The radiocarbon measurements of DOC, taken two years apart in the ASP, were different, suggesting rapid cycling of DOC. The increase in DOC concentration was less than expected from the observed increase in radiocarbon content from those at the greatest depths. Based on a radiocarbon mass balance, we show that deep-DOC is consumed along with fresh-DOC in the ASP. Our observations imply that water circulation through the surface layer, where fresh-DOC is produced, may play an important role in global DOC cycling.},
	keywords = {CIRCUMPOLAR DEEP-WATER, cycle, DOC, glaciers, INFLOW, MATTER, pacific, phytoplankton, poc, radiocarbon},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-57870-6},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-57870-6http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-57870-6.pdfhttp://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-57870-6.pdfhttp://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-57870-6},
	author = {Fang, Ling and Lee, SangHoon and Lee, Shin-Ah and Hahm, Doshik and Kim, Guebuem and Druffel, Ellen R. M. and Hwang, Jeomshik}
}
@article {2644,
	title = {Upwelling in the Ocean Basins North of the ACC: 1. On the Upwelling Exposed by the Surface Distribution of C-14},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	volume = {124},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Apr-04-2020},
	pages = {2591 - 2608},
	abstract = {he upwelling associated with the ocean{\textquoteright}s overturning circulation is hard to observe directly. Here, a large data set of surface C-14 measurements is compiled in order to show where deep water is brought back up to the surface in the ocean basins north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Maps constructed from the data set show that low-C-14 deep water from the ACC is drawn up to the surface in or near the upwelling zones off Northwest Africa and Namibia in the Atlantic, off Costa Rica and Peru in the Pacific, and in the northern Arabian Sea in the Indian Ocean. Deep water also seems to be reaching the surface in the subarctic Pacific gyre near the Kamchatka Peninsula. The low-C-14 water drawn up to the surface in the upwelling zones is also shown to spread across the ocean basins. It is easily seen, for example, in the western Atlantic off Florida and in the western Pacific off New Guinea and Palau. The spreading allows one to estimate the volumes of upwelling, which, it turns out, are similar to the volumes of large-scale upwelling derived from inverse box models. This means that very large volumes of cool subsurface water are reaching the surface in and near the upwelling zonesmuch larger volumes than would be expected from the local winds.

Plain Language Summary The deep layers of the ocean are filled with cold dense water that sinks from the surface near Antarctica and in the northern North Atlantic. This process is understood reasonably well. The countervailing processthe way that the dense water is brought back up to the surfaceis not as well understood. Oceanographers now agree that the ocean{\textquoteright}s deep water is drawn back up to the surface (upwelled) mainly around Antarctica as part of the wind-driven overturning in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). But cool water is also known to reach the surface in upwelling zones around the ocean{\textquoteright}s margins. Here we map the upwelling north of the ACC with the radioactive isotope carbon-14 and show that the deep water upwelled to the surface around Antarctica seems to be drawn up to the surface a second time in the upwelling zones. The water drawn up to the surface in the upwelling zones then flows back to the North Atlantic and sinks again to complete the cycle.},
	keywords = {Ocean circulation, overturning circulation, radiocarbon, Upwelling},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1029/2018JC014794},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018JC014794},
	author = {Toggweiler, J. R. and Druffel, Ellen R. M. and Key, Robert M. and Galbraith, Eric D.}
}
