@article {2968,
	title = {Impact of Indian Ocean surface temperature gradient reversals on the Indian Summer Monsoon},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {578},
	year = {2022},
	month = {Jan-01-2022},
	pages = {117327},
	abstract = {Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) precipitation is the main determinant of livelihood in a densely populated world region. The interannual variability of the ISM is influenced by several modes of climate variability, including anomalous seasonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient reversals between the eastern, western, and northeastern Indian Ocean. With global warming, the frequency of zonal and meridional Indian Ocean{\textquoteright}s SST gradient changes is projected to increase but its impact on the ISM is debated. Here we present a 25,000-year proxy record of SST and inferred Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) River runoff that provides a spatially integrated measure of ISM precipitation changes. This record indicates a monotonic deglacial strengthening of the ISM system when the SST gradient between the Bay of Bengal surface water and the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean was reversed. We posit that the reversal in the meridional SST gradient reduced the impact of Heinrich Event 1 and Younger Dryas on the low elevation part of the ISM domain. Furthermore, the proxy record shows that the strongest Holocene ISM strengthening occurred between 7900{\textpm}470 and 5700{\textpm}360 years before present, coinciding with and causally linked to the reversal of the Indian Ocean zonal SST gradient and ensuing changes in the wind fields, a sequence of events that is inferred from and supported by the results of our climate simulation. Our study demonstrates that changes in the Indian Ocean{\textquoteright}s zonal and meridional thermal gradient strongly shaped the timing of Holocene monsoon strengthening and the response of ISM to the last deglacial freshwater forcing.},
	issn = {0012821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117327},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012821X21005835},
	author = {Weldeab, Syee and R{\"u}hlemann, Carsten and Ding, Qinghua and Khon, Vyacheslav and Schneider, Birgit and Gray, William R.}
}
@article {193,
	title = {Solar modulation of North Atlantic central Water formation at multidecadal timescales during the late Holocene},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {308},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2175},
	pages = {161-171},
	abstract = {Understanding natural climate variability in the North Atlantic region is essential not only to assess the sensitivity of atmosphere{\textendash}ocean climate signal exchange and propagation, but also to help distinguish between natural and anthropogenic climate change. The North Atlantic Oscillation is one of the controlling modes in recent variability of atmosphere{\textendash}ocean linkages and ice/freshwater fluxes between the Polar and North Atlantic Ocean. Through these processes the NAO influences water mass formation and the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning circulation and thereby variability in ocean heat transport. However, the impact of the NAO as well as other forcing mechanisms on multidecadal timescales such as total solar irradiance on Eastern North Atlantic Central Water production, central water circulation, and climate signal propagation from high to low latitudes in the eastern subpolar and subtropical basins remains uncertain. Here we use a 1200 yr long benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca based temperature and oxygen isotope record from a ~ 900 m deep sediment core off northwest Africa to show that atmosphere{\textendash}ocean interactions in the eastern subpolar gyre are transferred at central water depth into the eastern boundary of the subtropical gyre. Further we link the variability of the NAO (over the past 165 yrs) and solar irradiance (Late Holocene) and their control on subpolar mode water formation to the multidecadal variability observed at mid-depth in the eastern subtropical gyre. Our results show that eastern North Atlantic central waters cooled by up to ~ 0.8 {\textpm} 0.7 {\textdegree}C and densities decreased by σθ = 0.3 {\textpm} 0.2 during positive NAO years and during minima in solar irradiance during the Late Holocene. The presented records demonstrate the sensitivity of central water formation to enhanced atmospheric forcing and ice/freshwater fluxes into the eastern subpolar gyre and the importance of central water circulation for cross-gyre climate signal propagation during the Late Holocene.},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.043},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X11003268},
	author = {Morley, Audrey and Schulz, Michael and Rosenthal, Yair and Mulitza, Stefan and Paul, Andr{\'e} and R{\"u}hlemann, Carsten}
}
