@article {2040,
	title = {Radiocarbon apportionment of fossil versus biofuel combustion sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Stockholm metropolitan area},
	journal = {Environ Sci Technol},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Mandalakis, ManolisGustafsson, Orjan
Reddy, Christopher M
Xu, Li
eng
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
2004/11/17 09:00
Environ Sci Technol. 2004 Oct 15;38(20):5344-9.
},
	month = {Oct 15},
	pages = {5344-9},
	abstract = {Source-diagnostic markers and the isotopic composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined in surface sediments from the greater Stockholm waterways to deduce the contribution from biomass sources to the environmental PAH load. The summed concentration of 20 PAHs ranged from 0.8 to 45.1 microg/g (dry weight) and exhibited a steep decline with increasing distance from the city center evidencing that sources within the metropolitan area of Stockholm dominate its PAH burden. Several diagnostic PAH ratios indicated an overwhelming predominance of pyrogenic sources over the petrogenic ones, while retene and 1,7-dimethylphenanthrene were unable to correctly evaluate the contribution from biomass combustion. The stable carbon isotope composition (delta13C) of individual PAHs ranged from -24.8 to -27.0\% but also was proved inefficient to discriminate between different types of fuels due to the overlapping signals in various sources. The delta14C values of PAHs ranged between -550.4 and -934.1\%, indicating a clear predominance of fossil fuel sources. By using an isotopic mass balance approach, we estimated that on average 17+/-9\% of PAHs derived from biomass combustion. This radiocarbon apportionment, in conjunction with detailed energy statistics for the Stockholm region, revealed that the ambient PAH burden is roughly similar, per unit energy produced, from fossil fuels and biofuels. Societies{\textquoteright} shifting energy policies toward a larger reliance on biofuels may thus not lead to further deterioration of air quality and respiratory ailments for the urban population.},
	keywords = {*Bioelectric Energy Sources, *Fossil Fuels, Biomass, Carbon Radioisotopes, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Fresh Water, Geologic Sediments/*analysis, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/*analysis/isolation \& purification, Sweden, Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis/isolation \& purification},
	isbn = {0013-936X (Print)0013-936X (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1021/es049088x},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15543735},
	author = {Mandalakis, M. and Gustafsson, O. and Reddy, C. M. and Xu, L.}
}
@article {796,
	title = {Relations between environmental black carbon sorption and geochemical sorbent characteristics},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2004},
	note = {834fgTimes Cited:90Cited References Count:48},
	month = {Jul 1},
	pages = {3632-3640},
	abstract = {Pyrogenic carbon particles in sediments (soot and charcoal, collectively termed "black carbon" or BC) appear to be efficient sorbents of many hydrophobic organic compounds, so they may play an important role in the fate and toxicity of these substances. To properly model toxicant sorption behavior, it is important to (i) quantify the magnitude of the role of BC in sorption and (ii) elucidate which geochemical BC characteristics determine the strength of environmental BC sorption. Sorption isotherms of d(10)-phenanthrene (d(10)-PHE) were determined over a wide concentration range (0.0003-20 mug/L), for five sediments with widely varying characteristics. From the sorption isotherms, we determined Freundlich coefficients of environmental BC sorption, K-F,BC(env). These varied from 10(4.7) to 10(5.5). From the data, it could be deduced that BC was responsible for 49-85\% of the total d(10)-PHE sorption at a concentration of 1 ng/L. At higher concentrations, the importance of BC for the sorption process diminished to <20\% at 1 mug/L and 0-1\% at 1 mg/L. There were no significant relationships between BC sorption strength and the tested geochemical BC characteristics [the fraction of small (<38 mum) BC particles, the BC resistance to high-temperature oxidation, the fraction of biomass-derived BC, the native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and total organic carbon contents]. Because of the limited variation in BC sorption strength with widely varying BC characteristics, the presented BC sorption coefficients may putatively be used as generic starting points for environmental modeling purposes.},
	issn = {0013-936x},
	doi = {10.1021/es0498742},
	author = {Cornelissen, G. and Kukulska, Z. and Kalaitzidis, S. and Christanis, K. and Gustafsson, O.}
}
