@article {2086,
	title = {Accumulation of biogenic and lithogenic material in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean during the past 40,000 years},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2003},
	note = {662agTimes Cited:82
Cited References Count:86
},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {799-832},
	abstract = {The (230)Th-normalization technique was applied to surface sediments and down-core records from the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean between 120degreesW and 170degreesW in order to reconstruct vertical rain rates, corrected for lateral redistribution of sediment. Preserved rain rates of opal, organic carbon and biogenic Ba all indicate that biological productivity south of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF) was much lower than today during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), probably in response to increased ice cover. However, by analogy with modern opal fluxes south of the ACC, we show that year-round ice cover is not a prerequisite for very low rates of opal accumulation. Available records from north of the APF indicate little to no change in opal export, in contrast to records from the Indian and Atlantic sectors, which show enhanced opal export north of the APF during the LGM. Glacial records from north of 66degreesS in the Pacific all show lithogenic fluxes that were greater than today, but significantly lower than lithogenic fluxes in the glacial Atlantic and Indian sectors. Together, these new records from the Pacific sector show that during the LGM the three basins of the Southern Ocean were significantly more differentiated than today. The observed inter-basin distribution of lithogenic fluxes and opal burial, and the presumed geographical distribution of increased dust input to the Southern Ocean during the LGM, are consistent with an Atlantic-Indian-Pacific gradient in the degree of iron-stimulated diatom productivity within the zone lying between the APF and the Subantarctic Front. Previous studies, which focused primarily on the Atlantic sector, may have overestimated the glacial increase in the strength of the biological pump in the Southern Ocean. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {antarctic circumpolar current, atmospheric co2, biological productivity, Deep-sea, interglacial changes, Last glacial maximum, marine-sediments, organic-carbon, pa-231/th-230 ratio, terrigenous sediment},
	isbn = {0967-0645},
	author = {Chase, Z. and Anderson, R. F. and Fleisher, M. Q. and Kubik, P. W.}
}
@article {2085,
	title = {Calcium carbonate budget in the Atlantic Ocean based on water column inorganic carbon chemistry},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2003},
	note = {732egTimes Cited:44
Cited References Count:73
},
	month = {Oct 9},
	abstract = {[1] Recent independent lines of evidence suggest that the dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles is substantial in the upper ocean above the calcite 100\% saturation horizon. This shallow-water dissolution of carbonate particles is in contrast with the current paradigm of the conservative nature of pelagic CaCO3 at shallow water depths. Here we use more than 20,000 sets of carbon measurements in conjunction with CFC and C-14 data from the WOCE/JGOFS/OACES global CO2 survey to estimate in situ dissolution rates of CaCO3 in the Atlantic Ocean. A dissolution rate is estimated from changes in alkalinity as a parcel of water ages along an isopycnal surface. The in situ CaCO3 dissolution increases rapidly at the aragonite 100\% saturation horizon. Estimated dissolution rates north of 40degreesN are generally higher than the rates to the south, which is partly attributable to the production of exported CaCO3 being higher in the North Atlantic than in the South Atlantic. As more CaCO3 particles move down the water column, more particles are available for in situ dissolution. The total water column CaCO3 dissolution rate in the Atlantic Ocean is determined on an annual basis by integrating estimated dissolution rates throughout the entire water column and correcting for alkalinity input of approximately 5.6 x 10(12) mol C yr(-1) from CaCO3-rich sediments. The resulting water column dissolution rate of CaCO3 for the Atlantic Ocean is approximately 11.1 x 10(12) mol C yr(-1). This corresponds to about 31\% of a recent estimate (35.8 x 10(12) mol C yr(-1)) of net CaCO3 production by Lee [2001] for the same area. Our calculation using a large amount of high-quality water column alkalinity data provides the first basin-scale estimate of the CaCO3 budget for the Atlantic Ocean.},
	keywords = {alkalinity, anthropogenic co2, caco3 dissolution, calcium carbonate budget, chemical lysocline, Deep-sea, dioxide system, dissociation-constants, dissolution kinetics, dissolution of calcium carbonate, eastern north-atlantic, ocean carbon cycle, organic-carbon, pacific-ocean, saturation state of seawater},
	isbn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GB002001},
	author = {Chung, S. N. and Lee, K. and Feely, R. A. and Sabine, C. L. and Millero, F. J. and Wanninkhof, R. and Bullister, J. L. and Key, R. M. and Peng, T. H.}
}
