@article {2104,
	title = {The West Falmouth oil spill after thirty years: the persistence of petroleum hydrocarbons in marsh sediments},
	journal = {Environ Sci Technol},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Reddy, Christopher MEglinton, Timothy I
Hounshell, Aubrey
White, Helen K
Xu, Li
Gaines, Richard B
Frysinger, Glenn S
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
2002/12/19 04:00
Environ Sci Technol. 2002 Nov 15;36(22):4754-60.
},
	month = {Nov 15},
	pages = {4754-60},
	abstract = {The long-term fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in marsh sediments (West Falmouth, MA) contaminated in 1969 by the spill of the barge Florida was investigated. A 36-cm-long sediment core was collected in August 2000, and sediment extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC). The latter technique is capable of separating 1 order of magnitude more compounds than the former and was used to observe whether any compositional changes in the unresolved complex mixture (UCM) occurred. No evidence of petroleum residues was detected in the top 6 cm (0-6 cm) and the lower 8 cm (28-36 cm) of the core. However, the central sections 16-28 cm) were dominated by a UCM in the boiling range of n-C13-n-C25 alkanes, consistent with a No. 2 fuel oil source. The 12-14- and 14-16-cm sections had the highest concentrations of UCM approximately 8 mg g(-1)). These values are similar to concentrations observed shortly after the spill. Initial GC x GC analysis revealed that only the n-alkanes were completely degraded, and contrary to previous studies, pristane and phytane as well as numerous other branched alkanes are still present in the sediments. These results suggestthatatthis site hydrocarbon contamination will persist indefinitely in the sedimentary record.},
	keywords = {*Accidents, Chromatography, Gas, Environmental Monitoring, Geologic Sediments/*chemistry, Hydrocarbons/*analysis, Massachusetts, Petroleum/*analysis, Ships, Time Factors, Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis},
	isbn = {0013-936X (Print)0013-936X (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1021/es020656n},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12487296},
	author = {Reddy, C. M. and Eglinton, T. I. and Hounshell, A. and White, H. K. and Xu, L. and Gaines, R. B. and Frysinger, G. S.}
}
@article {2291,
	title = {Carbon isotopic fractionation associated with lipid biosynthesis by a cyanobacterium: relevance for interpretation of biomarker records},
	journal = {Geochim Cosmochim Acta},
	volume = {61},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Sakata, SHayes, J M
McTaggart, A R
Evans, R A
Leckrone, K J
Togasaki, R K
eng
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
1997/01/01 00:00
Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 1997;61(24):5379-89.
},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {5379-89},
	abstract = {For the cyanobacterium Synechocystis UTEX 2470, grown photoautotrophically to a logarithmic stage of growth, the total lipid extract is depleted in 13C by 4.8\% relative to average biomass. Depletions observed for acetogenic (straight-chain) lipids range from 7.6 (hexadecanoic acid) to 9.9\% (a C16 n-alkyl chain bound in a polar-lipid fraction), with a mass-weighted average of 9.1\%. Polyisoprenoid lipids fall into two isotopic groups, with phytol, diplopterol, and diploptene depleted by 6.4-6.9\% and bishomohopanol (produced from the extracts by the preparative degradation of bacteriohopanepolyol) depleted by 8.4\%. Analysis of the pattern of depletions indicates that two carbon positions in each C5 biomonomer leading to polyisoprenoid products are probably depleted in 13C relative to average biomass. The depletion of bacteriohopanepolyol relative to other polyisoprenoids can be ascribed to changes that occur over the life of each cell: (1) the 13C content of carbon flowing to lipid biosynthesis decreases as the cell size increases and (2) a greater proportion of the bacteriohopanepolyol which, unlike other polyisoprenoids, is present mainly in the cytoplasm rather than in membranes and is synthesized when cells are larger. Chlorophyll a is depleted relative to average biomass by O.7\%. Given the observed depletion of 13C in phytol, the heteroaromatic, chlorophyllide portion of chlorophyll must be enriched in 13C by 2.7\%. This enrichment is large relative to that in chlorophyllides produced by eukaryotes and may be related to a parallel enrichment of 13C in cyanobacterial glutamic acid. As in many previous investigations of cyanobacterial lipids, long-chain n-alkanes (C22-C29) are found in the extracts. They are, however, enriched in 13C relative to biomass and have isotopic compositions suggesting that they are contaminants of petrochemical origin. Available results indicate that cyanobacterial lipids will be depleted relative to dissolved CO2 that has served as a carbon source by 22-30\% and that a wider range of depletions will be characteristic of eukaryotic products. The absence of long-chain n-alkanes in cyanobacteria reduces the possibility that petroleum ever formed from pre-eukaryotic sedimentary debris.},
	keywords = {*Biomass, Acetic Acid/metabolism, Alkanes/*analysis/chemistry, Biomarkers/chemistry, carbon isotopes, Carbon/*chemistry, Chlorophyll/metabolism, Cyanobacteria/chemistry/*metabolism, Geologic Sediments/*chemistry, Lipids/*biosynthesis, NASA Discipline Exobiology, Non-NASA Center, Palmitic Acid/metabolism, Phytol/metabolism, Pigments, Biological/metabolism},
	isbn = {0016-7037 (Print)0016-7037 (Linking)
},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11540730},
	author = {Sakata, S. and Hayes, J. M. and McTaggart, A. R. and Evans, R. A. and Leckrone, K. J. and Togasaki, R. K.}
}
