@article {2645,
	title = {Upwelling in the Ocean Basins North of the ACC: 2. How Cool Subantarctic Water Reaches the Surface in the Tropics},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	volume = {124},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Apr-04-2020},
	pages = {2609 - 2625},
	abstract = {Large volumes of cool water are drawn up to the surface in the tropical oceans. A companion paper shows that the cool water reaches the surface in or near the upwelling zones off northern and southern Africa and Peru. The cool water has a subantarctic origin and spreads extensively across the Atlantic and Pacific basins after it reaches the surface. Here, we look at the spreading in two low-resolution ocean general circulation models and find that the spreading in the models is much less extensive than observed. The problem seems to be the way the upwelling and the spreading are connected (or not connected) to the ocean{\textquoteright}s large-scale overturning. As proposed here, the cool upwelling develops when warm buoyant water in the western tropics is drawn away to become deep water in the North Atlantic. The drawing away shoals the tropical thermocline in a way that allows cool subantarctic water to be drawn up to the surface along the eastern margins. The amounts of upwelling produced this way exceed the amounts generated by the winds in the upwelling zones by as much as 4 times. Flow restrictions make it difficult for the warm buoyant water in our models to be drawn away.

Plain Language Summary A companion paper uses the radioactive isotope carbon-14 to map the upwelling in the ocean basins north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). It shows that deep water drawn up to the surface to the south of the ACC is drawn up to the surface a second time in a number of upwelling areas in the tropics. In this paper, we attempt to simulate the tropical upwelling in an ocean circulation model and find that it is largely missing. Other circulation features are missing as well. The other features operate on the opposite sides of the ocean basins from the upwelling areas and help carry warm water out of the tropics (outflows). The combination of missing elements leads to a hypothesis about the upwelling mechanism. Our hypothesis is that the tropical upwelling is driven by the outflows and the fact that the warm water being carried away ultimately becomes deep water again in the North Atlantic.},
	keywords = {numerical modeling, Ocean circulation, overturning circulation, Upwelling},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1029/2018JC014795},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331524382_Upwelling_in_the_Ocean_Basins_north_of_the_ACC_Part_1_On_the_Upwelling_Exposed_by_the_Surface_Distribution_of_D_14_C},
	author = {Toggweiler, J. R. and Druffel, Ellen R. M. and Key, Robert M. and Galbraith, Eric D.}
}
@article {2816,
	title = {The role of sediment compaction and groundwater withdrawal in local sea-level rise, Sandy Hook, New Jersey, USA},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {181},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-02-2018},
	pages = {30 - 42},
	abstract = {The rate of relative sea-level (RSL) rise at Sandy Hook, NJ (4.0 {\textpm} 0.5 mm/yr) was higher than The Battery, NY (3.0 {\textpm} 0.3 mm/yr) from 1900 to 2012 despite being separated by just 26 km. The difference cannot be explained by differential glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA; 1.4 {\textpm} 0.4 and 1.3 {\textpm} 0.4 mm/yr RSL rise, respectively) alone. We estimate the contribution of sediment compaction to subsidence at Sandy Hook using high-resolution grain size, percent organic matter, and porosity data from three upper Quaternary (<=13,350 cal yr) cores. The organic matter content (<2\%) is too low to contribute to local subsidence. However, numerical modeling of the grain size-depth-age-porosity relationship indicates that compaction of deglacial silts likely reduced the column thickness by 10{\textendash}20\% over the past 13,350 cal yrs. While compaction rates were high immediately after the main silt deposition (13,350{\textendash}13,150 cal yrs BP), rates decreased exponentially after deposition to an average 20th century rate of 0.16 mm/yr (90\% Confidence Interval (C.I.), 0.06{\textendash}0.32 mm/yr). The remaining \~{}0.7 mm/yr (90\% C.I. 0.3{\textendash}1.2 mm/yr) difference in subsidence between Sandy Hook and The Battery is likely due to anthropogenic groundwater withdrawal. Historical data from Fort Hancock wells (2 km to the southeast of the Sandy Hook tide gauge) and previous regional work show that local and regional water extraction lowered the water levels in the aquifers underlying Sandy Hook. We suggest that the modern order of contribution to subsidence (highest to lowest) appears to be GIA, local/regional groundwater extraction, and compaction of thick Quaternary silts.},
	keywords = {Marginal marine, North America, numerical modeling, Quaternary, Sea-level change, sedimentology},
	issn = {02773791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.11.031},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379117303657},
	author = {Johnson, Christopher S. and Miller, Kenneth G. and Browning, James V. and Kopp, Robert E. and Khan, Nicole S. and Fan, Ying and Stanford, Scott D. and Horton, Benjamin P.}
}
