@article {2674,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}New{\textquotedblright} cyanobacterial blooms are not new: two centuries of lake production are related to ice cover and land use},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jan-06-2020},
	abstract = {Recent cyanobacterial blooms in otherwise unproductive lakes may be warning signs of impending eutrophication in lakes important for recreation and drinking water, but little is known of their historical precedence or mechanisms of regulation. Here, we examined long-term sedimentary records of both general and taxon-specific trophic proxies from seven lakes of varying productivity in the northeastern United States to investigate their relationship to historical in-lake, watershed, and climatic drivers of trophic status. Analysis of fossil pigments (carotenoids and chlorophylls) revealed variable patterns of past primary production across lakes over two centuries despite broadly similar changes in regional climate and land use. Sediment abundance of the cyanobacteriumGloeotrichia,a large, toxic, nitrogen-fixing taxon common in recent blooms in this region, revealed that this was not a new taxon in the phytoplankton communities but rather had been present for centuries. Histories ofGloeotrichiaabundance differed strikingly across lakes and were not consistently associated with most other sediment proxies of trophic status. Changes in ice cover most often coincided with changes in fossil pigments, and changes in watershed land use were often related to changes inGloeotrichiaabundance, although no single climatic or land-use factor was associated with proxy changes across all seven lakes. The degree to which changes in lake sediment records co-occurred with changes in the timing of ice-out or agricultural land use was negatively correlated with the ratio of watershed area to lake area. Thus, both climate and land management appeared to play key roles in regulation of primary production in these lakes, although the manner in which these factors influenced lakes was mediated by catchment morphometry. Improved understanding of the past interactions between climate change, land use, landscape setting, and water quality underscores the complexity of mechanisms regulating lake and cyanobacterial production and highlights the necessity of considering these interactions-rather than searching for a singular mechanism-when evaluating the causes of ongoing changes in low-nutrient lakes.},
	keywords = {agriculture, basin morphometry, Cyanobacteria, eutrophication, Gloeotrichia, ice-out, land use, Maine, New Hampshire, paleoecology, Sediment chemistry, watershed},
	issn = {2150-8925},
	doi = {10.1002/ecs2.v11.610.1002/ecs2.3170},
	url = {https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecs2.3170},
	author = {Ewing, Holly A. and Weathers, Kathleen C. and Cottingham, Kathryn L. and Leavitt, Peter R. and Greer, Meredith L. and Carey, Cayelan C. and Steele, Bethel G. and Fiorillo, Alyeska U. and Sowles, John P.}
}
@article {2782,
	title = {Farming strategies of 1st millennium CE agro-pastoralists on the southern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains: A geoarchaeological and macrobotanical investigation of the Mohuchahangoukou (MGK) site, Xinjiang, China},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2019},
	month = {May-06-2019},
	pages = {e0217171},
	abstract = {Archaeological evidence emerging over the past decade clearly illustrates that agro-pastoralists living along the foothills of major mountain chains in Central Asia (the so-called {\textquotedblleft}Inner Asian Mountain Corridor{\textquotedblright} or IAMC) facilitated the spread of domesticated grains through their direct involvement in farming. While the environmental conditions across the northwestern slopes of the IAMC provided adequate resources for incipient farming and herding as early as the mid-3rd mill. BCE, the development of local agricultural strategies on the extremely arid and eroded foothills on the southeastern, leeward side of the mountains remain comparatively less studied. Our study tackles this problem by combining geoarchaeological analysis with conventional macrobotanical identification in the investigation of a 1st-mill. CE agro-pastoralist farming site, Mohuchahangoukou (MGK), located on the arid foothills of the Tianshan range. Our results illustrate how ancient agro-pastoralists at MGK innovated irrigation systems both to combat water shortage and, importantly, to trap sediments carried by flood-water for crop cultivation. By synthesizing currently available data, we estimate that they managed to trap about 40 cm of fine-grained sediment within a span of 200 years or even less. These stone-built field systems helped water a diverse stand of crops and create deeper soils in an otherwise deflated landscape with thin desert soils. Since we detected high levels of salt concentration (>2 dSm-1) in the lower portions of all three test trenches we analyzed, we conclude that soil salinization might have affected the long-term sustainability of this form of irrigated field management. We also infer that, besides engineering efforts, the ancient agro-pastoralists at MGK had to resolve the scheduling conflicts between irrigated farming and animal herding through labor specialization.},
	keywords = {Agricultural irrigation, Agricultural soil science, agriculture, Archaeology, Crops, Geochemistry, Paleopedology, Sediment},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0217171},
	url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217171},
	author = {Li, Yuqi and Storozum, Michael and Tian, Duo and Frachetti, Michael and Su, Kai and Wang, Xin},
	editor = {Islam, Rafiq}
}
