@article {winkler_more_2023,
	title = {More Frequent Hurricane Passage Across the Bahamian Archipelago During the Little Ice Age},
	journal = {Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology},
	volume = {38},
	number = {11},
	year = {2023},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2023PA004623},
	month = {11/2023},
	pages = {e2023PA004623},
	abstract = {The year 2020 Common Era (CE) experienced the highest number of named tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean since 1850 CE, but the short instrumental record makes it challenging to assess if this level of activity is statistically meaningful. Here, we present two near-annually resolved hurricane reconstructions from sediment archived in two blue holes located only 300 m apart on the northern margin of Grand Bahama. These two blue holes provide a replicated signal of hurricanes passing within a 50{\textendash}100 km radius over the last 1,800 years, and the long-term reconstructions document multiple 50-to-150-year intervals when hurricane frequency was significantly higher than it has been over the last 100 years. These two records were first merged into a single stack, and then compiled with five other high-resolution reconstructions from across the Bahamian Archipelago to form a single 1500-year record of Bahamian hurricane frequency. This new Bahamian Compilation documents more hurricanes passing \~{}75{\textdegree}W from 21{\textdegree}N to 26{\textdegree}N during the Little Ice Age (LIA; 1300{\textendash}1850 CE) relative to the prior millennium and the last 170 years. The US Eastern Seaboard also experienced heightened hurricane activity during the LIA, whereas the Gulf of Mexico and Southern Caribbean were inactive. This suggests that despite a globally cooler climate, regional climate conditions during the LIA remained favorable for cyclogenesis and intensification along certain Atlantic hurricane pathways. Perhaps heightened Sahel rainfall during the LIA indicates an increase in African Easterly waves, which in turn possibly seeded more tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Main Development Region.},
	keywords = {Bahamas, Carbonate, common era, hurricanes, Paleoclimate, sedimentology},
	issn = {2572-4525},
	doi = {10.1029/2023PA004623},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2023PA004623},
	author = {Winkler, T. S. and van Hengstum, P. J. and Donnelly, J. P. and Wallace, E. J. and Albury, N. A. and D{\textquoteright}Entremont, N. and Hawkes, A. D. and Maio, C. V. and Roberts, J. and Sullivan, R. M. and Woodruff, J. D.}
}
@article { ISI:000358139000002,
	title = {Climate forcing of unprecedented intense-hurricane activity in the last 2000 years},
	journal = {EARTHS FUTURE},
	volume = {3},
	number = {{2}},
	year = {2015},
	month = {FEB},
	pages = {49-65},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {How climate controls hurricane variability has critical implications for society is not well understood. In part, our understanding is hampered by the short and incomplete observational hurricane record. Here we present a synthesis of intense-hurricane activity from the western North Atlantic over the past two millennia, which is supported by a new, exceptionally well-resolved record from Salt Pond, Massachusetts (USA). At Salt Pond, three coarse grained event beds deposited in the historical interval are consistent with severe hurricanes in 1991 (Bob), 1675, and 1635 C.E., and provide modern analogs for 32 other prehistoric event beds. Two intervals of heightened frequency of event bed deposition between 1400 and 1675 C.E. (10 events) and 150 and 1150 C.E. (23 events), represent the local expression of coherent regional patterns in intense-hurricane-induced event beds. Our synthesis indicates that much of the western North Atlantic appears to have been active between 250 and 1150 C.E., with high levels of activity persisting in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico until 1400 C.E. This interval was one with relatively warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the main development region (MDR). A shift in activity to the North American east coast occurred ca. 1400 C.E., with more frequent severe hurricane strikes recorded from The Bahamas to New England between 1400 and 1675 C.E. A warm SST anomaly along the western North Atlantic, rather than within the MDR, likely contributed to the later active interval being restricted to the east coast.},
	keywords = {Climate change, common era, Holocene, sea surface temperature, tropical cyclones},
	issn = {2328-4277},
	doi = {10.1002/2014EF000274},
	author = {Donnelly, Jeffrey P. and Hawkes, Andrea D. and Lane, Philip and MacDonald, Dana and Shuman, Bryan N. and Toomey, Michael R. and van Hengstum, Peter J. and Woodruff, Jonathan D.}
}
