@article {hernandez_puzzling_2024,
	title = {Puzzling parrotfishes: Radiocarbon age validation and updated longevity estimates for western Atlantic species in support of sustainable fisheries management},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {19},
	number = {5},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	month = {05/2024},
	pages = {e0302854},
	abstract = {For management efforts to succeed in Caribbean fisheries, local fishers must support and be willing to comply with fishing regulations. This is more likely when fishers are included in a stock assessment process that utilizes robust scientific evidence, collected in collaboration with fishers, to evaluate the health of fish stocks. Caribbean parrotfishes are important contributors to coral reef ecosystem health while also contributing to local fisheries. Scientifically robust stock assessments require regional species-specific information on age-based key life history parameters, derived from fish age estimates. Evaluation of the accuracy of age estimation methods for fish species is a critical initial step in managing species for long-term sustainable harvest. The current study resulted from a collaborative research program between fish biologists and local fishers investigating age, growth, and reproductive biology of the seven parrotfish species landed in U.S. Caribbean fisheries; specifically, we validated age estimation for stoplight parrotfish Sparisoma viride and queen parrotfish Scarus vetula. This is the first study to directly validate age estimation for any parrotfish species through analysis of Δ14C from eye lens cores. Our age estimation validation results show that enumeration of opaque zones from thin sections of sagittal otoliths for a Sparisoma and a Scarus species provides accurate age estimates. The oldest stoplight parrotfish and queen parrotfish in the Δ14C age estimation validation series were 14 y and 16 y; while the oldest stoplight parrotfish and queen parrotfish we aged to-date using the Δ14C validated age estimation method were 20 y and 21 y, respectively. Fish longevity (maximum age attained/life span) is a key life history parameter used for estimation of natural mortality, survivorship, and lifetime reproductive output. Past reviews on parrotfishes from the Pacific and Atlantic concluded that most Caribbean/western Atlantic parrotfish species are relatively short-lived with estimated maximum ages ranging from 3{\textendash}9 y. However, information from our collaborative research in the U.S. Caribbean combined with recently published age estimates for Brazilian parrotfish species indicate that many western Atlantic parrotfishes are relatively long-lived with several species attaining maximum ages in excess of 20 y.},
	keywords = {Caribbean, coral reefs, Eye lens, Fish biology, Fisheries, Marine fish, Otolith, Spawning},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0302854},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0302854},
	author = {Hernandez, Jesus M. Rivera and Shervette, Virginia R.}
}
@article {2866,
	title = {Vulnerability of Coral Reefs to Bioerosion From Land-Based Sources of Pollution},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	volume = {122},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Oct-12-2017},
	pages = {9319 - 9331},
	abstract = {Ocean acidification (OA), the gradual decline in ocean pH and [ urn:x-wiley:21699275:media:jgrc22505:jgrc22505-math-0001] caused by rising levels of atmospheric CO2, poses a significant threat to coral reef ecosystems, depressing rates of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) production, and enhancing rates of bioerosion and dissolution. As ocean pH and [ urn:x-wiley:21699275:media:jgrc22505:jgrc22505-math-0002] decline globally, there is increasing emphasis on managing local stressors that can exacerbate the vulnerability of coral reefs to the effects of OA. We show that sustained, nutrient rich, lower pH submarine groundwater discharging onto nearshore coral reefs off west Maui lowers the pH of seawater and exposes corals to nitrate concentrations 50 times higher than ambient. Rates of coral calcification are substantially decreased, and rates of bioerosion are orders of magnitude higher than those observed in coral cores collected in the Pacific under equivalent low pH conditions but living in oligotrophic waters. Heavier coral nitrogen isotope (δ15N) values pinpoint not only site-specific eutrophication, but also a sewage nitrogen source enriched in 15N. Our results show that eutrophication of reef seawater by land-based sources of pollution can magnify the effects of OA through nutrient driven-bioerosion. These conditions could contribute to the collapse of coastal coral reef ecosystems sooner than current projections predict based only on ocean acidification.},
	keywords = {aragonite saturation, bioerosion, coral reefs, nutrients, submarine groundwater, Wastewater},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1002/2017JC013264},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017JC013264},
	author = {Prouty, Nancy G. and Cohen, Anne and Yates, Kimberly K. and Storlazzi, Curt D. and Swarzenski, Peter W. and White, Darla}
}
