@article {2917,
	title = {Inferring Life History Characteristics of the Oceanic Whitetip Shark Carcharhinus longimanus From Vertebral Bomb Radiocarbon},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Dec-11-2020},
	abstract = {Oceanic whitetip sharks Carcharhinus longimanus are a cosmopolitan epipelagic species that was once prolific throughout the tropics and subtropics but was recently listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and as Threatened under the United States Endangered Species Act. Although historically conspicuous in oceanic fisheries catches, relatively little is known about their habitat use, movement, and life history during migration. Given the paucity of data on migratory patterns and lack of age estimate validation available for this species, we evaluated vertebral growth bands for bomb radiocarbon (C-14) patterns to derive additional information on these metrics. Individual growth bands (n = 62) were milled from vertebrae of eight individuals caught in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Age estimates based on vertebral growth bands ranged 1-13 years, with capture dates spanning 1978-2004. Plots of vertebral Delta C-14 relative to regional coral, shark, and fish otolith reference curves suggest age estimates based on presumed annual growth bands were accurate, although specimens were not old enough to capture the most informative portion of the bomb radiocarbon reference period. The magnitude of Delta C-14 varied among individuals, and individual chronologies demonstrated semi-cyclic patterns of Delta C-14 depletion and subsequent enrichment, which may be indicative of changes to diet as a function of annual migratory patterns and is supported by recently published telemetry, diet, and stable isotope studies. Although these data are preliminary in nature, they provide some evidence that Delta C-14 patterns in vertebrae can serve as a multi-purpose tool for life history studies of oceanic sharks.},
	keywords = {Age validation, Carbon-14, diet, family Carcharhinidae, migration, Vertebrae},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2020.581775},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.581775/fullhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.581775/full},
	author = {Passerotti, Michelle S. and Andrews, Allen H. and Natanson, Lisa J.}
}
@article {2795,
	title = {The distribution and magnitude of subglacial erosion on millennial timescales at Engabreen, NorwayAbstract},
	journal = {Annals of Glaciology},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-12-2019},
	pages = {73 - 81},
	abstract = {We quantify the magnitude of millennial-scale glacial erosion at Engabreen, a temperate glacier in coastal northern Norway, using the in situ cosmogenic nuclides carbon-14 (14C) and beryllium-10 (10Be) in bedrock exposed recently by glacial retreat. Nuclide concentrations show no dependence on distance down or across the valley. As such, resulting Holocene erosion depths along two transects perpendicular to glacier flow are highly variable with no systematic distribution, ranging from 0.10 to 2.95 m. We observed 14C{\textendash}10Be ratios elevated above the production ratio in samples of abraded bedrock, which is counter to the expectation for surfaces covered during the Holocene and exposed only recently. Muon reactions produce nuclides at greater depths than do spallation reactions and 14C at production rates at higher than those of 10Be, resulting in 14C{\textendash}10Be ratios that increase with depth. Therefore, elevated 14C{\textendash}10Be ratios indicate that sampled sites were deeply plucked during recent cover, the Little Ice Age in this case, and then rapidly abraded prior to retreat. Our results suggest that, while glacial erosion can generate a u-shaped valley profile over long periods of time (e.g., 105{\textendash}107 years), the discontinuous nature of glacial plucking produces spatially variable patterns of erosion over shorter millennial timescales.},
	keywords = {Beryllium-10, Carbon-14, cosmogenic nuclides, Engabreen, glacial erosion},
	issn = {0260-3055},
	doi = {10.1017/aog.2019.42},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0260305519000429/type/journal_article},
	author = {Rand, Cari and Goehring, Brent M.}
}
@article {2681,
	title = {Laser ablation{\textendash}accelerator mass spectrometry reveals complete bomb 14C signal in an otolith with confirmation of 60-year longevity for red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus)},
	journal = {Marine and Freshwater Research},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-01-2019},
	pages = {1768},
	abstract = {Bomb-produced14C has been used to make valid estimates of age for various marine organisms for 25 years, but fish ages that lead to birth years earlier than the period of increase in14C lose their time specificity. As a result, bomb14Cdating is limited to a minimum age from the last year of prebomb levels because the temporal variation in14C in the marine surface layer is negligible for decades before c. 1958. The longevity of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in the Gulf of Mexico remains unresolved despite various forms of support for ages near 50{\textendash}60 years. Although the age and growth of red snapper have been verified or validated to a limited extent, some scepticism remains about longevity estimates that exceed30 years. In this study, red snapper otoliths were analysed for14C using a novel laser ablation{\textendash}accelerator mass spectrometry technique to provide a continuousrecordof14C uptake. This approach provided a basis for age validation that extends beyond the normal limits of bomb14C dating with confirmation of a 60-year longevity for red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico.},
	keywords = {Age validation, Carbon-14, Gulf of Mexico, Lutjanidae, radiocarbon.},
	issn = {1323-1650},
	doi = {10.1071/MF18265},
	url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=MF18265},
	author = {Andrews, Allen H. and Yeman, Christiane and Welte, Caroline and Hattendorf, Bodo and Wacker, Lukas and Christl, Marcus}
}
@article {2634,
	title = {Fifty-five-year longevity for the largest member of the family Sparidae: the endemic red steenbras <i>Petrus rupestris</i>               from South Africa},
	journal = {African Journal of Marine Science},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Feb-10-2018},
	pages = {343 - 353},
	abstract = {A previous study that explored the age and growth of red steenbras Petrus rupestris (Valenciennes, 1830), a large sparid (family Sparidae, seabreams or porgies) endemic to South Africa and reported to approach 2 m in length, provided estimates as a moderately slow-growing species with a maximum age near 30 years. The stock is considered collapsed and a fishing moratorium was imposed in 2012, resulting in this species being assessed as Endangered by the IUCN. One consideration in addressing population status is validation of life-history traits. In this study, estimates of age for red steenbras from thin-sectioned otoliths were reassessed visually in terms of both the original ages and revised estimates using a different age-reading pattern. The revised ages exceeded the original ages by up to 30 years, with a maximum estimated age of 55 years from a well-defined otolith section that provided a basis for the revised age-reading procedure. Bomb radiocarbon (14C) dating revealed there was an offset in the timing of the 14C rise on the Agulhas Bank that, when coupled with considerations for regional oceanography, provided support for the revised age-reading pattern and an estimated longevity that exceeds 50 years. These findings were further supported by the fortuitous recapture of a tagged red steenbras that was at liberty for 22 years.},
	keywords = {Age validation, bomb radiocarbon dating, Carbon-14, copper steenbras, endangered species, fishery closure, otoliths},
	issn = {1814-232X},
	doi = {10.2989/1814232X.2018.1520148},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/1814232X.2018.1520148https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2989/1814232X.2018.1520148},
	author = {Andrews, AH and Smale, MJ and Cowley, PD and Chang, N}
}
@article {2577,
	title = {Twenty-five-year longevity of European hake (Merluccius merluccius) from novel use of bomb radiocarbon dating in the Mediterranean Sea},
	journal = {Marine and Freshwater Research},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Jan-01-2016},
	pages = {1077},
	abstract = {The high variability of growth and longevity estimates for European hake (Merluccius merluccius) reflects the existence of two opposing hypotheses on growth rates that differ by a factor of 2: (1) a fast-growing hypothesis (FGH) with a maximum age near 15 years; and (2) a slow-growing hypothesis (SGH) with a maximum age near 30 years. A recently established regional radiocarbon (14C) reference led to a first-time application of bomb 14C dating in the Mediterranean Sea to three of the largest-sized and potentially oldest-catch female European hake. Because age reading of otoliths is very subjective and poorly defined, these fish were aged blind with bomb radiocarbon (14C) dating as an independent estimate of validated age. The validated ages were compared with the theoretical maximum ages from the most reliable FGH and SGH von Bertalanffy growth functions. Among the three bomb 14C ages, the most diagnostic length-at-age was an alignment with the bomb 14C rise period for two of the three fish, providing validated ages of 22 years (74.5-cm total length) and 25 years (88-cm total length). The results provide estimates of length-at-age that are in agreement with the SGH and cannot be accounted for by the FGH. },
	keywords = {Age validation, Carbon-14, growth, lifespan, Merlucciidae},
	issn = {1323-1650},
	doi = {10.1071/MF15376},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1071/MF15376},
	author = {Vitale, Sergio and Andrews, Allen H. and Rizzo, Pietro and Gancitano, Salvatore and Fiorentino, Fabio}
}
@article { ISI:000366502600005,
	title = {Analysis of bomb radiocarbon data for common thresher sharks, Alopias vulpinus, in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean with revised growth curves},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES},
	volume = {99},
	number = {{1}},
	year = {2015},
	month = {DEC},
	pages = {39-47},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Bomb radiocarbon dating was used to determine the periodicity of band pair formation in the vertebral centra of three common thresher sharks (Alopias vulpinus). The traditional interpretation of band pairs were accurate (i.e. annual) up to approximately 14 years of age. In older individuals, band pair counts underestimated age. A new maximum validated age was estimated to be 38 years (an increase of 18 years over the band count estimates). Previously reported length at age estimates for common thresher sharks up to 14 years were used in conjunction with the two older validated estimates to develop a revised growth curve for the species, which was described using the Schnute general model (sexes combined). Updated estimates of age at maturity remained the same for males (8 years) and increased by one year to 13 years for females. The primary finding was the increase in longevity for this species from a band pair count estimate of 24 years to a bomb radiocarbon validated estimate of 38 years, indicating this species lives much longer than previously thought.},
	keywords = {Age, Carbon-14, Centra, Elasmobranchs, Vertebral column},
	issn = {0378-1909},
	doi = {10.1007/s10641-015-0452-y},
	author = {Natanson, Lisa J. and Hamady, Li Ling and Gervelis, Brian J.}
}
@article {2635,
	title = {Age and growth of the giant sea bass, Stereolepis gigas},
	journal = {California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2014},
	month = {12},
	abstract = {In January 2010, a massive giant sea bass (500 lbs, 227 kg; near maximum reported size of 557 lbs, 253 kg) was captured off Santa Cruz Island by commercial gill-netters. This specimen presented a unique opportunity to estimate and validate of the potential longevity of the largest nearshore teleost of the northeastern Pacific. A transverse section of the sagittal otolith produced consistent counts of 62 opaque annuli along two different axes of the ventral sulcus region, translating into an estimated birth year of 1948. This age estimate was supported by measurements of radiocarbon (14 C) in the other sagittal otolith core (within the first year of growth), relative to D 14 C reference records used for bomb radiocarbon dating. Two otolith core samples produced D 14 C values that were classified as pre-bomb (prior to ,1958{\textendash}59), indicating a minimum lifespan of 51 years. It is likely that giant sea bass can live more than 60 or 70 years based on growth zone counts, but there is no evidence in the literature or this study to support longevity of 100 years.},
	keywords = {Age and growth, Carbon-14, lifespan, Longevity, Otolith, Polyprionidae, Stereolepis},
	doi = {10.3160/0038-3872-111.1.1 },
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236999608_Bomb_radiocarbon_dating_and_estimated_longevity_of_Giant_Sea_Bass_Stereolepis_gigas},
	author = {A. Hawk, Holly and Allen, Larry}
}
