@article {rieb_controls_2024,
	title = {Controls on the Respiration of Ancient Carbon Draining From Permafrost Soils Into Sunlit Arctic Surface Waters},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
	volume = {129},
	number = {5},
	year = {2024},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2023JG007853},
	month = {05/2024},
	pages = {e2023JG007853},
	abstract = {The thawing of ancient organic carbon stored in arctic permafrost soils, and its oxidation to carbon dioxide (CO2, a greenhouse gas), is predicted to amplify global warming. However, the extent to which organic carbon in thawing permafrost soils will be released as CO2 is uncertain. A critical unknown is the extent to which dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from thawing permafrost soils is respired to CO2 by microbes upon export of freshly thawed DOC to both dark bottom waters and sunlit surface waters. In this study, we quantified the radiocarbon age and 13C composition of CO2 produced by microbial respiration of DOC that was leached from permafrost soils and either kept in the dark or exposed to ultraviolet and visible wavelengths of light. We show that permafrost DOC most labile to microbial respiration was as old or older (ages 4,000{\textendash}11,000 a BP) and more 13C-depleted than the bulk DOC in both dark and light-exposed treatments, likely indicating respiration of old, 13C-depleted lignin and lipid fractions of the permafrost DOC pool. Light exposure either increased, decreased, or had no effect on the magnitude of microbial respiration of old permafrost DOC relative to respiration in the dark, depending on both the extent of DOC oxidation during exposure to light and the wavelength of light. Together, these findings suggest that photochemical changes affecting the lability of permafrost DOC during sunlight exposure are an important control on the magnitude of microbial respiration of permafrost DOC in arctic surface waters.},
	keywords = {Arctic, dissolved organic carbon, permafrost, photochemistry, radiocarbon, respiration},
	issn = {2169-8961},
	doi = {10.1029/2023JG007853},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2023JG007853},
	author = {Rieb, E. C. and Polik, C. A. and Ward, C. P. and Kling, G. W. and Cory, R. M.}
}
@article {overly_caribbean_2023,
	title = {Caribbean deepwater snappers: Application of the bomb radiocarbon age estimation validation in understanding aspects of ecology and life history},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {18},
	number = {12},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	month = {12/2023},
	pages = {e0295650},
	abstract = {Reef fishes have been utilized as food fish throughout the U.S. Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico waters for centuries, with increasing fishing effort in recent decades. As a result, many species have experienced declines in landings, including deepwater snappers such as queen snapper Etelis oculatus and blackfin snapper Lutjanus buccanella. However, little to no peer-reviewed published research exists on basic life history parameters for either species. Confirming the accuracy of an age estimation method for a fish species is essential for ensuring sustainable fisheries management. This is because in the assessment of fisheries species population age-based parameters, including longevity, age at sexual maturity, growth rate, mortality, age-specific reproductive output, and lifetime reproductive output, are important in understanding overall life history strategies of managed stocks. The past stock assessment on U.S. Caribbean queen snapper utilized an estimated longevity of 8 y, derived from length frequencies for fish from St. Lucia. Blackfin snapper has an estimated longevity of 27 y based on a relatively small study from offshore waters of the southeastern U.S. The focus of our investigation was to estimate maximum longevity of two data-poor species in the U.S. Caribbean. The accuracy of ageing methods was tested via bomb radiocarbon age estimation validation and effects of depth on Δ14C in otolith cores and eye lens core values were examined. Results from our work indicate a maximum validated age of 45 y for queen snapper, and 43 y for blackfin snapper. Our findings indicate queen snapper and blackfin snapper are long-lived (> 40 y). The resulting Δ14C comparison between eye lens cores and otolith cores has important implications for the study of age validation, specifically when deepwater species are involved.},
	keywords = {Caribbean, Eye lens, Eyes, Fisheries, Larvae, Marine fish, Otolith, Reefs},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0295650},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0295650},
	author = {Overly, Katherine E. and Shervette, Virginia R.}
}
@article {castrillejo_comparability_2023,
	title = {Comparability of Radiocarbon Measurements in Dissolved Inorganic Carbon of Seawater Produced at ETH-Zurich},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	month = {03/2023},
	pages = {1{\textendash}10},
	abstract = {Radiocarbon observations (Δ14C) in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of seawater provide useful information about ocean carbon cycling and ocean circulation. To deliver high-quality observations, the Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics (LIP) at ETH-Zurich developed a new simplified method allowing the rapid analysis of radiocarbon in DIC of small seawater samples, which is continually assessed by following internal quality controls. However, a comparison with externally produced 14C measurements to better establish an equivalency between methods was still missing. Here, we make the first intercomparison with the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) facility based on 14 duplicate seawater samples collected in 2020. We also compare with prior deep-water observations from the 1970s to 1990s. The results show a very good agreement in both comparisons. The mean Δ14C of 12 duplicate samples measured by LIP and NOSAMS were statistically identical within one sigma uncertainty while two other duplicate samples agreed within two sigma. Based on this small number of duplicate samples, LIP values appear to be slightly lower than the NOSAMS values, but more measurements will be needed for confirmation. We also comment on storage and preservation techniques used in this study, including the freezing of samples collected in foil bags.},
	keywords = {14C, comparison, DIC, dissolved inorganic carbon, radiocarbon, SEAWATER},
	issn = {0033-8222, 1945-5755},
	doi = {10.1017/RDC.2023.16},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/comparability-of-radiocarbon-measurements-in-dissolved-inorganic-carbon-of-seawater-produced-at-ethzurich/B9F6C6AA45835FA3ED0BF8E0CD9788E3},
	author = {Castrillejo, Maxi and Hansman, Roberta L. and Graven, Heather D. and Lester, Joanna G. and Bollhalder, Silvia and K{\"u}ndig, Kayley and Wacker, Lukas}
}
@article {jiang_comparing_2023,
	title = {Comparing the isotopic and molecular composition of dissolved organic carbon between the oligotrophic South China Sea and the adjacent North Pacific Ocean: Signals of biodegradation, conservative mixing, and terrestrial input},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {257},
	year = {2023},
	month = {11/2023},
	pages = {104331},
	abstract = {The cycling of oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a crucial component of the global carbon cycle, yet the identification of sources and the mechanisms of its molecular transformation remain poorly understood. This study compared the isotopic and molecular composition of DOC between the oligotrophic South China Sea (SCS) and the adjacent North Pacific Ocean (NPO), and traced both its allochthonous and autochthonous sources as well as its dynamic cycling processes. DOC was collected through solid-phase extraction (SPE) from water samples of both the SCS and NPO. Carbon content, isotopic ratios, and high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) measurements revealed that SPE-DOC contained both labile and refractory fractions. According to our mass balance model, the labile fraction of SPE-DOC exhibited a decline from 11.5 to 12.6~μM in surface waters to a negligible concentration below 1000~m. Conversely, the refractory fraction of SPE-RDOC maintained a relatively consistent value, ranging from 12.7 to 19.0~μM across the entire water column. The vertical distribution patterns of the molecular composition and carbon isotopic ratios jointly indicated that the DOC distributions are shaped by distinct biological and physical processes within different biogeochemical realms of the water column. The production and transformation of the relatively labile DOC fractions were the dominant processes in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones (upper 1000~m). The extent of diapycnal mixing between the SCS and NPO explained the different vertical distributions of refractory DOC molecules in the bathypelagic oceans. The molecular indices of polyphenol compounds, aromaticity, double bond saturation state, terrestrial mass peaks, and δ13C ratios of SPE-DOC indicated contributions from terrestrial sources, likely riverine input, in the SCS. This study sheds light on the molecular evidence of DOC sources, as well as their transformation and conservative mixing processes along the overturning circulation in marginal seas.},
	keywords = {carbon isotopes, dissolved organic carbon, FT-ICR-MS, North pacific ocean, radiocarbon, south china sea},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2023.104331},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304420323001275},
	author = {Jiang, Peng and Chen, Hongmei and Liu, Zhanfei and Li, Xiaolin}
}
@article {2955,
	title = {Carbon Accumulation, Flux, and Fate in Stordalen Mire, a Permafrost Peatland in Transition},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2022},
	month = {Jan-01-2022},
	abstract = {Stordalen Mire is a peatland in the discontinuous permafrost zone in arctic Sweden that exhibits a habitat gradient from permafrost palsa, to Sphagnum bog underlain by permafrost, to Eriophorum-dominated fully thawed fen. We used three independent approaches to evaluate the annual, multi-decadal, and millennial apparent carbon accumulation rates (aCAR) across this gradient: seven years of direct semi-continuous measurement of CO2 and CH4 exchange, and 21 core profiles for 210Pb and 14C peat dating. Year-round chamber measurements indicated net carbon balance of -13 {\textpm} 8, -49 {\textpm} 15, and -91 {\textpm} 43 g C m-2 y-1 for the years 2012{\textendash}2018 in palsa, bog, and fen, respectively. Methane emission offset 2\%, 7\%, and 17\% of the CO2 uptake rate across this gradient. Recent aCAR indicates higher C accumulation rates in surface peats in the palsa and bog compared to current CO2 fluxes, but these assessments are more similar in the fen. aCAR increased from low millennial-scale levels (17{\textendash}29 g C m-2 y-1) to moderate aCAR of the past century (72{\textendash}81 g C m-2 y-1) to higher recent aCAR of 90{\textendash}147 g C m-2 y-1. Recent permafrost collapse, greater inundation and vegetation response has made the landscape a stronger CO2 sink, but this CO2 sink is increasingly offset by rising CH4 emissions, dominated by modern carbon as determined by 14C. The higher CH4 emissions result in higher net CO2-equivalent emissions, indicating that radiative forcing of this mire and similar permafrost ecosystems will exert a warming influence on future climate. Stordalen Mire, a permafrost peatland, has become a stronger carbon sink due to shifts in vegetation and inundation accompanying thaw This stronger carbon sink is offset by an increase in methane emission, resulting in higher net CO2-equivalent emissions Analysis of respiration products indicates that methane emission from the fen and bog are dominated by modern carbon Stordalen Mire, a permafrost peatland, has become a stronger carbon sink due to shifts in vegetation and inundation accompanying thaw This stronger carbon sink is offset by an increase in methane emission, resulting in higher net CO2-equivalent emissions Analysis of respiration products indicates that methane emission from the fen and bog are dominated by modern carbon},
	issn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2021GB007113},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021GB007113},
	author = {Holmes, M. E. and Crill, P. M. and Burnett, W. C. and McCalley, C. K. and Wilson, R. M. and Frolking, S. and Chang, K.-Y. and Riley, W. J. and Varner, R. K. and Hodgkins, S. B. and McNichol, A. P. and Saleska, S. R. and Rich, V. I. and Chanton, J. P.}
}
@article {2997,
	title = {Characterization of the partial oxidation products of crude oil contaminating groundwater at the U.S. Geological Survey Bemidji research site in Minnesota by elemental analysis, radiocarbon dating, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and Fourier tran},
	number = {2022-1042},
	year = {2022},
	note = {<div data-schema-version="8"><p>doi: 10.3133/ofr20221042</p></div>
},
	month = {06/2022},
	institution = {U.S. Geological Survey },
	address = {Reston VA},
	abstract = {In oil spill research, a topic of increasing attention during the last decade has been the environmental impact of the partial oxidation products that result from transformation of the petroleum in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. This report describes the isolation and characterization of the partial oxidation products from crude oil contaminating groundwater at the long-term U.S. Geological Survey Bemidji research site in Minnesota. As the result of a pipeline burst in August 1979, a body of light aliphatic crude oil is present from the land surface to 2 meters below the water table in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer in a remote area outside Bemidji, Minnesota, United States. Biodegradation has resulted in the formation of a plume of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) downgradient from the oil body. Groundwater has also been contaminated in an area known as the spray zone, from vertical infiltration of DOC resulting from biodegradation of oil in the soil column, and possibly from photooxidation of oil at the soil surface. The majority of DOC in the contaminated groundwater is in the form of nonvolatile organic acids (NVOAs) which represent the partial oxidation products of the crude oil constituents. The NVOAs have been classified into three fractions according to their isolation on XAD resins: hydrophobic neutrals (HPON), hydrophobic acids (HPOA), and hydrophilic acids (HPIA). These fractions of NVOAs were isolated from wells downgradient from the oil body (sampling well numbers 533, 532, 530, 515), in the spray zone (603), and from an uncontaminated well upgradient of the oil body (310) between the years 1986 and 1989, and again from wells 530 and 603 in 1998. The samples have been characterized by elemental analysis, radiocarbon dating, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR), and negative-mode (-) electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FTICR-MS), with a particular focus on fractions from wells 310, 530, and 603.

All the characterization data indicate that the NVOAs from contaminated wells are distinguishable from the background DOC. Carbon-14 (14C) ages of NVOAs from contaminated wells ranged from 3,615 to 18,985 years before the present, whereas the background DOC from the aquifer was post-bomb (post 1950). By elemental analysis, NVOAs from contaminated wells had higher sulfur but lower nitrogen contents than the background. By electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, number average molecular weights determined from assigned molecular formulas ranged from 416 to 486 daltons for the HPOA and HPIA fractions from both background and contaminant wells. NVOAs from contaminated wells had significantly greater numbers of assigned molecular formulas containing sulfur, with elevated concentrations of the S1O4-10 species in particular. Compared to the background, HPOA and HPIA fractions from contaminant wells had a broader range of double bond equivalents (DBEs) within On compound classes (n is number of atoms). Additionally, within On compound classes, contaminant well HPOA fractions had a greater abundance of lower n (less than eight) than the background. Contaminant well double bond equivalents versus carbon number (C$\#$) plots of oxygen compound classes suggest oil-derived aliphatic compounds in the range from C12 to C22 in HPOA and HPIA fractions and oil-derived compounds containing aromatic or saturated rings in the approximate range from C20 to C30 are present in HPOA fractions.

The data suggest the NVOAs originate from biodegradation of several classes of C12 and greater crude oil constituents: sulfur-containing constituents, including possibly the resins and asphaltenes; constituents containing aromatic rings substituted with methyl groups, including alkylaromatic and naph-
thenoaromatic compounds, and C12 to C22 alkyl constituents. The overall similarities of the carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra for the well 603 and 530 samples from the two sampling dates suggest that a steady state in the composition of the partial oxidation products in each of the two wells had been reached between 1986{\textendash}1989 and 1998.},
	isbn = {2022-1042},
	doi = {10.3133/ofr20221042},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20221042},
	author = {Thorn, Kevin A. and Islam, Ananna and Kim, Sunghwan}
}
@article {2976,
	title = {Community practice and religion at an Early Islamic cemetery in highland Central Asia},
	journal = {Antiquity},
	volume = {96},
	year = {2022},
	month = {04/2022},
	pages = {628 - 645},
	abstract = {Archaeological studies of Early Islamic communities in Central Asia have focused on lowland urban communities. Here, the authors report on recent geophysical survey and excavation of an Early Islamic cemetery at Tashbulak in south-eastern Uzbekistan. AMS dating places the establishment of the cemetery in the mid-eighth century AD, making it one of the earliest Islamic burial grounds documented in Central Asia. Burials at Tashbulak conform to Islamic prescriptions for grave form and body deposition. The consistency in ritual suggests the existence of a funerary community of practice, challenging narratives of Islamic conversion in peripheral areas as a process of slow diffusion and emphasising the importance of archaeological approaches for documenting the diversity of Early Islamic communities.},
	doi = {10.15184/aqy.2021.106},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/community-practice-and-religion-at-an-early-islamic-cemetery-in-highland-central-asia/4C292A5614CFA03DF5059B1798B70990/share/d72e17180f49f951c611e728fb3634c79f0618ff},
	author = {Bullion, Elissa and Maksudov, Farhod and Henry, Edward R. and Merkle, Ann and Frachetti, Michael}
}
@article {2972,
	title = {Comparing paleo-oxygenation proxies (benthic foraminiferal surface porosity, I/Ca, authigenic uranium) on modern sediments and the glacial Arabian Sea},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {331},
	year = {2022},
	month = {08/2022},
	pages = {69 - 85},
	abstract = {Oceanic oxygen reconstructions of the last glacial period are needed to understand the mechanisms of glacial deep ocean carbon storage and to validate climate model simulations. However, existing bottom-water oxygen (BWO) reconstructions are ambiguous due to limitations of each paleo-BWO proxy. Here we present data on three proxies for BWO: benthic foraminiferal surface porosity, benthic foraminiferal iodine/calcium (I/Ca), and authigenic uranium (aU), from globally distributed core-top samples, and we evaluate the potential advantages and limitations of these BWO proxies on global and regional scales. All three proxies are most sensitive to changes at relatively low BWO concentrations (<\~{}50 {\textmu}mol/kg). Data from globally-distributed core tops confirm that foraminiferal surface porosity is correlated with BWO between 0 and 100 {\textmu}mol/kg. Our analysis further confirms that benthic surface porosity is predominantly controlled directly by BWO rather than other potential functionalities of surface pores such as organic carbon uptake and respiratory CO2 release. Low benthic I/Ca can identify low BWO (<50 {\textmu}mol/kg), whereas higher benthic I/Ca values are not associated with specific BWO, possibly due to additional dependence of I/Ca on temperature, salinity, carbonate ion concentration, or water mass mixing at higher BWO. The relationship between aU and BWO is regionally dependent. In the Arabian Sea, variable aU enrichments occur only within the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ), driven by high export production and organic matter fluxes to the sediment. Finally, we combine foraminiferal surface porosity, I/Ca and aU to generate the first quantitative glacial-Holocene BWO reconstructions using a sediment core taken from within the modern Arabian Sea OMZ. All three proxies consistently suggest BWO < 50 μmol/kg in the shallow Arabian Sea during the last \~{}30 kyr, with relatively higher BWO during the glacial period than the Holocene. A comparison with the benthic carbon isotope gradient proxy (Δδ13C) confirms that Δδ13C over-estimates BWO in low-oxygen settings possibly due to sediment diagenesis impacts. Our study provides new insights on the merits and limitations of these BWO proxies and confirms the importance of multi-proxy reconstructions for more reliable paleo-BWO estimates.

},
	keywords = {13 Climate Action},
	isbn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2022.06.001},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703722002666},
	author = {Lu, Wanyi and Wang, Yi and Oppo, Delia W. and Nielsen, Sune G. and Costa, Kassandra M.}
}
@article {2949,
	title = {Contemporary sources dominate carbonaceous aerosol on the North Slope of Alaska},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	volume = {831},
	year = {2022},
	month = {Jan-07-2022},
	pages = {154641},
	abstract = {As the Arctic continues to change and warm rapidly, it is increasingly important to understand the organic carbon (OC) contribution to Arctic aerosol. Biogenic sources of primary and secondary OC in the Arctic will be impacted by climate change, including warming temperatures and earlier snow and ice melt. This study focuses on identifying potential sources and regional influences on the seasonal concentration of organic aerosol through analysis of chemical and isotopic composition. Aerosol samples were collected at two sites on the North Slope of Alaska (Utqiagvik, UQK, and Oliktok Point, OLK, which is in an Arctic oilfield) over three summers from 2015 to 2017. The elemental carbon (EC) trends at each site were used to understand local combustion influences. Local sources drove EC concentrations at Oliktok Point, where high EC was attributed to oil and gas extraction activity, including diesel combustion emissions. Utqiagvik had very low EC in the summer. OC was more similar in concentration and well correlated between the two sites with high contributions of contemporary carbon by radiocarbon apportionment (UQK = 74\%, OLK = 63\%), which could include both marine and terrestrial sources of contemporary carbon (e.g. primary and secondary biogenic, biomass burning and/or associated SOA, and bioaerosols). OC concentrations are strongly correlated to maximum ambient temperatures on the NSA during the summer, which may have implications for predicting future OC aerosol concentrations in a warming Arctic. Biomass burning was determined to be an episodic influence at both sites, based on interpretation of combined aerosol composition, air mass trajectories, and remote sensing of smoke plumes. The results from this study overall strongly suggests contribution from regional sources of contemporary organic aerosol on the NSA, but additional analysis is needed to better constrain contributions from both biogenic sources (terrestrial and/or marine) and bioaerosol to better understand temperature-related aerosol processes in the Arctic.},
	issn = {00489697},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154641},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004896972201734X},
	author = {Moffett, Claire E. and Mehra, Manisha and Barrett, Tate E. and Gunsch, Matthew J. and Pratt, Kerri A. and Sheesley, Rebecca J.}
}
@article {2974,
	title = {Cultural Keystone Places and the Chumash Landscapes of Kumqaq{\textquoteright}, Point Conception, California},
	journal = {American Antiquity},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2022},
	month = {03/2022},
	pages = {487 - 504},
	abstract = {The places in which people live and spend time are steeped in history, memory, and meaning from the intersection of daily life, environmental interactions, cultural practices, and ritual. Geologic features, plants, animals, and ecosystems merge with these cultural histories, forming critical parts of the landscape and areas of {\textquotedblleft}high cultural salience,{\textquotedblright} or {\textquotedblleft}cultural keystone places{\textquotedblright} (CKPs). We identify Kumqaq{\textquoteright} (Point Conception) and the surrounding area in California as a Chumash CKP. Ethnohistoric accounts and contemporary Chumash community members have long demonstrated the importance of Point Conception in Chumash worldview and identity, whereas biologists, ecologists, and conservationists reference the area{\textquoteright}s rich biodiversity and significance as a biogeographical boundary. Recent archaeological survey of the coastline surrounding Kumqaq{\textquoteright} highlights these connections, identifying over 50 archaeological sites{\textemdash}including shell middens, villages, lithic scatters, and rock art{\textemdash}with at least 9,000 years of occupation. Ongoing collaborations among archaeologists, the Nature Conservancy, and Chumash community members help document and understand the long-term linkages between cultural and biological diversity and how integrating these perspectives can help ensure the resilience of this nexus of human and natural history in the Anthropocene future.},
	doi = {10.1017/aaq.2021.154},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity/article/cultural-keystone-places-and-the-chumash-landscapes-of-kumqaq-point-conception-california/16A429D7AA4ACF06CE3005A1578A054B/share/c7af0ac75459bd572e942e9246aa0d3791fae5e1},
	author = {Rick, Torben C. and Braje, Todd J. and Graham, Lain and Easterday, Kelly and Hofman, Courtney A. and Holguin, Brian E. and Mychajliw, Alexis M. and Reeder-Myers, Leslie A. and Reynolds, Mark D.}
}
@article {2923,
	title = {Carbon Isotopic and Lithologic Constraints on the Sources and Cycling of Inorganic Carbon in Four Large Rivers in China: Yangtze, Yellow, Pearl, and Heilongjiang},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
	volume = {126},
	year = {2021},
	month = {Jan-02-2021},
	abstract = {Transport of terrigenous carbon by rivers has been affected extensively by climate change and anthropogenic activities in China over the last few decades. Here, we present results on carbon isotopes (C-13, C-14) of dissolved and particulate inorganic carbon (DIC and PIC) and combined with major lithologic ions measured in the four largest rivers in China, namely, the Yangtze, Yellow, Pearl, and Heilongjiang rivers, to reveal the sources and transport of terrigenous inorganic carbon in the rivers. The DIC concentrations showed large variations in the four rivers and ranged from 253 to 3,122 mu M. The Yangtze, Yellow and Pearl rivers transported high DIC contents that had low Delta C-14 values of millennium-aged DIC and very old PIC; however, the Heilongjiang River presented a lower DIC concentration with much younger C-14 ages than the global average (1,100 mu M). The strong correlations between the DIC isotope values and major lithological ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) suggest that chemical weathering played important but variable roles in controlling the production and fate of DIC in the rivers. Using dual isotopes and the MixSIAR model, we calculated that the chemical weathering of carbonate rocks contributed 95 +/- 5\% of the riverine DIC to the headwater of the Yangtze River while silicate rock weathering and riverine organic matter respiration contributed 62 +/- 25\% and 5 +/- 5\% of the DIC in the middle and lower reaches of the river, respectively. In contrast, chemical weathering of silicate rocks contributed the dominant fraction of DIC in the Yellow (55 +/- 17\%), Pearl (61 +/- 20\%) and Heilongjiang (83 +/- 29\%) rivers.},
	keywords = {Carbon cycle, Chemical weathering, inorganic carbon in large rivers, radiocarbon, stable carbon isotope},
	issn = {2169-8953},
	doi = {10.1029/2020JG005901},
	url = {https://apps.webofknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&Func=Frame\&DestFail=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.webofknowledge.com\&SrcApp=search\&SrcAuth=Alerting\&SID=7EQ3XpZtZiWye3DFos4\&customersID=Alerting\&mode=FullRecord\&IsProductCode=Yes\&AlertId=4d48b20a-7d27-4fa2-},
	author = {Shan, Sen and Luo, Chunle and Qi, Yuanzhi and Cai, Wei-Jun and Sun, Shuwen and Fan, Di and Wang, Xuchen}
}
@article {2926,
	title = {Centennial-scale age offsets of plant wax n-alkanes in Adirondack lake sediments},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {300},
	year = {2021},
	month = {Jan-05-2021},
	pages = {119 - 136},
	issn = {00167037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2021.02.022},
	url = {https://apps.webofknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&Func=Frame\&DestFail=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.webofknowledge.com\&SrcApp=search\&SrcAuth=Alerting\&SID=8FcXJjl9GsiAmhuIO65\&customersID=Alerting\&mode=FullRecord\&IsProductCode=Yes\&AlertId=ab9062f8-b111-4f95-},
	author = {Freimuth, Erika J. and Diefendorf, Aaron F. and Lowell, Thomas V. and Schartman, Anna K. and Landis, Joshua D. and Stewart, Alexander K. and Bates, Benjamin R.}
}
@article {2935,
	title = {Characteristics of sediment resuspension on a deep abyssal plain in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Journal of Sea Research},
	volume = {175},
	year = {2021},
	month = {Jan-09-2021},
	pages = {102085},
	issn = {13851101},
	doi = {10.1016/j.seares.2021.102085},
	url = {https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/WOS:000687819300003?AlertId=ab9062f8-b111-4f95-a2b8-66e7afac0471\&SID=7DFRqn1B6A3SRDPNEE8},
	author = {Kim, Minkyoung and Kim, Hyung Jeek and Ko, Ara and Yoo, Chan Min and Ju, Se-Jong and Hwang, Jeomshik}
}
@article {2921,
	title = {Climate control on terrestrial biospheric carbon turnover},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {118},
	year = {2021},
	month = {Nov-02-2022},
	pages = {e2011585118},
	abstract = {Terrestrial vegetation and soils hold three times more carbon than the atmosphere. Much debate concerns how anthropogenic activity will perturb these surface reservoirs, potentially exacerbating ongoing changes to the climate system. Uncertainties specifically persist in extrapolating point-source observations to ecosystem-scale budgets and fluxes, which require consideration of vertical and lateral processes on multiple temporal and spatial scales. To explore controls on organic carbon (OC) turnover at the river basin scale, we present radiocarbon (C-14) ages on two groups of molecular tracers of plant-derived carbon-leaf-wax lipids and lignin phenols-from a globally distributed suite of rivers. We find significant negative relationships between the C-14 age of these biomarkers and mean annual temperature and precipitation. Moreover, riverine biospheric-carbon ages scale proportionally with basin-wide soil carbon turnover times and soil C-14 ages, implicating OC cycling within soils as a primary control on exported biomarker ages and revealing a broad distribution of soil OC reactivities. The ubiquitous occurrence of a long-lived soil OC pool suggests soil OC is globally vulnerable to perturbations by future temperature and precipitation increase. Scaling of riverine biospheric-carbon ages with soil OC turnover shows the former can constrain the sensitivity of carbon dynamics to environmental controls on broad spatial scales. Extracting this information from fluvially dominated sedimentary sequences may inform past variations in soil OC turnover in response to anthropogenic and/or climate perturbations. In turn, monitoring riverine OC composition may help detect future climate-change-induced perturbations of soil OC turnover and stocks.},
	keywords = {Carbon cycle, carbon turnover times, fluvial carbon, plant biomarkers, radiocarbon},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2011585118},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349357864_Climate_control_on_terrestrial_biospheric_carbon_turnover},
	author = {Eglinton, Timothy I. and Galy, Valier V. and Hemingway, Jordon D. and Feng, Xiaojuan and Bao, Hongyan and Blattmann, Thomas M. and Dickens, Angela F. and Gies, Hannah and Giosan, Liviu and Haghipour, Negar and Hou, Pengfei and Lupker, Maarten and McIntyre, Cameron P. and Montlu{\c c}on, Daniel B. and Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Bernhard and Ponton, Camilo and Schefu{\ss}, Enno and Schwab, Melissa S. and Voss, Britta M. and Wacker, Lukas and Wu, Ying and Zhao, Meixun}
}
@article {2930,
	title = {Coal fly ash is a major carbon flux in the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) basin},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {118},
	year = {2021},
	month = {Jan-05-2023},
	pages = {e1921544118},
	abstract = {Fly ash-the residuum of coal burning-contains a considerable amount of fossilized particulate organic carbon (FOCash) that remains after high-temperature combustion. Fly ash leaks into natural environments and participates in the contemporary carbon cycle, but its reactivity and flux remained poorly understood. We characterized FOCash in the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) basin, China, and quantified the riverine FOCash fluxes. Using Raman spectral analysis, ramped pyrolysis oxidation, and chemical oxidation, we found that FOCash is highly recalcitrant and unreactive, whereas shale-derived FOC (FOCrock) was much more labile and easily oxidized. By combining mass balance calculations and other estimates of fly ash input to rivers, we estimated that the flux of FOCash carried by the Chang Jiang was 0.21 to 0.42 Mt C center dot y-1 in 2007 to 2008-an amount equivalent to 37 to 72\% of the total riverine FOC export. We attributed such high flux to the combination of increasing coal combustion that enhances FOCash production and the massive construction of dams in the basin that reduces the flux of FOCrock eroded from upstream mountainous areas. Using global ash data, a first-order estimate suggests that FOCash makes up to 16\% of the present-day global riverine FOC flux to the oceans. This reflects a substantial impact of anthropogenic activities on the fluxes and burial of fossil organic carbon that has been made less reactive than the rocks from which it was derived.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1921544118},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1921544118https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1073/pnas.1921544118http://www.pnas.org/syndication/doi/10.1073/pnas.1921544118},
	author = {Li, Gen K. and Fischer, Woodward W. and Lamb, Michael P. and West, A. Joshua and Zhang, Ting and Galy, Valier and Wang, Xingchen Tony and Li, Shilei and Qiu, Hongrui and Li, Gaojun and Zhao, Liang and Chen, Jun and Ji, Junfeng}
}
@article {2924,
	title = {Compound-specific radiocarbon reveals sources and land{\textendash}sea transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban estuary},
	journal = {Water Research},
	volume = {198},
	year = {2021},
	month = {Jan-06-2021},
	pages = {117134},
	abstract = {As typical chemical indicators of the Anthropocene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their environmental behavior in urban estuaries can reveal the influence of anthropogenic activities on coastal zones worldwide. In contrast to conventional approaches based on concentration datasets, we provide a compound-specific radiocarbon ( 14 C) perspective to quantitatively evaluate the sources and land{\textendash}sea transport of PAHs in an estuarine{\textendash}coastal surficial sedimentary system impacted by anthropogenic activities and coastal currents. Compound-specific 14 C of PAHs and their 14 C end-member mixing models showed that 67 -73\% of fluoranthene and pyrene and 76 -80\% of five- and six-ring PAHs in the Jiulong River Estuary (JRE, China) originated from fossil fuels (e.g., coal, oil spill, and petroleum-related emissions). In the adjacent Western Taiwan Strait (WTS), the contributions of fossil fuel to these PAH groups were higher at 74 -79\% and 84 -87\%, respectively. Furthermore, as a significant biomarker for source al- location of terrigenous organic matter, perylene, a typical five-ring PAH, and its land{\textendash}sea transport from the basin through the JRE and finally to the WTS was quantitatively evaluated based on the 14 C transport models. In the JRE, fluvial erosions and anthropogenic emissions affected the 14 C signature of perylene ( 14 C perylene , -535 {\textpm}5 {\textperthousand} ) with contributions of > 38\% and < 62\%, respectively. From the JRE to the WTS, the decreased 14 C perylene (-735 {\textpm}4 {\textperthousand} ) could be attributed to the long{\textendash}range transport of {\textquotedblleft}ocean current- driven{\textquotedblright} perylene (-919 {\textpm}53 {\textperthousand} ) with a contribution of 53 {\textpm}8\%. This compound-specific 14 C approach and PAH transport model help provide a valuable reference for accurately quantifying land{\textendash}sea transport and burial of organic pollutants in estuarine{\textendash}coastal sedimentary systems.},
	issn = {00431354},
	doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2021.117134},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135421003328},
	author = {Ya, Miaolei and Wu, Yuling and Xu, Li and Li, Yongyu and Chen, Hanzhe and Wang, Xinhong}
}
@article {3001,
	title = {CTD profiles and discrete water-column measurements collected off California and Oregon during NOAA cruise SH-18-12 (USGS field activity 2018-663-FA) from October to November 2018 (ver. 3.0, July 2022)},
	year = {2021},
	publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey},
	abstract = {Various water column variables, including salinity, dissolved inorganic nutrients, pH, total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, radio-carbon isotopes were measured in samples collected using a Niskin-bottle rosette at selected depths from sites offshore of California and Oregon from October to November 2018 during NOAA cruise SH-18-12 on the R/V Bell M. Shimada (USGS field activity 2018-663-FA). CTD (Conductivity Temperature Depth) data were also collected at each depth that a Niskin-bottle sample was collected and are presented along with the water sample data.

This data release supersedes version 2.0, published in September 2021 at https://doi.org/10.5066/P99DIQZ5. Versioning details are documented in the accompanying VersionHistory_P99MJ096.txt file.},
	keywords = {Earth and related environmental sciences, Geochemistry},
	doi = {10.5066/P99MJ096},
	url = {https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/6281d080d34e3bef0c9a3b17},
	author = {Prouty, Nancy G and Baker, Miranda C}
}
@article {2914,
	title = {Carbon cycling in the deep Mariana Trench in the western north Pacific Ocean: Insights from radiocarbon proxy data},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {164},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jan-10-2020},
	pages = {103370},
	abstract = {The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific (NP) contains the deepest (11,000 m) point in the ocean and thus remains the least explored environment. Carbon cycling in the deep Mariana Trench is largely unknown and remains a curious mystery. Here, we report radiocarbon (Delta C-14) and stable carbon isotope (delta C-13) compositions of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon (DIC and DOC) and sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) for samples collected at 2000 m, 4000 m and 6000 m from the Mariana Trench in the western NP. DOC had much lower Delta C-14 values (-189 parts per thousand to -538 parts per thousand) than DIC (38 parts per thousand to -236 parts per thousand) and POC (11 parts per thousand-38 parts per thousand) at the same depths, indicating the different cycling processes and time scales of different carbon pools. The C-14 ages of DOC were approximately 1700 years and 4400 years older than those of DIC in the surface (2 m) and deep (10,000 m) waters of the Mariana Trench. Both DOC and DIC Delta C-14 values at hadal depths (>6000 m) in the trench are comparable to values at other sites in the deep NP, suggesting that water movement and mixing at hadal depths in the Mariana Trench are active and follow the deep-water circulation patterns of the NP. POC fluxes at the three deep depths showed large variations, but their modern Delta C-14 values indicate that the effective biological pump that drives fresh surface-produced particles to sink rapidly to deep depths in the trench could provide essential food sources for microbial and benthic communities living in an extremely harsh environment of the Mariana Trench.},
	keywords = {carbon cycling, Mariana trench, North pacific ocean, Particle flux, radiocarbon, stable carbon isotope},
	issn = {09670637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103370},
	url = {https://apps.webofknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&Func=Frame\&DestFail=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.webofknowledge.com\&SrcApp=search\&SrcAuth=Alerting\&SID=5FcsGoXKXNO2xQfU7KW\&customersID=Alerting\&mode=FullRecord\&IsProductCode=Yes\&AlertId=4d48b20a-7d27-4fa2-},
	author = {Shan, Sen and Qi, Yuanzhi and Tian, Jiwei and Wang, Xuchen and Luo, Chunle and Zhou, Chun and Zhang, Xiao-Hua and Xin, Yu and Wang, Yonghong}
}
@article {2700,
	title = {Carbon Cycling in the World{\textquoteright}s Deepest Blue Hole},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
	volume = {125},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jan-02-2020},
	abstract = {Blue holes are unique geomorphological features with steep biogeochemical gradients and distinctive microbial communities. Carbon cycling in blue holes, however, remains poorly understood. Here we describe potential mechanisms of dissolved carbon cycling in the world{\textquoteright}s deepest blue hole, the Yongle Blue Hole (YBH), which was recently discovered in the South China Sea. In the YBH, we found some of the lowest concentrations (e.g., 22 μM) and oldest ages (e.g., 6,810 years before present) of dissolved organic carbon, as well as the highest concentrations (e.g., 3,090 μM) and the oldest ages (e.g., 8,270 years before present) of dissolved inorganic carbon observed in oceanic waters. Sharp gradients of dissolved oxygen, H2S, and CH4 and changes in bacterially mediated sulfur cycling with depth indicated that sulfur- and/or methane-based metabolisms are closely linked to carbon cycling in the YBH. Our results showed that the YBH is a unique and easily accessible natural laboratory for examining carbon cycling in anoxic systems, which has potential for understanding carbon dynamics in both paleo and modern oceans{\textemdash}particularly in the context of global change.},
	keywords = {anoxia, carbon cycling, dissolved carbon, radiocarbon, sulfur cycling, Yongle blue hole},
	issn = {2169-8953},
	doi = {10.1029/2019JG005307},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019JG005307},
	author = {Yao, P. and Wang, X. C. and Bianchi, T. S. and Yang, Z. S. and Fu, L. and Zhang, X. H. and Chen, L. and Zhao, B. and Morrison, E. S. and Shields, M. R. and Liu, Y. N. and Bi, N. S. and Qi, Y. Z. and Zhou, S. and Liu, J. W. and Zhang, H. H. and Zhu, C. J. and Yu, Z. G.}
}
@article {2726,
	title = {Carbon isotope forensics for methane source identification},
	journal = {Remediation Journal},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Apr-03-2022},
	pages = {55 - 62},
	abstract = {Methane (CH4) in ecosystems originates from ancient petroleum formed deep within the earth and/or via microbial fermentation of organic carbon and subsequent reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2). Given the complexity of different ecosystems, origins of CH4 present can be difficult to determine. This issue was realized in a situation where an antimethanogenic in situ chemical reduction (ISCR) remedial amendment containing organic carbon plus zero-valent iron was applied to treat chlorinated solvents in groundwater at a former dry cleaner facility. The technology rapidly and effectively reduced the concentration of tetrachloroethene in groundwater thus meeting project goals without the stoichiometric accumulation of catabolites such as trichloroethene (TCE), cis-1,2-dichloroethene, or vinyl chloride and without excessive methanogenesis (e.g., <2 mg/L) in the treated area. However, approximately 9 months after treatment, increased levels of CH4 (from 5 to 10 mg/L) were observed downgradient from the treated area. The applied remedial amendment contained approximately 60\% (weight basis) fermentation organic carbon and was therefore a potential source of this CH4. However, there was <500 mg/L total organic carbon in groundwater emanating from the upgradient treatment area which was unlikely sufficient to produce that much CH4. Moreover, the soil gas also contained benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes and other gasoline constituents. These data suggested that the presence of three gasoline/diesel underground storage tanks that were previously closed in place with no active remediation performed could be the source of elevated CH4. Thirdly, there were sewer lines, utilities, multiple gasoline stations, and industrial activities in the immediate area. With an initial assumption that CH4 source(s) could include the ISCR amendment over stimulation of production, gasoline sourced CH4 from nearby leaking lines, or sewage from local fractured pipes, carbon isotope analyses{\textemdash}radiocarbon (Δ14C) and stable carbon (δ13C){\textemdash}were coupled with CH4 and CO2 concentration data from groundwater samples to determine the origin of respired carbon. The δ13C range for carbon sources respired in the process would be approximately -26.5{\textperthousand} to -33.0{\textperthousand} for the ISCR amendment and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) residuals, respectively. Δ14C is approximately 0{\textperthousand} and -999{\textperthousand} for the ISCR amendment (young carbon) and TPH (old carbon), respectively. The isotopic signature of respired gasses confirmed that elevated CH4 downgradient of the treated area originated primarily from sewer gasses (or fermentation of liquids released from sewer lines). This study provides an overview of the capability to apply carbon isotope geochemistry to confirmation of remedial protocols and sources of anthropogenic carbon pools that conclusively identify the origin of CH4 in a complex ecosystem undergoing a remedial action.},
	issn = {1051-5658},
	doi = {10.1002/rem.v30.210.1002/rem.21640},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rem.21640},
	author = {Coffin, Richard and Mueller, James}
}
@inbook {2998,
	title = {Chapter 30 - Radiocarbon dating of tsunami and storm deposits},
	booktitle = {Geological Records of Tsunamis and Other Extreme Waves},
	year = {2020},
	month = {2020/01/01/},
	pages = {663 - 685},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {Radiocarbon age determinations can be an expedient and accurate means to assign age to deposits of tsunami or storm origin. Essential to the process of incorporating radiocarbon age determinations in tsunami or coastal storm investigations is an awareness on the part of the investigator that a sample will always return an age from a laboratory, but only carefully selected samples inform deposit age. Samples that inform deposit age are of two fundamentally different sample types, in-growth-position samples and detrital samples. For both in-growth-position samples and detrital samples, stratigraphic context is the critical information needed to evaluate how well sample age can constrain deposit age. Well constrained deposit ages require bracketing samples collected to provide both maximum and minimum limiting ages for the deposit(s) of interest. Therefore, sampling should be carried out with the intention of multiple sample submissions for age in order to optimize the potential for acquiring closely limiting ages. If there are multiple age determinations within a stratigraphic sequence that contains tsunami or storm deposits, then the calibrated radiocarbon ages can be, and should be, framed within a Bayesian model structure to better constrain deposit ages. Such models can be further improved by the incorporation of independent stratigraphic age information.},
	keywords = {Dating coastal storm deposits, Dating tsunami deposits, Modeling approaches for dating tsunami deposits, Radiocarbon dating, Sampling tsunami deposits, Tsunami Deposits, Tsunami sand},
	isbn = {978-0-12-815686-5},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-815686-5.00030-4},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128156865000304},
	author = {Kelsey, Harvey M. and Witter, Robert C.},
	editor = {Engel, Max and Pilarczyk, Jessica and May, Simon Matthias and Brill, Dominik and Garrett, Ed}
}
@article {2883,
	title = {Clumped Isotopes Link Older Carbon Substrates With Slower Rates of Methanogenesis in Northern Lakes},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Apr-03-2022},
	abstract = {The release of long-stored carbon from thawed permafrost could fuel increased methanogenesis in northern lakes, but it remains unclear whether old carbon substrates released from permafrost are metabolized as rapidly by methanogenic microbial communities as recently produced organic carbon. Here, we apply methane (CH4) clumped isotope (Δ18) and 14C measurements to test whether rates of methanogenesis are related to carbon substrate age. Results from culture experiments indicate that Δ18 values are negatively correlated with CH4 production rate. Measurements of ebullition samples from thermokarst lakes in Alaska and glacial lakes in Sweden indicate strong negative correlations between CH4 Δ18 and the fraction modern carbon. These correlations imply that CH4 derived from older carbon substrates is produced relatively slowly. Relative rates of methanogenesis, as inferred from Δ18 values, are not positively correlated with CH4 flux estimates, highlighting the likely importance of environmental variables other than CH4 production rates in controlling ebullition fluxes.},
	keywords = {clumped isotopes, ebullition flux, lakes, methane, permafrost, radiocarbon},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GL086756},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019GL086756},
	author = {Douglas, Peter M. J. and Gonzalez Moguel, Regina and Walter Anthony, Katey M. and Wik, Martin and Crill, Patrick M. and Dawson, Katherine S. and Smith, Derek A. and Yanay, Ella and Lloyd, Max K. and Stolper, Daniel A. and Eiler, John M. and Sessions, Alex L.}
}
@article { ISI:000478786500021,
	title = {CO2-dependent carbon isotope fractionation in Archaea, Part II: The marine water column},
	journal = {GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA},
	volume = {261},
	year = {2019},
	month = {SEP 15},
	pages = {383-395},
	abstract = {Stable carbon isotope ratios of archaeal glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids have been proposed as a proxy to infer past changes in the carbon isotope composition (delta C-13) of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). The premise for paleo-delta C-13(DIC) reconstructions from GDGTs is based on observations of relatively constant delta C-13(GDGT) values in recent depositional environments. Marine Thaumarchaeota, thought to be the dominant source of GDGTs to marine sediments, fix inorganic carbon using the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate (3HP/4HB) pathway, which is specific to HCO3- as the substrate. Bicarbonate-dependent autotrophy has been the basis for predicting that the stable carbon isotopic composition of GDGTs (delta C-13(GDGT)) should vary in parallel with water column delta C-13(DIC) values, because HCO3- is by far the dominant fraction of DIC in modern seawater. However, this relationship has never been systematically tested. Here we examine the carbon isotopic composition of GDGTs from four water column profiles in the Southwest and Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Values of delta C-13(GDGT) increase with depth in the water column, in contrast to the characteristic decrease in delta C-13(DIC) values. These divergent trends imply a decrease in the observed total biosynthetic isotope effect (epsilon(Ar)) with depth, i.e., the offset between delta(13)(DIC) and delta C-13(GDGT) is not constant. Instead, we find that values of epsilon(Ar) specifically correlate with oceanographic variables associated with extent of organic remineralization, decreasing as CO2 concentration increases. This observed relationship is consistent in both magnitude and direction with the results of an isotope flux-balance model for Thaumarchaeota that suggests epsilon(Ar) should be sensitive to growth rate (mu) and CO2 availability under conditions of atmospheric pCO(2) < 4 times the pre-anthropogenic Holocene level. Further tests of the sensitivity of epsilon(Ar) to u and CO2 in the modern marine environment will be essential to exploring the potential for a new, archaeal lipid-derived pCO(2) paleobarometer. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2019.06.043},
	author = {Hurley, Sarah J. and Close, Hilary G. and Elling, Felix J. and Jasper, Claire E. and Gospodinova, Kalina and McNichol, Ann P. and Pearson, Ann}
}
@article {2703,
	title = {Comparing and improving methods for reconstructing peatland water-table depth from testate amoebae},
	journal = {The Holocene},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-08-2020},
	pages = {1350 - 1361},
	abstract = {Proxies that use changes in the composition of ecological communities to reconstruct temporal changes in an environmental covariate are commonly used in paleoclimatology and paleolimnology. Existing methods, such as weighted averaging and modern analog technique, relate compositional data to the covariate in very simple ways, and different methods are seldom compared systematically. We present a new Bayesian model that better represents the underlying data and the complexity in the relationships between species{\textquoteright} abundances and a paleoenvironmental covariate. Using testate amoeba{\textendash}based reconstructions of water-table depth as a test case, we systematically compare new and existing models in a cross-validation experiment on a large training dataset from North America. We then apply the different models to a new 7500-year record of testate amoeba assemblages from Caribou Bog in Maine and compare the resulting water-table depth reconstructions. We find that Bayesian models represent an improvement over existing methods in three key ways: more complete use of the underlying compositional data, full and meaningful treatment of uncertainty, and clear paths toward methodological improvements. Furthermore, we highlight how developing and systematically comparing methods lead to an improved understanding of the proxy system. This paper focuses on testate amoebae and water-table depth, but the framework and ideas are widely applicable to other proxies based on compositional data.},
	keywords = {Bayesian statistics, compositional data, Holocene, hydrology, North America, Northeast United States, Paleoclimate, peatlands, statistical methods, testate amoebae},
	issn = {0959-6836},
	doi = {10.1177/0959683619846969},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0959683619846969},
	author = {Nolan, Connor and Tipton, John and Booth, Robert K and Hooten, Mevin B and Jackson, Stephen T}
}
@article {2868,
	title = {Coral Skeleton δ15N as a Tracer of Historic Nutrient Loading to a Coral Reef in Maui, Hawaii},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-12-2019},
	abstract = {Excess nutrient loading to nearshore environments has been linked to declining water quality and ecosystem health. Macro-algal blooms, eutrophication, and reduction in coral cover have been observed in West Maui, Hawaii, and linked to nutrient inputs from coastal submarine groundwater seeps. Here, we present a forty-year record of nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) of intra-crystalline coral skeletal organic matter in three coral cores collected at this site and evaluate the record in terms of changes in nitrogen sources. Our results show a dramatic increase in coral δ15N values after 1995, corresponding with the implementation of biological nutrient removal at the nearby Lahaina Wastewater Reclamation Facility (LWRF). High δ15N values are known to be strongly indicative of denitrification and sewage effluent, corroborating a previously suggested link between local wastewater injection and degradation of the reef environment. This record demonstrates the power of coral skeletal δ15N as a tool for evaluating nutrient dynamics within coral reef environments.},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-42013-3},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-42013-3},
	author = {Murray, Joseph and Prouty, Nancy G. and Peek, Sara and Paytan, Adina}
}
@article {2677,
	title = {Coupled ocean and atmospheric changes during Greenland stadial 1 in southwestern Europe},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {212},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-05-2019},
	pages = {108 - 120},
	abstract = {Paleoclimate reconstructions suggest that the complex variability within the Greenland stadial 1 (GS-1) over western Europe was governed by coupled ocean and atmospheric changes. However, few works from the North Atlantic mid-latitudes document both the GS-1 onset and its termination, which are often considered as single abrupt transition events. Here, we present a direct comparison between marine (alkenone-based sea surface temperatures) and terrestrial (pollen) data, at very high resolution (28 years mean), from the southwestern Iberian shelf record D13882. Our results reveal a rather complex climatic period with internally changing conditions. The GS-1 onset (GS-1a: 12890-12720 yr BP) is marked by a progressive cooling and drying; GS-1b (12720-12390 yr BP) is the coldest and driest phase; GS-1c (12390-12030 yr BP) is marked by a progressive warming and increase in moisture conditions; GS-1 termination (GS-1d: 12030-11770 yr BP) is marked by rapid switches between cool wet, cold dry and cool wet conditions. Although hydroclimate response was very unsteady throughout the GS-1 and in particular during its termination phase, the persistence of an open temperate and Mediterranean forest in southwestern Iberia during the entire episode suggests that at least some moisture was delivered via the Westerlies. We propose coupled ocean and atmospheric mechanisms to reproduce these scenaria. Changes in the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) as well as variations in the North Atlantic sea-ice growth have favoured the displacement of the polar jet stream{\textquoteright}s latitudinal position and contributed to a complex spatial pattern and strength of the Westerlies across western Europe.},
	keywords = {Climate variability, Greenland stadial, Iberian margin, Jet stream, Moisture availability, North Atlantic, Paleoclimate, Westerlies, Younger Dryas Complex},
	issn = {02773791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.033},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332292599_Coupled_ocean_and_atmospheric_changes_during_Greenland_stadial_1_in_southwestern_Europe},
	author = {Naughton, F. and Costas, S. and Gomes, S.D. and Desprat, S. and Rodrigues, T. and Sanchez Go{\~n}i, M.F. and Renssen, H. and Trigo, R. and Bronk-Ramsey, C. and Oliveira, D. and Salgueiro, E. and Voelker, A.H.L. and Abrantes, F.}
}
@article {2693,
	title = {A centuries-long delay between a paleo-ice-shelf collapse and grounding-line retreat in the Whales Deep Basin, eastern Ross Sea, Antarctica},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-12-2018},
	abstract = {Recent thinning and loss of Antarctic ice shelves has been followed by near synchronous acceleration of ice flow that may eventually lead to sustained deflation and significant contraction in the extent of grounded and floating ice. Here, we present radiocarbon dates from foraminifera that constrain the time elapsed between a previously described paleo-ice-shelf collapse and the subsequent major grounding-line retreat in the Whales Deep Basin (WDB) of eastern Ross Sea. The dates indicate that West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) grounding-line retreat from the continental shelf edge was underway prior to 14.7 {\textpm} 0.4 cal kyr BP. A paleo-ice-shelf collapse occurred at 12.3 {\textpm} 0.2 cal kyr BP. The grounding position was maintained on the outer-continental shelf until at least 11.5 {\textpm} 0.3 cal kyr BP before experiencing a 200-km retreat. Given the age uncertainties, the major grounding-line retreat lagged ice-shelf collapse by at least two centuries and by as much as fourteen centuries. In the WDB, the centuries-long delay in the retreat of grounded ice was partly due to rapid aggradational stacking of an unusually large volume of grounding-zone-wedge sediment as ice-stream discharge accelerated following ice-shelf collapse. This new deglacial reconstruction shows that ongoing changes to ice shelves may trigger complex dynamics whose consequences are realized only after a significant lag.},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-29911-8},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-29911-8},
	author = {Bart, Philip J. and DeCesare, Matthew and Rosenheim, Brad E. and Majewski, Wojceich and McGlannan, Austin}
}
@article {2612,
	title = {Climate variability and cultural eutrophication at Walden Pond (Massachusetts, USA) during the last 1800 years},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {131786944304936355638925103443261363251824210727417625108525645371825392233490545519069849653235772249},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Apr-04-2018},
	pages = {e0191755},
	abstract = {Recent shifts in the ecological condition of Walden Pond, MA, are of
potentially wide interest due to the lake{\textquoteright}s importance as a cultural,
historical, and recreational resource in addition to its scientific
value as an indicator of local and global environmental change. Algal
microfossils in six sediment cores document changes in hydroclimate and
trophic status of the lake during the last 1800 years and extend two
previous sediment core records of shorter length. Low percentages of
planktonic diatoms in the longest cores (WAL-3, WAL-15) indicate
shallowing and/or greater water clarity associated with a relatively
arid interval during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, ca. A.D. 1150-1300,
Cultural eutrophication of the lake since the A.D. 1920s caused diatoms
in the genera Asterionella and Synedra to increase in relative abundance
at the expense of Cyclotella, Discostella, and the chrysophyte alga
Mallomonas allorgel. Percentages of Asterionella and Synedra have
remained fairly stable since A.D. 2000 when a previous sediment core
study was conducted, but scaled chrysophytes have become more numerous.
These findings suggest that, although mitigation efforts have curtailed
anthropogenic nutrient inputs to Walden Pond, the lake has not returned
to the pre-impact condition described by Henry David Thoreau and may
become increasingly vulnerable to further changes in water quality in a
warmer and possibly wetter future.},
	keywords = {BOREAL LAKES, canada, CRAWFORD LAKE, DEPTH MODELS, ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE, ice-age, new-england, NORTH-AMERICA, NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES, organic-matter},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0191755},
	url = {https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180404143418.htm},
	author = {Stager, J. Curt and Wiltse, Brendan and Hubeny, J. Bradford and Yankowsky, Eric and Nardelli, David and Primack, Richard},
	editor = {Doi, Hideyuki}
}
@article {2755,
	title = {Climatic control of Mississippi River flood hazard amplified by river engineering},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {556},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-04-2018},
	pages = {95 - 98},
	abstract = {Over the past century, many of the world{\textquoteright}s major rivers have been modified for the purposes of flood mitigation, power generation and commercial navigation1. Engineering modifications to the Mississippi River system have altered the river{\textquoteright}s sediment levels and channel morphology2, but the influence of these modifications on flood hazard is debated3,4,5. Detecting and attributing changes in river discharge is challenging because instrumental streamflow records are often too short to evaluate the range of natural hydrological variability before the establishment of flood mitigation infrastructure. Here we show that multi-decadal trends of flood hazard on the lower Mississippi River are strongly modulated by dynamical modes of climate variability, particularly the El Ni{\~n}o{\textendash}Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, but that the artificial channelization (confinement to a straightened channel) has greatly amplified flood magnitudes over the past century. Our results, based on a multi-proxy reconstruction of flood frequency and magnitude spanning the past 500 years, reveal that the magnitude of the 100-year flood (a flood with a 1 per cent chance of being exceeded in any year) has increased by 20 per cent over those five centuries, with about 75 per cent of this increase attributed to river engineering. We conclude that the interaction of human alterations to the Mississippi River system with dynamical modes of climate variability has elevated the current flood hazard to levels that are unprecedented within the past five centuries.},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/nature26145},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature26145},
	author = {Munoz, Samuel E. and Giosan, Liviu and Therrell, Matthew D. and Remo, Jonathan W. F. and Shen, Zhixiong and Sullivan, Richard M. and Wiman, Charlotte and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Michelle and Donnelly, Jeffrey P.}
}
@article {2881,
	title = {The collapse of the North Song dynasty and the AD 1048{\textendash}1128 Yellow River floods: Geoarchaeological evidence from northern Henan Province, China},
	journal = {The Holocene},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jun-11-2018},
	pages = {1759 - 1770},
	abstract = {From AD 1048 to 1128, Yellow River flooding killed over a million people, left many more homeless and destitute, and turned parts of the once fertile North China Plain into a silted-up agricultural wasteland. Brought on in part by climate change and the Northern Song dynasty{\textquoteright}s (AD 960{\textendash}1127) mismanagement of the environment, the Yellow River floods likely hastened the collapse of the Northern Song dynasty. Despite the magnitude of this flood event, no sedimentary deposits have yet been linked to these historically recorded floods. In this research paper, we provide archaeological, sedimentary, and radiocarbon evidence of the AD 1048{\textendash}1128 Yellow River floods at the Dazhanglongcun, Xidacheng, and Daguxiancun sites in Neihuang County, Henan Province. Based on our data, we argue that the AD 1048{\textendash}1128 Yellow River floods deposited over 5 m of alluvium on villages in the North China Plain, radically changing both the physical and political landscape of Northern Song dynasty China.},
	keywords = {floods, Geoarchaeology, land use, North China Plain, Song dynasty, Yellow River},
	issn = {0959-6836},
	doi = {10.1177/0959683618788682},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0959683618788682},
	author = {Storozum, Michael J and Zhen, Qin and Xiaolin, Ren and Haiming, Li and Yifu, Cui and Kui, Fu and Haiwang, Liu}
}
@article {2622,
	title = {Combining Conflicting Bayesian Models to Develop Paleoseismic Records: An Example from the Wasatch Fault Zone, Utah},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Feb-06-2020},
	abstract = {Bayesian statistical analyses of paleoseismic data result in the probabilistic determination of earthquake times using geochronological data evaluated in the context of a stratigraphic model. However, a fundamental problem in paleoseismology is how to use the Bayesian approach to model sparse and/or conflicting geochronological datasets, such as those derived from sites exhibiting episodic sedimentary and pedogenic processes in moderate- to high-energy environments (e.g., a normal-faulted alluvial fan). Using paleoseismic data for the Corner Canyon site on the Salt Lake City segment of the Wasatch fault zone (Utah), we develop an approach by which multiple Bayesian models are combined to generate an earthquake history at a site. This approach accommodates mutually exclusive interpretations of the geochronological data and thereby limits the influence of sparse data, stratigraphically inconsistent ages, or a single, subjective model interpretation. For the Corner Canyon site, we integrate four OxCal Bayesian models to generate a chronology of six events between \~{}4.8 and \~{}0.5  ka. Late Holocene (post-5 ka) mean recurrence and vertical slip-rate estimates are \~{}0.9  ky (0.7{\textendash}1.0 ky; 95\% confidence) and 1.1  mm/yr (0.8{\textendash}1.7  mm/yr range), respectively. Although our method increases the uncertainty in the timing of individual earthquakes, it more objectively accounts for potential geochronological errors and different interpretations of stratigraphic age control. By relaxing the need to select a single age model, our approach yields more accurate earthquake-timing results that will better facilitate evaluations of along-fault event correlation and earthquake rupture length.},
	issn = {0037-1106},
	doi = {10.1785/0120170302},
	url = {https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/536312/Combining-Conflicting-Bayesian-Models-to-Develop},
	author = {DuRoss, Christopher B. and Bennett, Scott E. K. and Briggs, Richard W. and Personius, Stephen F. and Gold, Ryan D. and Reitman, Nadine G. and Hiscock, Adam I. and Mahan, Shannon A.}
}
@article {2882,
	title = {Carbon geochemistry of plankton-dominated samples in the Laptev and East Siberian shelves: contrasts in suspended particle composition},
	journal = {Ocean Science},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-01-2017},
	pages = {735 - 748},
	abstract = {Recent Arctic studies suggest that sea ice decline and permafrost thawing will affect phytoplankton dynamics and stimulate heterotrophic communities. However, in what way the plankton composition will change as the warming proceeds remains elusive. Here we investigate the chemical signature of the plankton-dominated fraction of particulate organic matter (POM) collected along the Siberian Shelf. POM (> 10 {\textmu}m) samples were analysed using molecular biomarkers (CuO oxidation and IP25) and dual-carbon isotopes (δ13C and Δ14C). In addition, surface water chemical properties were integrated with the POM (> 10 {\textmu}m) dataset to understand the link between plankton composition and environmental conditions.

δ13C and Δ14C exhibited a large variability in the POM (> 10 {\textmu}m) distribution while the content of terrestrial biomarkers in the POM was negligible. In the Laptev Sea (LS), δ13C and Δ14C of POM (> 10 {\textmu}m) suggested a heterotrophic environment in which dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the Lena River was the primary source of metabolisable carbon. Within the Lena plume, terrestrial DOC probably became part of the food web via bacteria uptake and subsequently transferred to relatively other heterotrophic communities (e.g. dinoflagellates). Moving eastwards toward the sea-ice-dominated East Siberian Sea (ESS), the system became progressively more autotrophic. Comparison between δ13C of POM (> 10 {\textmu}m) samples and CO2aq concentrations revealed that the carbon isotope fractionation increased moving towards the easternmost and most productive stations.

In a warming scenario characterised by enhanced terrestrial DOC release (thawing permafrost) and progressive sea ice decline, heterotrophic conditions might persist in the LS while the nutrient-rich Pacific inflow will likely stimulate greater primary productivity in the ESS. The contrasting trophic conditions will result in a sharp gradient in δ13C between the LS and ESS, similar to what is documented in our semi-synoptic study.},
	doi = {10.5194/os-13-735-2017},
	url = {https://os.copernicus.org/articles/13/735/2017/},
	author = {Tesi, Tommaso and Geibel, Marc C. and Pearce, Christof and Panova, Elena and Vonk, Jorien E. and Karlsson, Emma and Salvado, Joan A. and Krus{\r a}, Martin and Broder, Lisa and Humborg, Christoph and Semiletov, Igor and Gustafsson, {\"O}rjan}
}
@article {2486,
	title = {Carbon isotope evidence for a northern source of deep water in the glacial western North Atlantic},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {114},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Feb-03-2018},
	pages = {2831 - 2835},
	abstract = {The prevailing view of western Atlantic hydrography during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) calls for transport and intermixing of deep southern and intermediate northern end members. However, δ13C and Δ14C results on foraminifera from a sediment core at 5.0 km in the northern subtropics show that there may have also been a northern source of relatively young, very dense, nutrient-depleted water during the LGM (18 ky to 21 ky ago). These results, when integrated with data from other western North Atlantic locations, indicate that the ocean was poorly ventilated at 4.2 km, with better ventilation above and below that depth. If this is a signal of water mass source and not nutrient storage, it would indicate that a previously unrecognized deep water end member originated along the western margin of the Labrador Sea, analogous to dense water formation today around Antarctica and in the Okhotsk Sea.},
	keywords = {carbon isotopes, Last glacial maximum, ocean ventilation, oxygen isotopes, western north atlantic},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1614693114},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1614693114https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1073/pnas.1614693114http://www.pnas.org/syndication/doi/10.1073/pnas.1614693114},
	author = {Keigwin, Lloyd D. and Swift, Stephen A.}
}
@article {2465,
	title = {Carbon isotope-constrained seasonality of carbonaceous aerosol sources from an urban location (Kanpur) in the Indo-Gangetic Plain},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	volume = {122},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Apr-05-2018},
	pages = {4903 - 4923},
	abstract = {The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) in northern India, Pakistan and Bangladesh is a major source of carbonaceous aerosols in South Asia. However, poorly constrained seasonality of their sources over the IGP leads to large uncertainty in climate and health effects. Here, we present a first dataset for year-round radiocarbon (Δ14C) and stable carbon (δ13C) based source apportionment of total carbon (TC) in ambient PM10 (n = 17) collected from an urban site (Kanpur: 26.5 {\textdegree}N, 80.3 {\textdegree}E) in the IGP during January 2007-January 2008. The year-round 14C-based fraction biomass (fbio-TC) estimate at Kanpur averages ~77 {\textpm} 7\%, emphasize an impact of biomass burning emissions (BBEs). The highest fbio-TC(\%) is observed in fall season (October-November: 85 {\textpm} 6\%) followed by winter (December-February: 80 {\textpm} 4\%) and spring (March-May: 75 {\textpm} 8\%), while lowest values found in summer (June-September: 69 {\textpm} 2\%). Since biomass/coal combustion and vehicular emissions mostly contribute to carbonaceous aerosols over the IGP, we predict δ13CTC (δ13Cpred) over Kanpur using known δ13C source signatures and the measured Δ14C value of each sample. The seasonal variability of δ13Cobs - δ13Cpred versus Δ14CTC together with air mass back trajectories and MODIS fire count data reveal that carbonaceous aerosols in winter/fall are significantly influenced by atmospheric aging (downwind transport of crop-residue burning/wood combustion emissions in the northern IGP), while local sources (wheat residue combustion/vehicular emissions) dominate in spring/summer. Given the large temporal and seasonal variability in sources and emission strength of TC over the IGP, 14C-based constraints are, thus, crucial for reducing their uncertainties in carbonaceous aerosol budgets in climate models. 

Carbon isotope-constrained seasonality of carbonaceous aerosol sources from an urban location (Kanpur) in the Indo-Gangetic Plain: 14Capportionment of carbonaceous aerosol. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315970418_Carbon_isotope-constrained_seasonality_of_carbonaceous_aerosol_sources_from_an_urban_location_Kanpur_in_the_Indo-Gangetic_Plain_14Capportionment_of_carbonaceous_aerosol [accessed Jun 2, 2017].},
	doi = {10.1002/2016JD025634},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jgrd.v122.9http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2016JD025634http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/2016JD025634/fullpdfhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002\%2F2016JD025634},
	author = {Bikkina, Srinivas and Andersson, August and Ram, Kirpa and Sarin, M. M. and Sheesley, Rebecca J. and Kirillova, Elena N. and Rengarajan, R. and Sudheer, A. K. and Gustafsson, {\"O}rjan}
}
@article {2470,
	title = {Carbonization, differential preservation, and sampling biases in domestication studies: An erect knotweed ( Polygonum erectum  L.) case study},
	journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-06-2017},
	pages = {303 - 311},
	abstract = {Population morphometrics can be employed to explore the process of domestication, but only after accounting for biases introduced by taphonomic processes and sampling. For every cultivated plant, the challenges associated with carbonization, differential preservation, and sampling bias are different, as are the morphological characteristics of interest in domestication studies. This case study establishes correction factors and sampling parameters for assessing morphological indicators of domestication in erect knotweed (Polygonum erectum L.), an annual plant that was cultivated by Indigenous people in Eastern North America for about 2500 years. Documenting the unique domestication syndrome of erect knotweed creates three different sets of taphonomic and sampling problems that need to be addressed through experimentation and modeling: 1) Assess the morphometric effects of carbonization; 2) assess the effects of differential preservation; and 3) assess the effects of sampling error. The results of this study can be used by other analysts to identify domesticated assemblages of erect knotweed. These analyses also have implications for studies of plant domestication from the morphology of archaeological assemblages in general, especially when nominal variables are used to differentiate wild from domesticated populations (for example, the presence/absence of an abscission scar in cereals or the seed coat texture of chenopods).},
	issn = {2352409X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.04.001},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352409X16308550http://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2352409X16308550?httpAccept=text/xmlhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2352409X16308550?httpAccept=text/plain},
	author = {Mueller, Natalie G.}
}
@article {2800,
	title = {Changes in glacial meltwater alter algal communities in lakes of Scoresby Sund, Renland, East Greenland throughout the Holocene: Abrupt reorganizations began 1000 years before present},
	journal = {The Holocene},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Feb-07-2018},
	pages = {929 - 940},
	abstract = {We investigated the response of lake algal communities to changes in glacial meltwater from the Renland Ice Cap (Greenland) through the Holocene to assess whether influxes always elicit consistent responses or novel responses. We measured sedimentary algal pigments in two proximal lakes, snow-fed Raven and glacier- and snow-fed Bunny Lake, and diatom community structure and turnover in Bunny Lake. Diatom data were not available in Raven Lake. We also modeled lake-level change in Bunny Lake to identify how glacial meltwater may have altered diatom habitat availability through time. Through a series of glacier advances and retreats over the Holocene, the algal response in Bunny Lake was relatively constant until approximately 1015 yr BP, after which there were major changes in sedimentary algal remains. Algal pigment concentrations sharply declined, and diatom species richness increased. Diatom community structure underwent three reorganizations. Until 1015 yr BP, assemblages were dominated by Pinnularia braunii and Aulacoseira pffaffiana. However, approximately 1015{\textendash}480 yr BP, these species declined and Tabellaria flocculosa and Hannaea arcus became a significant component of the assemblage. Approximately 440 yr BP, A. pfaffiana increased along with species indicating elevated nitrogen. In contrast, the algal pigment records from nearby snow-fed Raven Lake showed different and minimal change through time. Our results suggest that changes in the magnitude and composition of meltwater in our two study lakes were unique over the last 1000 yr BP and elicited a non-linear threshold response absent during other periods of glacier advance and retreat. Deciphering the degree to which glaciers structure algal communities over time has strong implications for lakes as glaciers continue to recede.
},
	keywords = {climate, Diatom, East Greenland, glacier, Holocene, Lake level},
	issn = {0959-6836},
	doi = {10.1177/0959683616678468},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0959683616678468},
	author = {Slemmons, Krista EH and Medford, Aaron and Hall, Brenda L and Stone, Jeffery R and McGowan, Suzanne and Lowell, Thomas and Kelly, Meredith and Saros, Jasmine E}
}
@article {Chen2017,
	title = {Climate and environmental changes for the past 44 ka clarified by pollen and algae composition in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea)},
	journal = {Quaternary International},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {-},
	abstract = {Abstract The pollen and algae records derived from core KCES-1 in the East Sea (Japan Sea) reveal vegetation and climate changes during the past 44 ka. From 44 to 36~cal ka BP, forest vegetation in the coastal regions of Ulleung Basin was composed predominantly of subalpine conifer forest, open grassland covered the exposed continental shelves, indicating a cool and dry climate. During the period of 36{\textendash}28.3~cal ka BP, a warmer and wetter climate caused the contraction of subalpine conifer forest in the coastal regions of Ulleung Basin, and the expansion of marsh in the exposed continental shelves. From 28.3 to 17.6~cal ka BP, the sea-level decline restricted the herbs pollen originates in the exposed shelf of East China Sea and Yellow Sea inflow into the East Sea (Japan Sea), and caused the reduction of herbs pollen in the site location. During the time interval of 17.6{\textendash}15.1~cal ka BP, a great expansion of subalpine conifer forest can be regarded as the consequence of enhanced East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). The obvious increase in temperate deciduous broadleaved trees, spores and algae can be attributable to the rising of sea level and the warming of climate from 15.1 to 12.1~cal ka BP. During the period of 12.1 to 5.3~cal ka BP, broadleaved taxa increased, especially during the time period of 9.5{\textendash}5.3~cal ka BP, evergreen broadleaved trees pollen reach the highest values throughout the core, as a result of the Holocene climate optimum condition. Vegetation changes controlled by humid impacts occurred at the late Holocene, as indicated by an increase in Pinus pollen.},
	keywords = {East Sea (Japan Sea)},
	issn = {1040-6182},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.09.052},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618216300829},
	author = {Jinxia Chen and Yanguang Liu and Xuefa Shi and Bong-Chool Suk and Jianjun Zou and Zhengquan Yao}
}
@article {2541,
	title = {Climate-related response of dust flux to the central equatorial Pacific over the past 150 kyr},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {457},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-01-2017},
	pages = {160 - 172},
	abstract = {High resolution paleoclimate records from low latitudes are critical for understanding the role of the tropics in transmitting and generating feedbacks for high-latitude climate change on glacial{\textendash}interglacial and millennial timescales. Here we present three new records of 230Thxs,0-normalized 232Th-derived dust fluxes from the central equatorial Pacific spanning the last 150 kyr at millennial-resolution. All three dust flux records share the {\textquotedblleft}sawtooth{\textquotedblright} pattern characteristic of glacial{\textendash}interglacial cycles in ice volume, confirming a coherent response to global climate forcing on long timescales. These records permit a detailed examination of millennial variability in tropical dust fluxes related to abrupt perturbations in oceanic and atmospheric circulation. Increases in dust flux in association with at least six of the longest Greenland stadials provide evidence that abrupt, high-latitude climate oscillations influenced the atmospheric aerosol load in the equatorial Pacific, with implications for both direct and indirect effects on the tropical energy balance. Our latitudinal transect of cores captures shifts in the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in response to variations in the interhemispheric thermal gradient associated with cooling in Greenland and bipolar seesaw warming in Antarctica. These observations demonstrate that changes in the energy and hydrologic balance of the tropics were repeated features of the penultimate deglaciation, last glacial inception and last glacial cycle, and highlight the role of the tropical atmosphere as a dynamic and responsive component of Earth{\textquoteright}s climate system.},
	keywords = {abrupt climate change, dust, equatorial pacific, Intertropical Convergence Zone, stadial events},
	issn = {0012821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.042},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.042},
	author = {Jacobel, A.W. and McManus, J.F. and Anderson, R.F. and Winckler, G.}
}
@book {2568,
	title = {Coastal Research LibraryCoastline Changes of the Baltic Sea from South to EastConstraints of Radiocarbon Dating in Southeastern Baltic Lagoons: Assessing the Vital Effects},
	series = {Coastline Changes of the Baltic Sea from South to East},
	number = {19},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {137 - 171},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	address = {Cham},
	abstract = {During the past decades, a suite of radiocarbon (14C), infrared optically stimulated luminescence (IR-OSL), and electron spin resonance (ESR) dates were compiled on a variety of materials from the Curonian and Vistula lagoons and spits of the southeastern Baltic Sea. These dated materials generally included lagoon sediments and mollusc shells, along with samples of fossil fish remains, peat, wood, and water bicarbonates. A growing number of 14C dates (conventional and AMS) demonstrates disparities and contradictions with the associated IR-OSL dates and palaeobotanical investigations of contemporary materials. Detailed analyses of 14C, IR-OSL and ESR chronologies and experimental 14C dating of modern live molluscs and water bicarbonates from the Curonian Lagoon and its main tributary {\textendash} Nemunas-Neris River system {\textendash} reveals a substantial influx of {\textquotedblleft}old{\textquotedblright} carbonates into the lagoon. As a result, the uncertainty of reservoir effect added a considerable error to the 14C ages. Moreover, fossil molluscs of the same species extracted from boreholes and outcrops yield significantly younger ages (up to several millennia) than the enclosing sediments. Both of these trends {\textendash} aging and rejuvenation {\textendash} highlight an urgent need for constraining the local reservoir correction (ΔR). Several scenarios are presented to explain the impact of vital effects on radiocarbon chronology of carbonates and to offer strategies to account for them in future studies.},
	keywords = {Curonian lagoon, ESR, IR-OSL, Molluscs, radiocarbon, Reservoir effect, Vistula lagoon},
	isbn = {978-3-319-49892-8},
	issn = {2211-0577},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-49894-210.1007/978-3-319-49894-2_8},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-49894-2_8},
	author = {Bitinas, Albertas and {\v z}eika, Jonas and Buynevich, Ilya V. and {\v s}yte, Aldona and Molodkov, Anatoly and e, Alma},
	editor = {Harff, Jan and {\'n}czyk, Kazimierz and von Storch, Hans}
}
@article {2575,
	title = {Comparative growth, age at maturity and sex change, and longevity of Hawaiian parrotfishes with bomb radiocarbon validation<i></i>},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jul-06-2017},
	abstract = {Growth rates and longevities were estimated for five major fishery species of parrotfishes ({\textquotedblleft}uhu{\textquotedblright}) at Oahu, Hawai{\textquoteright}i. All species grew rapidly with von Bertalanffy Growth Formula (VBGF) k values >= 0.4 yr-1. Longevities were found to range broadly among the three SMALL species{\textemdash}4 yr in Calotomus carolinus and 6 and 11 yr in Scarus psittacus and Chlorurus spilurus{\textemdash}and to 15-20 yr in S. rubroviolaceus and Chlorurus perspicillatus for the two LARGE species. Age-reading and growth curves for the latter two LARGE species were validated using bomb radiocarbon dating. Median ages at sexual maturity as females (AM50) and at sex change (from female to terminal phase male, A∆50) were estimated using logistic models. Sexual maturation occurred at 1{\textendash}2 yr for the SMALL species and at 3{\textendash}3{\textonehalf} yr in the LARGE species. A∆50 estimates ranged from 2{\textendash}4 yr in the SMALL species and were about 5 and 7 yr in S. rubroviolaceus and C. perspicillatus, respectively. Estimated milestones poorly corresponded to the current minimum legal size for uhu in Hawai{\textquoteright}i (12" or 30.5 cm fork length). Pooling these parrotfishes for management seems generally inappropriate, especially for the two LARGE species. Age-based metrics are more informative than size-based metrics for these fishes},
	issn = {0706-652X},
	doi = {10.1139/cjfas-2016-0523},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0523},
	author = {DeMartini, Edward E and Andrews, Allen H and Howard, Kathrine G and Taylor, Brett M and Lou, Dongchun and Donovan, Mary K.}
}
@article {2531,
	title = {Compilation of geophysical, geochronological, and geochemical evidence indicates a rapid Mediterranean-derived submergence of the Black Sea{\textquoteright}s shelf and subsequent substantial salinification in the early Holocene},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {383},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-01-2017},
	pages = {14 - 34},
	abstract = {Our knowledge of rate and processes in which semi-enclosed environments alternate from lacustrine to marine is commonly limited because of the paucity of specific proxies for sea level and salinity. Here we investigate the timing, rate, and key mechanisms involved in the transformation of the previously isolated Black Sea-Lake to the modern partly-enclosed marine sea using a suite of geophysical, geochemical, and geochronological methods.

Cores were collected in transects across shelves of Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Biogenic carbonate from these cores was analyzed for radiocarbon and strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotopes. Strontium results indicate that the submergence of the Black Sea shelf at 9300 calendar years BP was caused by the ingress of Mediterranean water and was abrupt, taking < 40 years. The seismic reflection profiles show a uniform drape of subsequent sediment over aeolian dunes indicating a drowning with no time for erosion accompanying the submergence. Moisture measurements beneath the uniform drape indicate that the shelf was dry before submergence and the shoreline of the Preboreal lake may have regressed to beyond 120 mbsl. Mollusks colonized the newly submerged substrate of the inner shelf at the same time as they colonized the outer shelf. The succession of mollusk species with shells whose strontium isotope composition has a marine component indicates a rising salinity. The transformation of the lake to a sea is affirmed by increases in the shells{\textquoteright} strontium and oxygen isotopic ratios towards the external ocean value.

Radiocarbon years are calibrated to calendar years by tuning the oxygen and carbon isotope composition of the mollusk record to that of the U/Th dated Sofular Cave stalagmites. The match shows a reduction of the lake{\textquoteright}s prior high reservoir age accompanying the inflow of the Mediterranean water. In 900 years the salinity reached a threshold that excluded all previous Black Sea lacustrine fauna. These results imply that any substantial postglacial submergence of the Black Sea shelves did not occur prior to entry of Mediterranean water.},
	keywords = {Black Sea, Black Sea transgression, Isotope geochemistry, Lake transgression, Marine-lake connections, paleoceanography, paleosalinity, Reflection profiles},
	issn = {00253227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2016.11.001},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2016.11.001},
	author = {Yanchilina, Anastasia G. and Ryan, William B.F. and McManus, Jerry F. and Dimitrov, Petko and Dimitrov, Dimitar and Slavova, Krasimira and Filipova-Marinova, Mariana}
}
@article {2806,
	title = {Comprehensive radiocarbon analysis of benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCAs) derived from pyrogenic carbon in environmental samples},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {59},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-08-2017},
	pages = {1103 - 1116},
	abstract = {Compound-specific radiocarbon analysis (CSRA) of benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCAs) yields molecular-level, source-specific information necessary to constrain isotopic signatures of pyrogenic carbon. However, the purification of individual BPCAs requires a multistep procedure that typically results in only microgram quantities of the target analyte(s). Such small samples are highly susceptible to contamination by extraneous carbon, which needs to be minimized and carefully accounted for in order to yield accurate results. Here, we undertook comprehensive characterization and quantification of contamination associated with molecular radiocarbon (14C) BPCA analyses through systematic processing of multiple authentic standards with both fossil and modern 14C signatures at various concentrations. Using this approach, we precisely apportion the contribution of extraneous carbon with respect to the four implemented subprocedures. Assuming a constant source and quantity of extraneous carbon we correct and statistically evaluate uncertainties in resulting 14C data. Subsequently, we examine the results of triplicate analyses of reference materials representing four different environmental matrices (sediment, soil, aerosol, riverine natural organic matter) and apportion their BPCA sources in terms of carbon residues derived from biomass or fossil fuel combustion. This comprehensive approach to CSRA facilitates retrieval of robust 14C data, with application in environmental studies of the continuum of pyrogenic carbon.},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	doi = {10.1017/RDC.2017.44},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033822217000443/type/journal_article},
	author = {Hanke, U M and Wacker, L and Haghipour, N and Schmidt, M W I and Eglinton, T I and McIntyre, C P}
}
@article {Zigah2017,
	title = {Constraining the sources and cycling of dissolved organic carbon in a large oligotrophic lake using radiocarbon analyses},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {208},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {102-118},
	abstract = {Abstract We measured the concentrations and isotopic compositions of solid phase extracted (SPE) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and high molecular weight (HMW) \{DOC\} and their constituent organic components in order to better constrain the sources and cycling of \{DOC\} in a large oligotrophic lacustrine system (Lake Superior, North America). \{SPE\} \{DOC\} constituted a significant proportion (41-71\%) of the lake \{DOC\} relative to \{HMW\} \{DOC\} (10-13\%). Substantial contribution of 14C-depleted components to both \{SPE\} \{DOC\} (Δ14C = 25 to 43{\textperthousand}) and \{HMW\} \{DOC\} (Δ14C = 22 to 32{\textperthousand}) was evident during spring mixing, and depressed their radiocarbon values relative to the lake dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC; Δ14C \~{} 59{\textperthousand}). There was preferential removal of 14C-depleted (older) and thermally recalcitrant components from \{HMW\} \{DOC\} and \{SPE\} \{DOC\} in the summer. Contemporary photoautotrophic addition to \{HMW\} \{DOC\} was observed during summer stratification in contrast to \{SPE\} DOC, which decreased in concentration during stratification. Serial thermal oxidation radiocarbon analysis revealed a diversity of sources (both contemporary and older) within the \{SPE\} DOC, and also showed distinct components within the \{HMW\} DOC. The thermally labile components of \{HMW\} \{DOC\} were 14C-enriched and are attributed to heteropolysaccharides (HPS), peptides/amide and amino sugars (AMS) relative to the thermally recalcitrant components reflecting the presence of older material, perhaps carboxylic-rich alicyclic molecules (CRAM). The solvent extractable lipid-like fraction of \{HMW\} \{DOC\} was very 14C-depleted (as old as 1270-2320 14C years) relative to the substances isolated by acid hydrolysis of \{HMW\} DOC. Our data constrain relative influences of contemporary \{DOC\} and old DOC, and \{DOC\} cycling in a modern freshwater ecosystem.},
	keywords = {atmospheric co2, Carbohydrate-like substance, Carboxylic-rich alicyclic molecules (CRAM), Contemporary DOC, dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, Freshwater carbon cycling, Heteropolysaccharides (HPS), High molecular weight DOC, Lake Superior, Lipid-like fraction, Old DOC, Oligotrophic lake, Protein-like substance, radiocarbon, Serial thermal oxidation, Solid phase extracted DOC, Stable isotope, Unhydrolysable material},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2017.03.021},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703717301722},
	author = {Prosper K. Zigah and Elizabeth C. Minor and Ann P. McNichol and Li Xu and Josef P. Werne}
}
@article {2904,
	title = {Coupling of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude climate during the early to mid-Holocene},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-12-2017},
	pages = {1083 - 1086},
	abstract = {Conceptual models predict a tight coupling between the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the Southern Westerly Winds (SWW) in response to glacial-interglacial transitions, yet little is known about this relationship under Holocene boundary conditions. Here we present a synthesis of Holocene pollen data from the southwest Pacific mid-latitudes that tracks changes in the SWW. Comparison of our SWW paleoclimate records with data tracking the ITCZ, oceanic circulation, and insolation reveals clearly synchronous and in-phase ITCZ-SWW dynamics between 12 and 5 ka, indicating a tight coupling between the tropics and southern mid-latitudes in response to ocean circulation and insolation. An apparent decoupling of the SWW and ITCZ in the Pacific region after 5 ka is attributable to the overriding influence of the El Ni{\~n}o{\textendash}Southern Oscillation (ENSO) over the proxy data.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G39705.110.1130/2017385},
	url = {https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article-lookup?doi=10.1130/G39705.1},
	author = {Mariani, Michela and Fletcher, Michael-Shawn and Drysdale, Russell N. and Saunders, Krystyna M. and Heijnis, Henk and Jacobsen, Geraldine and Zawadzki, Atun}
}
@article { ISI:000375679100005,
	title = {Carbon isotopic (C-14 and C-13) characterization of fossil-fuel derived dissolved organic carbon in wet precipitation in Shandong Province, China},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY},
	volume = {73},
	number = {{2}},
	year = {2016},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {207-221},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We present results from a 1-year study of radiocarbon and stable carbon isotope measurement of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of wet precipitation samples collected in the Shandong province of China. A total of 32 rainfall and 4 snow samples were collected from two coastal cities (Qingdao and Yantai) and one inland site (Taian) during 2014. Concentrations of DOC in the rainwater and snow samples varied widely from 28 to 616 mu M. In general, rainwater originating from marine sources had relatively low DOC concentrations compared with continentally generated precipitation. Values of delta C-13-DOC and Delta C-14-DOC in the snow and rainwater ranged from -19.0 to -29.4 \% and -23 to -494 \%, with corresponding radiocarbon ages of 125 to 5410 years before present. The dominant DOC in the wet precipitation had a relatively old C-14 age (average 2841 years) and a depleted C-13 value (average -24.4 Years), indicating the mixing of contemporary organic carbon with C-14-depleted fossil fuel-derived soluble organic carbon in the atmosphere. Using a dual isotopic two-endmember model, we calculate that 7 \% to 52 \% of DOC in the snow and rainfall originated from fossil fuels. It is estimated that the flux of DOC in continental rainfall of China is 23 x 10(12) g C yr(-1) and of this, 7.1 x 10(12) g C yr(-1) could be fossil-fuel OC. On a global scale, the DOC flux in rainfall is estimated to be 357 Tg C yr(-1), and 110 Tg C yr(-1) could be fossil fuel-derived. Our study demonstrates that wet precipitation is an important removal process for old fossil fuel carbon from the atmosphere. This removal mechanism could play an important role in the carbon cycle, especially for the anthropogenically derived fraction, and it should be taken into consideration in global carbon cycle models.},
	keywords = {Atmospheric pollution, Fossil fuelemission, organic carbon, radiocarbon, Wet precipitation},
	issn = {0167-7764},
	doi = {10.1007/s10874-015-9323-3},
	author = {Wang, Xuchen and Ge, Tiantian and Xu, Caili and Xue, Yuejun and Luo, Chunle}
}
@article {Spooner2016123,
	title = {Clumped isotope composition of cold-water corals: A role for vital effects?},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {179},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {123 - 141},
	abstract = {Abstract The carbonate clumped isotope thermometer is a promising tool for determining past ocean temperatures. It is based on the temperature dependence of rare isotopes {\textquoteleft}clumping{\textquoteright} into the same carbonate ion group in the carbonate mineral lattice. The extent of this clumping effect is independent of the isotope composition of the water from which carbonate precipitates, providing unique advantages over many other paleotemperature proxies. Existing calibrations of this thermometer in cold-water and warm-water corals suggest clumped isotope {\textquoteleft}vital effects{\textquoteright} are negligible in cold-water corals but may be significant in warm-water corals. Here, we test the calibration of the carbonate clumped isotope thermometer in cold-water corals with a recently collected and well characterised sample set spanning a range of coral genera (Balanophyllia, Caryophyllia, Dasmosmilia, Desmophyllum, Enallopsammia and Javania). The clumped isotope compositions (Δ47) of these corals exhibit systematic dependences on their growth temperatures, confirming the basis of the carbonate clumped isotope thermometer. However, some cold-water coral genera show Δ47 values that are higher than the expected equilibrium values by up to 0.05{\textperthousand} (equivalent to underestimating temperature by \~{}9 {\textdegree}C) similar to previous findings for some warm-water corals. This finding suggests that the vital effects affecting corals Δ47 are common to both warm- and cold-water corals. By comparison with models of the coral calcification process we suggest that the clumped isotope offsets in these genera are related to the kinetic isotope effects associated with \{CO2\} hydration/hydroxylation reactions in the corals{\textquoteright} calcifying fluid. Our findings complicate the use of the carbonate clumped isotope thermometer in corals, but suggest that species- or genus-specific calibrations could be useful for the future application of this paleotemperature proxy.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.01.023},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703716300072},
	author = {Peter T. Spooner and Weifu Guo and Laura F. Robinson and Nivedita Thiagarajan and Katharine R. Hendry and Brad E. Rosenheim and Melanie J. Leng}
}
@article {2457,
	title = {Comparison of eastern tropical Pacific TEX 86  and  Globigerinoides ruber  Mg/Ca derived sea surface temperatures: Insights from the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {434},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Jan-01-2016},
	pages = {320 - 332},
	abstract = {The use of the TEX86TEX86 temperature proxy has thus far come to differing results as to whether TEX86TEX86 temperatures are representative of surface or subsurface conditions. In addition, although TEX86TEX86 temperatures might reflect sea surface temperatures based on core-top (Holocene) values, this relationship might not hold further back in time. Here, we investigate the TEX86TEX86 temperature proxy by comparing TEX86TEX86 temperatures to Mg/Ca temperatures of multiple species of planktonic foraminifera for two sites in the eastern tropical Pacific (on the Cocos and Carnegie Ridges) across the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum. Core-top and Holocene View the MathML sourceTEX86H temperatures at both study regions agree well, within error, with the Mg/Ca temperatures of Globigerinoides ruber  , a surface dwelling planktonic foraminifera. However, during the Last Glacial Maximum, View the MathML sourceTEX86H temperatures are more representative of upper thermocline temperatures, and are offset from G. ruber   Mg/Ca temperatures by 5.8 {\textdegree}C and 2.9 {\textdegree}C on the Cocos Ridge and Carnegie Ridge, respectively. This offset between proxies cannot be reconciled by using different TEX86TEX86 temperature calibrations, and instead, we suggest that the offset is due to a deeper export depth of GDGTs at the LGM. We also compare the degree of glacial cooling at both sites based on both temperature proxies, and find that View the MathML sourceTEX86H temperatures greatly overestimate glacial cooling, especially on the Cocos Ridge. This study has important implications for applying the TEX86TEX86 paleothermometer in the eastern tropical Pacific.},
	keywords = {Foraminifera, Holocene, LGM; Pacific Ocean, Mg/Ca, TEX86TEX86},
	issn = {0012821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.050},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012821X15007542http://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0012821X15007542?httpAccept=text/xmlhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0012821X15007542?httpAccept=text/plain},
	author = {Hertzberg, Jennifer E. and Schmidt, Matthew W. and Bianchi, Thomas S. and Smith, Richard W. and Shields, Michael R. and Marcantonio, Franco}
}
@article {2552,
	title = {Complex coastal change in response to autogenic basin infilling: An example from a sub-tropical Holocene strandplain},
	journal = {Sedimentology},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Jan-10-2016},
	pages = {1362 - 1395},
	abstract = {Thick bay-fill sequences that often culminate in strandplain development serve as important sedimentary archives of land{\textendash}ocean interaction, although distinguishing between internal and external forcings is an ongoing challenge. This study employs sediment cores, ground-penetrating radar surveys, radiocarbon dates, palaeogeographic reconstructions and hydrodynamic modelling to explore the role of autogenic processes {\textendash} notably a reduction in wave energy in response to coastal embayment infilling {\textendash} in coastal evolution and shoreline morphodynamics. Following a regional 2 to 4 m highstand at ca 5{\textperiodcentered}8 ka, the 75 km2 Tijucas Strandplain in southern Brazil built from fluvial sediments deposited into a semi-enclosed bay. Holocene regressive deposits are underlain by fluvial sands and a Pleistocene transgressive{\textendash}regressive sequence, and backed by a highstand barrier-island. The strandplain is immediately underlain by 5 to 16 m of seaward-thickening, fluvially derived, Holocene-age, basin-fill mud. Several trends are observed from the landward (oldest) to the seaward (youngest) sections of the strandplain: (i) the upper shoreface and foreshore become finer and thinner and shift from sand-dominated to mud-dominated; (ii) beachface slopes decrease from >11{\textdegree} to ca 7{\textdegree}; and (iii) progradation rates increase from 0{\textperiodcentered}4 to 1{\textperiodcentered}8 m yr-1. Hydrodynamic modelling demonstrates a correlation between progressive shoaling of Tijucas Bay driven by sea-level fall and sediment infilling and a decrease in onshore wave-energy transport from 18 to 4 kW m-1. The combination of allogenic (sediment supply, falling relative sea-level and geology) and autogenic (decrease in wave energy due to bay shoaling) processes drove the development of a regressive system with characteristics that are rare, if not unique, in the Holocene and rock records. These findings demonstrate the complexities in architecture styles of highstand and regressive systems tracts. Furthermore, this article highlights the diverse internal and external processes and feedbacks responsible for the development of these intricate marginal marine sedimentary systems.},
	doi = {10.1111/sed.12265},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/sed.12265},
	author = {Hein, Christopher J. and FitzGerald, Duncan M. and de Souza, Luis H. P. and Georgiou, Ioannis Y. and Buynevich, Ilya V. and Klein, Antonio H. da F. and de Menezes, {\~a}o Thadeu and Cleary, William J. and Scolaro, Thelma L.},
	editor = {Mohrig, David}
}
@article {Septama2016447,
	title = {Conduits, timing and processes of sediment delivery across a high-relief continental margin: Continental shelf to basin in Late Quaternary, Gulf of Papua},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {447 - 462},
	abstract = {Abstract The Gulf of Papua (GoP), between Australia and Papua New Guinea, is the receiving basin for multiple substantial rivers draining southern Papua New Guinea with collective sediment discharge \&gt;\&gt; 220 million metric tons (Mt) per year, comparable to a continental-scale river, but draining a combined catchment area of only \~{}160,000~km2. This study of the deepest marginal basins in the Gulf of Papua was undertaken to build a regional late Quaternary lithofacies and stratigraphic framework to better understand processes, timing, and conduits of sediment delivery from terrestrial and shelf settings to deep marginal basins, using the GoP as a natural laboratory. Methods include observations of sediment-core stratigraphy and physical properties, accelerometer mass spectrometry (AMS) C-14 dates, core x-radiographs and thin sections. Six lithofacies across the deep water Gulf of Papua (GoP) are identified based on core visual and textural observation. Chronological constraints permit an assessment of changes in sediment supply and depositional environments across time and space, from marine isotope stage (MIS) -3 to -1, or in the last 40~cal ka. The sediment delivery to the deep water GoP is dominated by two mechanisms, gravity-driven flows down slopes and into deep sea basin primarily during lowstands in the western portions of the study area, and hemipelagic sediment accumulation during transgression and highstand. Although the sediment flux appears to be overall dominated by sediment-gravity flows, hemipelagic sediment delivery is widespread during periods of sea level highstand. In the eastern portions of the study area, off-shelf sediment delivery continued into the Holocene in sufficient local volumes to produce turbidity currents. This late, localized sediment delivery appears to have been facilitated by oceanographic processes that allowed seaward sediment transport after flooding of the shelf. A simple sediment budget comparing basinal sediment accumulation to modern estimated river-sediment discharge indicates that peak sediment accumulation in proximal basins occurred during MIS-2; and declined thereafter, generally shifting to upper slope locations, except for the eastern margin of Moresby Trough. There, turbidite deposition continued until 7.4~cal ka, well after drowning of the shelf edge. This continued Holocene deep-sea sediment delivery is likely explained by the local narrow shelf width, and the presence of oceanographic processes capable of transporting sediments from shore to shelf edge.},
	keywords = {Deep-sea},
	issn = {0264-8172},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.02.009},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264817216300320},
	author = {Erlangga Septama and Samuel J. Bentley and Andr{\'e} W. Droxler}
}
@article { ISI:000383622900016,
	title = {Controls on the sources and cycling of dissolved inorganic carbon in the Changjiang and Huanghe River estuaries, China: C-14 and C-13 studies},
	journal = {LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {61},
	number = {{4}},
	year = {2016},
	month = {JUL},
	pages = {1358-1374},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Changjiang (Yangtze River) and Huanghe (Yellow River) are the two largest rivers in China, and they transport large amounts of terrestrial carbon to the coastal waters of the East China Sea and the Bohai Sea. The sources and cycling of riverine carbon in these two large river estuaries, however, have not been well studied. In this article, we present the results of dual isotope (Delta C-14 and delta C-13) measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) collected in the low reaches of the Changjiang and Huanghe and their estuaries during two cruises in 2014. Our results indicate that both the Changjiang and Huanghe carry very high concentrations of DIC ranging from 1384 mu mol kg(-1) to 1732 mu mol kg(-1) and 2711 mu mol kg(-1) to 4120 mu mol kg(-1), respectively, and DIC levels varied with flow rates during high and low discharge periods. The cycling of DIC exhibited conservative behavior in both the Changjiang and Huanghe estuaries, suggesting DIC levels were controlled mainly by physical mixing processes. Delta C-14-DIC values indicate that the Changjiang and Huanghe transport aged DIC (1060-1380 yr old). Both Delta C-14-DIC and delta C-13-DIC values also showed conservative mixing in the two estuaries. Using a dual carbon isotopic model, we calculated that atmospheric CO2 consumed mainly by silicate weathering was a major source, contributing 65.2 +/- 9.0\% and 73.4 +/- 3.0\% of DIC in the Changjiang and Huanghe, and 96.9-97.7\% (by air-sea exchange) of DIC in the coastal waters of the East China Sea (ECS) and Bohai Sea, respectively. Our results indicate that carbonate dissolution was an important (12.3-17.4\%) but not major process controlling the high DIC levels in both rivers, as suggested previously. Compared with the large Amazon River, respiration of riverine organic matter (OM) played a less important role, contributing only 15.4-17.2\% of DIC in the two Asian rivers. Flux calculations indicate that the Changjiang and Huanghe discharged 1.46 x 10(13) g and 6.28 x 10(11) g DIC into the ECS and Bohai Sea in 2014, which were 9 and 17 times higher than the DOC fluxes in the two rivers. These large fluxes of riverine DIC, especially of aged DIC, could have significant impacts on primary production and carbon cycling in the ECS and Bohai Sea.},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.10301},
	author = {Wang, Xuchen and Luo, Chunle and Ge, Tiantian and Xu, Caili and Xue, Yuejun}
}
@article {Falk20161,
	title = {Controls on the stable isotope compositions of travertine from hyperalkaline springs in Oman: Insights from clumped isotope measurements},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {192},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1 - 28},
	abstract = {Abstract Carbonate formation at hyperalkaline springs is typical of serpentinization in peridotite massifs worldwide. These travertines have long been known to exhibit large variations in their carbon and oxygen isotope compositions, extending from apparent equilibrium values to highly depleted values. However, the exact causes of these variations are not well constrained. We analyzed a suite of well-characterized fresh carbonate precipitates and travertines associated with hyperalkaline springs in the peridotite section of the Samail ophiolite, Sultanate of Oman, and found their clumped isotope compositions vary systematically with formation environments. Based on these findings, we identified four main processes controlling the stable isotope compositions of these carbonates. These include hydroxylation of CO2, partial isotope equilibration of dissolved inorganic carbon, mixing between isotopically distinct carbonate end-members, and post-depositional recrystallization. Most notably, in fresh crystalline films on the surface of hyperalkaline springs and in some fresh carbonate precipitates from the bottom of hyperalkaline pools, we observed large enrichments in Δ47 (up to \~{}0.2{\textperthousand} above expected equilibrium values) which accompany depletions in δ18O and δ13C, yielding about 0.01{\textperthousand} increase in Δ47 and 1.1{\textperthousand} decrease in δ13C for every 1{\textperthousand} decrease in δ18O, relative to expected equilibrium values. This disequilibrium trend, also reflected in preserved travertines ranging in age from modern to \~{}40,000 years old, is interpreted to arise mainly from the isotope effects associated with the hydroxylation of \{CO2\} in high-pH fluids and agrees with our first-order theoretical estimation. In addition, in some fresh carbonate precipitates from the bottom of hyperalkaline pools and in subsamples of one preserved travertine terrace, we observed additional enrichments in Δ47 at intermediate δ13C and δ18O, consistent with mixing between isotopically distinct carbonate end-members. Our results suggest that carbonate clumped isotope analysis can be a valuable tool for identifying and distinguishing processes not readily apparent from the carbonate bulk stable isotope compositions alone, e.g., kinetic effects or mixing of different carbonate end-members, which can significantly alter both the apparent formation temperatures and apparent radiocarbon ages. The isotope trends observed in these travertine samples could be applied more broadly to identify extinct hyperalkaline springs in terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments, to better constrain the formation conditions and post-depositional alteration of hyperalkaline spring carbonates, and to extract potential paleoclimate information.},
	keywords = {Carbonate},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.026},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703716303568},
	author = {E.S. Falk and W. Guo and A.N. Paukert and J.M. Matter and E.M. Mervine and P.B. Kelemen}
}
@article {Zaremba2016109,
	title = {Controls on the stratigraphic framework and paleoenvironmental change within a Holocene estuarine system: Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {379},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {109 - 123},
	abstract = {Abstract This study examines the Holocene stratigraphic record and paleoenvironmental evolution of a large estuarine system, at high temporal and spatial resolution, in the context of changing climate, sea level, and hydrodynamics. New data are used to examine two time periods of increased marine influence within Pamlico Sound in northeastern North Carolina interpreted to be the result of extensive barrier island segmentation synchronous with periods of rapid climate change during the late Holocene. The study reveals the controls on the stratigraphic development and the highly dynamic character of the coastal system in response to climate, and sea-level change as it interacts with paleotopography. These findings can be used to inform projections of future environmental changes. Estuarine waters occupied paleovalleys in the Pamlico Sound region as early as ca. 7500 cal \{BP\} and Pleistocene interfluves separated the paleovalleys from the Atlantic Ocean until ca. 5500 cal BP, when they were flooded by rising sealevel forming the broad, shallow Pamlico Sound. Initial barrier islands and shoals likely formed sometime between 5500 and 5000 cal BP, providing the geomorphic setting for continued estuarine conditions behind the barriers. At ca. 4000 cal BP, an increase in marine influence and sand content is detected in multiple cores, and is correlated to seismic data within the Pamlico Sound basin. This change is interpreted to be the result of increased segmentation of barrier islands (thus a greater number of inlets, or wider inlets), which is consistent with a rapid transgression seen in other areas of the U.S. east coast. The segmentation may have been partially facilitated by a rapid increase in lagoonal area and tidal prism by overtopping of interfluves. Greater barrier island continuity is evident from 3500 to 1200 cal BP, as indicated by muddy deposits with low brackish estuarine foraminiferal assemblages. At ca. 1200 cal BP, seismic, sedimentological and micropaleontological data suggest an increase in wave and current energy and marine influence throughout southeastern Pamlico Sound. These changes are interpreted to represent extensive segmentation of the barrier islands during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA). Since ca. 500 cal BP, the Pamlico Sound system has returned to a more restricted state, as inlets have closed. Currently only three major inlets segment the Outer Banks, the barrier island system fronting Pamlico Sound, but warming climate and increasing rates of sea-level rise suggest that another episode of barrier island segmentation began about a half century ago and appears that it may extend into the near future.},
	keywords = {Coastal geology},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2016.04.012},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322716300664},
	author = {Nicholas Zaremba and David J. Mallinson and Eduardo Leorri and Stephen Culver and Stanley Riggs and Ryan Mulligan and Eric Horsman and Siddhartha Mitra}
}
@book {2557,
	title = {Coral Reefs of the WorldCoral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical PacificHolocene Reef Development in the Eastern Tropical Pacific},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {177 - 201},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	organization = {Springer Netherlands},
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {Contrary to early assessments, the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) is not devoid of well-developed reefs. Significant accumulations of Holocene reef framework are present throughout the region, although they tend to be poorly consolidated, lack the submarine cementation common on most reefs elsewhere in the world, and are subject to considerable bioerosion. These reef frameworks began accreting as early as 7000 years ago. The thickest accumulations of Pocillopora frameworks occur in coastal areas of Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia, but reefs composed of massive corals{\textemdash}species of Porites, Pavona, or Gardineroseris{\textemdash}are present throughout the region. Reef development in the ETP is limited by a variety of characteristics of the physical environment. Because of high turbidity in most areas, reef development is generally restricted to less than ~10 m depth. The spatial extent of reefs in the ETP is also limited from the combined influences of wave action and upwelling. Most reefs in the ETP are only a few hectares in size and the best-developed reefs generally occur in areas sheltered from strong oceanic influence. Upwelling also influences long-term trends in reef development in the region. There does not appear to be a significant impact of upwelling on the millennial-scale growth rates of Panamanian reefs; however, reefs in upwelling environments typically have thinner frameworks than nearby reefs in non-upwelling environments. Furthermore, upwelling may have contributed to a historic shutdown of reef development in Costa Rica and Panama. Although both ecological and oceanographic disturbances have had some impact on the long-term development of reefs in the ETP, the most important control on reef development in this region throughout the Holocene has most likely been the El Ni{\~n}o{\textendash}Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO activity{\textemdash}especially that of the 1982{\textendash}83 and 1997{\textendash}98 El Ni{\~n}o events{\textemdash}has shaped the landscape of coral reefs across the ETP both in recent decades and in the past. Reefs in Pacific Panama and Costa Rica experienced a 2500-year hiatus in vertical growth beginning ~4100 years ago as a result of enhanced ENSO activity. Although the degree of framework accumulation and rate of reef accretion in some parts of the ETP are more similar to that of the western Atlantic than previously thought, the region still remains a marginal environment for reef development. Given the dominant role that climatic variability has played in controlling reef development in the past, the future of reefs in the ETP under accelerating climate change remains uncertain.},
	keywords = {El Ni{\~n}o, Latin American reefs, paleoecology, Reef accretion, Southern Oscillation, Upwelling},
	isbn = {978-94-017-7498-7},
	issn = {2213-719X},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-017-7499-410.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_6},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007\%2F978-94-017-7499-4_6},
	author = {Toth, Lauren T. and Macintyre, Ian G. and Aronson, Richard B.},
	editor = {Glynn, Peter W. and Manzello, Derek P. and Enochs, Ian C.}
}
@article {2908,
	title = {Carbon Isotope Concentrations in Stream Food Webs of the Arctic Network National Parks, Alaska, 2014-2016},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey},
	abstract = {This dataset includes information on the carbon samples that were collected from organic and mineral soils, streams, algae, invertebrates, and fish in the Arctic Network Parks.},
	doi = {10.5066/P9NAUIQR},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5066/p9nauiqr},
	author = {Carey, Michael P. and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Jonathan A. and Koch, Joshua C.}
}
@article { ISI:000358139000002,
	title = {Climate forcing of unprecedented intense-hurricane activity in the last 2000 years},
	journal = {EARTHS FUTURE},
	volume = {3},
	number = {{2}},
	year = {2015},
	month = {FEB},
	pages = {49-65},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {How climate controls hurricane variability has critical implications for society is not well understood. In part, our understanding is hampered by the short and incomplete observational hurricane record. Here we present a synthesis of intense-hurricane activity from the western North Atlantic over the past two millennia, which is supported by a new, exceptionally well-resolved record from Salt Pond, Massachusetts (USA). At Salt Pond, three coarse grained event beds deposited in the historical interval are consistent with severe hurricanes in 1991 (Bob), 1675, and 1635 C.E., and provide modern analogs for 32 other prehistoric event beds. Two intervals of heightened frequency of event bed deposition between 1400 and 1675 C.E. (10 events) and 150 and 1150 C.E. (23 events), represent the local expression of coherent regional patterns in intense-hurricane-induced event beds. Our synthesis indicates that much of the western North Atlantic appears to have been active between 250 and 1150 C.E., with high levels of activity persisting in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico until 1400 C.E. This interval was one with relatively warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the main development region (MDR). A shift in activity to the North American east coast occurred ca. 1400 C.E., with more frequent severe hurricane strikes recorded from The Bahamas to New England between 1400 and 1675 C.E. A warm SST anomaly along the western North Atlantic, rather than within the MDR, likely contributed to the later active interval being restricted to the east coast.},
	keywords = {Climate change, common era, Holocene, sea surface temperature, tropical cyclones},
	issn = {2328-4277},
	doi = {10.1002/2014EF000274},
	author = {Donnelly, Jeffrey P. and Hawkes, Andrea D. and Lane, Philip and MacDonald, Dana and Shuman, Bryan N. and Toomey, Michael R. and van Hengstum, Peter J. and Woodruff, Jonathan D.}
}
@article {2559,
	title = {Climatic and biotic thresholds of coral-reef~shutdown},
	journal = {Nature Climate Change},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {Nov-02-2016},
	pages = {369 - 374},
	abstract = {Climate change is now the leading cause of coral-reef degradation and is altering the adaptive landscape of coral populations1, 2. Increasing sea temperatures and declining carbonate saturation states are inhibiting short-term rates of coral calcification, carbonate precipitation and submarine cementation3, 4, 5. A critical challenge to coral-reef conservation is understanding the mechanisms by which environmental perturbations scale up to influence long-term rates of reef-framework construction and ecosystem function6, 7. Here we reconstruct climatic and oceanographic variability using corals sampled from a 6,750-year core from Pacific Panam{\'a}. Simultaneous reconstructions of coral palaeophysiology and reef accretion allowed us to identify the climatic and biotic thresholds associated with a 2,500-year hiatus in vertical accretion beginning ~4,100 years ago8. Stronger upwelling, cooler sea temperatures and greater precipitation{\textemdash}indicators of La Ni{\~n}a-like conditions{\textemdash}were closely associated with abrupt reef shutdown. The physiological condition of the corals deteriorated at the onset of the hiatus, corroborating theoretical predictions that the tipping points of radical ecosystem transitions should be manifested sublethally in the biotic constituents9. Future climate change could cause similar threshold behaviours, leading to another shutdown in reef development in the tropical eastern Pacific.},
	keywords = {Climate-change ecology, Palaeoceanography, Palaeoclimate, Palaeoecology},
	issn = {1758-678X},
	doi = {10.1038/nclimate2541},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nclimate2541},
	author = {Toth, Lauren T. and Aronson, Richard B. and Cobb, Kim M. and Cheng, Hai and Edwards, R. Lawrence and Grothe, Pamela R. and Sayani, Hussein R.}
}
@article {2595,
	title = {Coastal evidence for Holocene subduction-zone earthquakes and tsunamis in central Chile},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {113},
	year = {2015},
	month = {Jan-04-2015},
	pages = {93 - 111},
	abstract = {The \~{}500-year historical record of seismicity along the central Chile coast (30{\textendash}34{\textdegree}S) is characterized by a series of \~{}M 8.0{\textendash}8.5 earthquakes followed by low tsunamis (<4 m) occurring on the megathrust about every 80 years. One exception is the AD 1730 great earthquake (M 9.0{\textendash}9.5) and high tsunami (>10 m), but the frequency of such large events is unknown. We extend the seismic history of central Chile through a study of a lowland stratigraphic sequence along the metropolitan coast north of Valpara{\'\i}so (33{\textdegree}S). At this site, higher relative sea level during the mid Holocene created a tidal marsh and the accommodation space necessary for sediment that preserves earthquake and tsunami evidence. Within this 2600-yr-long sequence, we traced six laterally continuous sand beds probably deposited by high tsunamis. Plant remains that underlie the sand beds were radiocarbon dated to 6200, 5600, 5000, 4400, 3800, and 3700 cal yr BP. Sediment properties and diatom assemblages of the sand beds{\textemdash}for example, anomalous marine planktonic diatoms and upward fining of silt-sized diatom valves{\textemdash}point to a marine sediment source and high-energy deposition. Grain-size analysis shows a strong similarity between inferred tsunami deposits and modern coastal sediment. Upward fining sequences characteristic of suspension deposition are present in five of the six sand beds. Despite the lack of significant lithologic changes between the sedimentary units under- and overlying tsunami deposits, we infer that the increase in freshwater siliceous microfossils in overlying units records coseismic uplift concurrent with the deposition of five of the sand beds. During our mid-Holocene window of evidence preservation, the mean recurrence interval of earthquakes and tsunamis is \~{}500 years. Our findings imply that the frequency of historical earthquakes in central Chile is not representative of the greatest earthquakes and tsunamis that the central Chilean subduction zone has produced.},
	keywords = {Coastal hazards, Coastal paleoseismology, Diatom paleoecology, Prehistoric earthquakes, Tsunami Deposits},
	issn = {02773791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.10.015},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.10.015},
	author = {Dura, Tina and Cisternas, Marco and Horton, Benjamin P. and Ely, Lisa L. and Nelson, Alan R. and Wesson, Robert L. and Pilarczyk, Jessica E.}
}
@article { ISI:000358041400001,
	title = {Comparing dust flux records from the Subarctic North Pacific and Greenland: Implications for atmospheric transport to Greenland and for the application of dust as a chronostratigraphic tool},
	journal = {PALEOCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {30},
	number = {{6}},
	year = {2015},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {583-600},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We present a new record of eolian dust flux to the western Subarctic North Pacific (SNP) covering the past 27,000years based on a core from the Detroit Seamount. Comparing the SNP dust record to the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) ice core record shows significant differences in the amplitude of dust changes to the two regions during the last deglaciation, while the timing of abrupt changes is synchronous. If dust deposition in the SNP faithfully records its mobilization in East Asian source regions, then the difference in the relative amplitude must reflect climate-related changes in atmospheric dust transport to Greenland. Based on the synchronicity in the timing of dust changes in the SNP and Greenland, we tie abrupt deglacial transitions in the Th-230-normalized He-4 flux record to corresponding transitions in the well-dated NGRIP dust flux record to provide a new chronostratigraphic technique for marine sediments from the SNP. Results from this technique are complemented by radiocarbon dating, which allows us to independently constrain radiocarbon paleoreservoir ages. We find paleoreservoir ages of 745140years at 11,653year B.P., 680228years at 14,630year B.P., and 790498years at 23,290year B.P. Our reconstructed paleoreservoir ages are consistent with modern surface water reservoir ages in the western SNP. Good temporal synchronicity between eolian dust records from the Subantarctic Atlantic and equatorial Pacific and the ice core record from Antarctica supports the reliability of the proposed dust tuning method to be used more widely in other global ocean regions.},
	keywords = {atmospheric circulation, chronostratigrapy, eolian dust, helium-4, paleoreservoir age, Subarctic North Pacific},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1002/2014PA002748},
	author = {Serno, Sascha and Winckler, Gisela and Anderson, Robert F. and Maier, Edith and Ren, Haojia and Gersonde, Rainer and Haug, Gerald H.}
}
@article {28,
	title = {Comparison of large and ultra-small delta c-14 measurements in core top benthic foraminifera from the Okhotsk Sea},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {57},
	year = {2015},
	note = {PT: J; TC: 1; UT: WOS:000351052600010},
	pages = {123-128},
	abstract = {The radiocarbon activity of benthic foraminifera was investigated in surface sediments from a high deposition rate location at a depth of 1000 m in the Okhotsk Sea. Sediments were preserved and stained with Rose Bengal to identify foraminifera that contain cytoplasm. The benthic fauna at this site is dominated by large specimens of Uvigerina peregrina, and bulk samples (similar to 150 individuals) of stained and unstained specimens were dated. The stained sample was about 240 C-14 yr younger than the unstained, and the presence of bomb C-14 is inferred by comparison to water column data in the nearby open North Pacific. Using new methods, multiple measurements were also made on samples of three stained and unstained individuals (as small as 7 mu g C). Results are consistent with those from the bulk samples. This suggests that similar ultra-small measurements could be made at other locations to reveal the age distribution of individuals in a sediment sample in order to assess the extent of bioturbation and the presence of bomb C-14 contamination.},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	doi = {10.2458/azu_rc.57.18153},
	author = {Keigwin, L. D. and Gagnon, A. R.}
}
@article {18,
	title = {Controls on the distribution and fractionation of yttrium and rare earth elements in core sediments from the Mandovi estuary, western India},
	journal = {Continental Shelf Research},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {59-71},
	abstract = {Mineralogy, major elements (Fe, Mn and Al), rare earths and yttrium (REY) of bulk sediments were analyzed in four gravity cores recovered along the main channel of the Mandovi estuary, western India, to determine the sources and controls on REY distribution. The accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) ages of total organic carbon indicated modern age for the sediments of the upper estuary and, maximum mean ages of 1588 years AD and 539 years AD for the bottom sediments of the cores in the lower estuary and bay, respectively. The sediments of the upper/middle estuary showed abundant hematite, magnetite and goethite and high Fe, Mn, total-REE (ΣREE) and Y, while those in the lower estuary/bay showed abundant silicate minerals and relatively low Fe, Mn, ΣREE and Y. ΣREE showed significant correlation with clay and silt fractions and Y, Al and organic carbon (OC) content of the sediments. The light to heavy REE ratios (LREE/HREE) of sediments were lower than in Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS). The PAAS-normalized rare earths and yttrium (REY; Y inserted between Dy and Ho) patterns of sediments showed middle REE (MREE)- and HREE-enrichment with positive Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu⁎) and variable Ce anomaly (Ce/Ce⁎). The REY of sediments is primarily controlled by its texture and REE of source sediment, which is ore material-dominated in the upper/middle estuary and silicate material-dominated in the lower estuary/bay. Low LREE/HREE ratios suggest that very fine-grained sediments were carried away from the estuary because of high-energy conditions. Fractionations of REY (Y/Ho, Sm/Nd, Ce/Ce⁎ and Eu/Eu⁎) are controlled by different mechanisms. High Y/Ho ratios in clayey silts are due to redistribution of Y and Ho by adsorption onto organic-rich, clays. Variations in Sm/Nd ratios are similar to that of Eu/Eu⁎ in cores from the lower estuary/bay and are controlled by mineral constituents of the sediments. Positive Ce and Eu anomalies are inherited from ore material, and ore material and source rocks, respectively. Negative Ce anomaly is related to source rock material and influenced by lanthanum enrichment at certain sediment intervals.},
	issn = {0278-4343},
	doi = {10.1016/j.csr.2014.11.003},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278434314003215},
	author = {Prajith, A. and Rao, V. Purnachandra and Kessarkar, Pratima M.}
}
@article {2530,
	title = {Cryosphere: Antarctic ice growth and retreat},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {81008},
	year = {2015},
	month = {Jan-07-2016},
	pages = {585 - 586},
	keywords = {Cryospheric science, Palaeoclimate},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo2494},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ngeo2494},
	author = {Evans, Jeffrey}
}
@article {47,
	title = {Carbonation rates of peridotite in the Samail Ophiolite, Sultanate of Oman, constrained through 14C dating and stable isotopes},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {126},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {371-397},
	abstract = {Detailed 14C dating as well as stable C and O isotope analyses were conducted on carbonates formed during alteration of the peridotite layer of the Samail Ophiolite, Sultanate of Oman. 14C results obtained in this and previous studies indicate that surface travertines range in age from modern to >45,000 yr BP, indicating long-term deposition and preservation. Travertine deposition rates in two localities were \~{}0.1 to 0.3 mm/yr between \~{}30,000 and 45,000 yr BP. Using an estimate of total travertine area, this would result in a maximum of \~{}1000 to 3000 m3/yr of travertine being deposited throughout the ophiolite during this time period. This travertine deposition would have sequestered a maximum of \~{}1 to 3 {\texttimes} 106 kg CO2/yr. Ca-rich carbonate veins that are associated with the surface travertine deposits have ages ranging from \~{}4000 to 36,000 yr BP (average: 15,000 yr BP). Mg-rich carbonate veins exposed in outcrops have ages ranging from \~{}8000 to 45,000 yr BP (average: 35,000 yr BP). Detailed sampling from numerous locations (3 locations in this study and 10 locations in the previous studies) indicates that no carbonate veins from the natural peridotite weathering surface are older than the \~{}50,000 yr BP dating limit of 14C. However, 14C dating of Mg-rich carbonate veins from three roadcut exposures (Qafeefah, Fanja, and Al-Wuqbah) indicates that a significant number of roadcut veins are 14C dead (>50,000 yr BP). A location weighted average indicates that \~{}40\% of veins sampled at the three roadcuts are 14C dead. An average including veins sampled at both roadcuts and outcrops indicates that overall \~{}8\% of Mg-rich carbonate veins are 14C dead. Mg-rich carbonate veins are estimated to sequester on the order of 107 kg CO2/yr throughout the ophiolite.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2013.11.007},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703713006467},
	author = {Mervine, Evelyn M. and Humphris, Susan E. and Sims, Kenneth W. W. and Kelemen, Peter B. and W. J. Jenkins}
}
@article {2498,
	title = {Centennial-to-millennial hydrologic trends and variability along the North Atlantic Coast, USA, during the Holocene},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2014},
	month = {Apr-06-2016},
	pages = {4300 - 4307},
	abstract = {Geophysical and sedimentary records from five lakes in Massachusetts reveal regionally coherent hydrologic variability during the Holocene. All of the lakes have risen since ~9.0 ka, but multicentury droughts after 5.6 ka repeatedly lowered their water levels. Quantified water level histories from the three best-studied lakes share >70\% of their reconstructed variance. Four prominent low-water phases at 4.9{\textendash}4.6, 4.2{\textendash}3.9, 2.9{\textendash}2.1, and 1.3{\textendash}1.2 ka were synchronous across coastal lakes, even after accounting for age uncertainties. The droughts also affected sites up to ~200 km inland, but water level changes at 5.6{\textendash}4.9 ka appear out of phase between inland and coastal lakes. During the enhanced multicentury variability after ~5.6 ka, droughts coincided with cooling in Greenland and may indicate circulation changes across the North Atlantic region. Overall, the records demonstrate that current water levels are exceptionally high and confirm the sensitivity of water resources in the northeast U.S. to climate change.},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GL060183},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2014GL060183https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002\%2F2014GL060183},
	author = {Newby, Paige E. and Shuman, Bryan N. and Donnelly, Jeffrey P. and Karnauskas, Kristopher B. and Marsicek, Jeremiah}
}
@article {2553,
	title = {Coastal response to late-stage transgression and sea-level highstand},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {126},
	year = {2014},
	month = {Jan-03-2014},
	pages = {459 - 480},
	abstract = {Coastal  morphologic  features  associated with  past  shoreline  transgressions  and  sea-level  highstands  can  provide  insight  into  the  rates  and  processes  associated  with  coastal  response  to  the  modern  global  rise  in  sea  level.  Along  the  eastern  and  southern  Brazilian  coasts  of  South  America,  6000  years  of   sea-level   fall   have   preserved   late-stage   transgressive and sea-level highstand features 1{\textendash}4 m above present mean sea level and several  kilome  ters  landward  of  modern  shore-lines.  GPS  with  real-time  kinematics  data,  ground-penetrating  radar,  stratigraphy,  and  radiocarbon  dating  within  a  2{\textendash}3-km-wide  river-associated  strandplain  in  central  Santa  Catarina  (southern  Brazil)  uncovered  a  diverse set of late-stage transgressive and high-
stand  deposits.  Here,  the  highstand  took  the  forms of (1) an exposed bedrock coast in areas of high wave energy and low sediment supply; (2)  a  3.8-m-high  transgressive  barrier  ridge  where  landward  barrier  migration  was  prohibited  by  the  presence  of  shallow  bedrock;  and  (3)  a  complete  barrier-island  complex  containing a 5.2-m-high barrier ridge, washover deposits, a paleo-inlet, and a backbarrier lowland, formed in a protected cove with ample sediment supply from small local streams and the erosion of upland sediments. Similar signatures of the mid-Holocene highstand can be  traced  across  all  coastal  Brazilian  states.  This  study  presents  the  first  complete  compilation of the diversity of these sedimentary sequences. They are broadly classified here as exposed bedrock coasts (type A), back barrier deposits  (type  B),  transgressive  barrier  ridges (type C), and barrier-island complexes (type D),  according  to  localized  conditions  of  upland  migration  potential,  wave  exposure,  and  sediment  supply.  These  Brazilian  
systems  present  a  paradigm  for  understanding future coastal response to climate change and accelerated sea-level rise: the recognition of a minimum threshold sea-level-rise rate of ~2  mm  yr{\textendash}1 above  which  transgression  proceeded too rapidly for the formation of these stable  accretionary  shoreline  features  demonstrates the nonlinearity of coastal response to sea-level change, and the site specificity of conditions  associated  with  the  formation  of  each  highstand  deposit  type,  even  within  a  single  small  embayment,  demonstrates  the  non-uniformity of that response.},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/B30836.1},
	url = {http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/cgi/doi/10.1130/B30836.1},
	author = {Hein, C. J. and FitzGerald, D. M. and Thadeu de Menezes, J. and Cleary, W. J. and Klein, A. H. F. and Albernaz, M. B.}
}
@article {552,
	title = {Composition and origin of authigenic carbonates in the Krishna-Godavari and Mahanadi Basins, eastern continental margin of India},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {58},
	year = {2014},
	note = {AAy4wyTimes Cited:5Cited References Count:63},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {438-460},
	abstract = {The mineralogical and stable isotopic composition of authigenic carbonates from the Krishna-Godavari (KG) and Mahanadi Basin provide a deeper insight into the processes inducing carbonate formation in the sediments of the eastern continental margin of India in the Bay of Bengal. Authigenic carbonate cements, (micro) nodules, bioturbation casts and tubes from 12 core locations drilled during the Indian National Gas Hydrate Program (NGHP) Expedition 01 were investigated for this study. Three main processes responsible for authigenic carbonate precipitation are identified: organoclastic sulfate reduction, anaerobic oxidation of methane and methanogenesis. Evidence of vigorous methane seepage is indicated in carbonates recovered at Sites 7, 10, 12 (KG Basin) and 19 (Mahanadi Basin). These methane-derived carbonates display typical paragenetic carbonate mineralogies (aragonite, high-Mg calcite with >15 Mol\% MgCO3, Ca-rich dolomite). Two separate horizons of methane derived-carbonates are correlated between 4 drill holes (up to \~{}16 km apart). The upper horizon has been dated with 14C (40,100 {\textendash} 51,600 a B.P. 1950) clearly indicating that methane seepage has been much more vigorous in the past possibly due to a glacial sea level lowstand.},
	issn = {0264-8172},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.08.023},
	author = {Teichert, B. M. A. and Johnson, J. E. and Solomon, E. A. and Giosan, L. and Rose, K. and Kocherla, M. and Connolly, E. C. and Torres, M. E.}
}
@article {563,
	title = {A continental shelf sedimentary record of Little Ice Age to modern glacial dynamics: Bering Glacier, Alaska},
	journal = {Continental Shelf Research},
	volume = {86},
	year = {2014},
	note = {id: 2324},
	month = {Sep 1},
	pages = {141-156},
	abstract = {The Bering Glacier System is the world{\textquoteright}s largest surging temperate glacier with seven events occurring over the past century under a range of north Pacific climatic conditions. Onshore records reveal changes in glacial termini positions and evidence of late Holocene glacial advances, but the Little Ice Age (LIA) record of potential glacial surging and associated flooding has not been examined. A 13.6 m-long jumbo core collected on the adjacent continental shelf reveals a 600-yr-long record of sedimentation associated with changing glacifluvial discharge. The chronology is based on 210Pb geochronology and five radiocarbon dates, and the core can be separated into three distinct lithologic units based on the examination of X-radiographs and physical properties: (1) an uppermost unit dating from \~{}125 cal yr BP to the present characterized by bioturbated mud interbedded with laminated, thick (5{\textendash}20 cm) low-bulk density clay-rich beds; (2) a middle unit dating from \~{}120{\textendash}400 cal yr BP that includes numerous interlaminated-to-interbedded low- and high-bulk density beds with infrequent evidence of bioturbation; thick laminated clay-rich beds are rare; (3) a lowermost unit that predates \~{}400 cal yr BP and is composed of rare laminated beds grading down into mottled to massive mud. In each of these units, the laminated lithofacies from this mid-shelf location indicates both flood deposition and likely sediment transport in the wave-current bottom-boundary layer. The thick low-density, clay-rich beds in the uppermost unit correlate with historic outburst floods associated with known surge events. Based on previous terrestrial studies, the terminus was at its Holocene Neoglacial maximum extent close to the modern coastline at some point in the middle to late stages of the LIA in southern Alaska (100{\textendash}350 cal yr BP). During the LIA, preservation of bioturbated intervals is rare while laminated intervals are common. This style of interbedding indicates frequent (},
	issn = {0278-4343},
	doi = {10.1016/j.csr.2013.03.011},
	author = {Jaeger, John M. and Kramer, Branden}
}
@article {67,
	title = {A continuous multi-millennial record of surficial bivalve mollusk shells from the S{\~a}o Paulo Bight, Brazilian shelf},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {274-283},
	abstract = {To evaluate the potential of using surficial shell accumulations for paleoenvironmental studies, an extensive time series of individually dated specimens of the marine infaunal bivalve mollusk Semele casali was assembled using amino acid racemization (AAR) ratios (n = 270) calibrated against radiocarbon ages (n = 32). The shells were collected from surface sediments at multiple sites across a sediment-starved shelf in the shallow sub-tropical S{\~a}o Paulo Bight (S{\~a}o Paulo State, Brazil). The resulting 14C-calibrated AAR time series, one of the largest AAR datasets compiled to date, ranges from modern to 10,307 cal yr BP, is right skewed, and represents a remarkably complete time series: the completeness of the Holocene record is 66\% at 250-yr binning resolution and 81\% at 500-yr binning resolution. Extensive time-averaging is observed for all sites across the sampled bathymetric range indicating long water depth-invariant survival of carbonate shells at the sediment surface with low net sedimentation rates. Benthic organisms collected from active depositional surfaces can provide multi-millennial time series of biomineral records and serve as a source of geochemical proxy data for reconstructing environmental and climatic trends throughout the Holocene at centennial resolution. Surface sediments can contain time-rich shell accumulations that record the entire Holocene, not just the present.},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yqres.2013.12.007},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033589413001646},
	author = {Dexter, Troy A. and Kaufman, Darrell S. and Krause Jr, Richard A. and Barbour Wood, Susan L. and Sim{\~o}es, Marcello G. and Huntley, John Warren and Yanes, Yurena and Romanek, Christopher S. and Kowalewski, Micha{\l}}
}
@article {2510,
	title = {Cryostratigraphy and Permafrost Evolution in the Lacustrine Lowlands of West-Central Alaska},
	journal = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2014},
	month = {Jan-01-2014},
	pages = {14 - 34},
	abstract = {The influence of permafrost growth and thaw on the evolution of ice-rich lowland terrain in the Koyukuk-Innoko region of interior Alaska is fundamental but poorly understood. To elucidate this influence, the cryostratigraphy and properties of perennially frozen sediments from three areas in this region are described and interpreted in terms of permafrost history. The upper part of the late Quaternary sediments at the Koyukuk and Innoko Flats comprise frozen organic soils up to 4.5 m thick underlain by ice-rich silt characterised by layered and reticulate cryostructures. The volume of visible segregated ice in silt locally reaches 50 per cent, with ice lenses up to 10 cm thick.

A conceptual model of terrain evolution from the Late Pleistocene to the present day identifies four stages of yedoma degradation and five stages of subsequent permafrost aggradation-degradation: (1) partial thawing of the upper ice wedges and the formation of small shallow ponds in the troughs above the wedges; (2) formation of shallow thermokarst lakes above the polygons; (3) deepening of thermokarst lakes and yedoma degradation beneath the lakes; (4) complete thawing of yedoma beneath the lakes; (5) lake drainage; (6) peat accumulation; (7) permafrost aggradation in drained lake basins; (8) formation of permafrost plateaus; and (9) formation and expansion of a new generation of thermokarst features. These stages can occur in differing places and times, creating a highly complex mosaic of terrain conditions, complicating predictions of landscape response to future climatic changes or human impact. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2014 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	doi = {10.1002/ppp.v25.110.1002/ppp.1800},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ppp.v25.1http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ppp.1800https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002\%2Fppp.1800},
	author = {Kanevskiy, Mikhail and Jorgenson, Torre and Shur, Yuri and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Jonathan A. and Harden, Jennifer W. and Zhuang, Qianlai and Fortier, Daniel}
}
@article { ISI:000315194800002,
	title = {C-14 and C-13 characteristics of higher plant biomarkers in Washington margin surface sediments},
	journal = {GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2013},
	month = {MAR 15},
	pages = {14-30},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Plant wax lipids and lignin phenols are the two most common classes of molecular markers that are used to trace vascular plant-derived OM in the marine environment. However, their C-13 and C-14 compositions have not been directly compared, which can be used to constrain the flux and attenuation of terrestrial carbon in marine environment. In this study, we describe a revised method of isolating individual lignin phenols from complex sedimentary matrices for C-14 analysis using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and compare this approach to a method utilizing preparative capillary gas chromatography (PCGC). We then examine in detail the C-13 and C-14 compositions of plant wax lipids and lignin phenols in sediments from the inner and mid shelf of the Washington margin that are influenced by discharge of the Columbia River. Plant wax lipids (including n-alkanes, n-alkanoic (fatty) acids, n-alkanols, and n-aldehydes) displayed significant variability in both delta C-13 (-28.3 parts per thousand to -37.5 parts per thousand) and Delta C-14 values (-204 parts per thousand to +2 parts per thousand), suggesting varied inputs and/or continental storage and transport histories. In contrast, lignin phenols exhibited similar delta C-13 values (between -30 parts per thousand and -34 parts per thousand) and a relatively narrow range of Delta C-14 values (-45 parts per thousand to -150 parts per thousand; HPLC-based measurement) that were similar to, or younger than, bulk OM (-195 parts per thousand to -137 parts per thousand). Moreover, lignin phenol C-14 age correlated with the degradation characteristics of this terrestrial biopolymer in that vanillyl phenols were on average similar to 500 years older than syringyl and cinnamyl phenols that degrade faster in soils and sediments. The isotopic characteristics, abundance, and distribution of lignin phenols in sediments suggest that they serve as promising tracers of recently biosynthesized terrestrial OM during supply to, and dispersal within the marine environment. Lignin phenol C-14 measurements may also provide useful constraints on the vascular plant end member in isotopic mixing models for carbon source apportionment, and for interpretation of sedimentary records of past vegetation dynamics. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2012.11.034},
	author = {Feng, Xiaojuan and Benitez-Nelson, Bryan C. and Montlu{\c c}on, Daniel B. and Prahl, Fredrick G. and McNichol, Ann P. and Xu, Li and Repeta, Daniel J. and Eglinton, Timothy I.}
}
@article {103,
	title = {A California Current bomb radiocarbon reference chronology and petrale sole (Eopsetta jordani) age validation},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {22-31},
	issn = {0706-652X},
	doi = {10.1139/cjfas-2011-0504},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2011-0504},
	author = {Haltuch, Melissa A. and Hamel, Owen S. and Piner, Kevin R. and McDonald, Patrick and Kastelle, Craig R. and Field, John C.}
}
@article {115,
	title = {Carbon isotopic characterization of hydrophobic dissolved organic carbon in rainwater},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2013},
	note = {id: 2288},
	pages = {230-234},
	abstract = {The 14C and 13C content of the hydrophobic fraction (C18 extractable) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in Wilmington North Carolina USA rainwater was determined for six rain events to elucidate potential sources. A two end member mass-balance calculation indicated that 42{\textendash}61\% of the hydrophobic DOC was of fossil fuel origin compared to previously published values (4{\textendash}24\%) for bulk rain DOC indicating a strong anthropogenic contribution to the hydrophobic component. All fossil fuel derived organic carbon in the bulk DOC (\~{}15\% fossil fuel derived) could be accounted for in the hydrophobic fraction (\~{}52\% fossil fuel derived) which represents approximately 1/3 of the bulk DOC. The δ13C values of the hydrophobic DOC were consistent (-28.8 {\textpm} 0.9{\textperthousand}) similar to that for terrestrial and fossil fuel derived organic carbon. This is in contrast to previously published bulk rain DOC δ13C values that displayed a strong influence of air-mass back-trajectory with δ13C values ranging from -20.8{\textperthousand} (typical of marine organic carbon) for marine air-mass back-trajectory rain to -28.2{\textperthousand} (typical of terrestrial or fossil fuel derived organic carbon) for terrestrial air-mass back-trajectory rain. The combination of 14C and 13C isotopic data strongly suggests that a large fraction of hydrophobic organic material in rain comes from incompletely combusted fossil fuels. Changes in energy usage patterns and efforts to reduce fossil fuel emissions will alter the abundance of this hydrophobic material in the atmosphere which may impact the spectral distribution of sunlight reaching the earth{\textquoteright}s surface as well as the degree of oceanic primary productivity.},
	issn = {1352-2310},
	doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.054},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231012011223},
	author = {Avery Jr, G. Brooks and Biswas, K. Farhana and Mead, Ralph and Southwell, Melissa and Willey, Joan D. and Kieber, Robert J. and Mullaugh, Katherine M.}
}
@article { ISI:000319838200023,
	title = {Carbon isotopic evidence for microbial control of carbon supply to Orca Basin at the seawater-brine interface},
	journal = {BIOGEOSCIENCES},
	volume = {10},
	number = {{5}},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {3175-3183},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Orca Basin, an intraslope basin on the Texas-Louisiana continental slope, hosts a hypersaline, anoxic brine in its lowermost 200m in which limited microbial activity has been reported. This brine contains a large reservoir of reduced and aged carbon, and appears to be stable at decadal time scales: concentrations and isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic (DIC) and organic carbon (DOC) are similar to measurements made in the 1970s. Both DIC and DOC are more {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}aged{{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}} within the brine pool than in overlying water, and the isotopic contrast between brine carbon and seawater carbon is much greater for DIC than DOC. While the stable carbon isotopic composition of brine DIC points towards a combination of methane and organic carbon remineralization as its source, radiocarbon and box model results point to the brine interface as the major source region for DIC, allowing for only limited oxidation of methane diffusing upwards from sediments. This conclusion is consistent with previous studies that identify the seawater-brine interface as the focus of microbial activity associated with Orca Basin brine. Isotopic similarities between DIC and DOC suggest a different relationship between these two carbon reservoirs than is typically observed in deep ocean basins. Radiocarbon values implicate the seawater-brine interface region as the likely source region for DOC to the brine as well as DIC.},
	issn = {1726-4170},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-10-3175-2013},
	author = {Shah, S. R. and Joye, S. B. and Brandes, J. A. and McNichol, A. P.}
}
@article {93,
	title = {Carbonate as sputter target material for rapid C-14 AMS},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments \& Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {294},
	year = {2013},
	note = {id: 2244; PT: J; CT: 12th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS); CY: MAR 20-25, 2011; CL: Wellington, NEW ZEALAND; TC: 0; UT: WOS:000313234300064},
	pages = {328-334},
	abstract = {This paper describes a technique for measuring the C-14 content of carbonate samples by producing C- ions directly in the negative ion sputter source of an accelerator mass spectrometer CAMS) system. This direct analysis of carbonate material eliminates the time and expense of graphite preparation. Powdered carbonate is mixed with titanium powder, loaded into a target cartridge, and compressed. Beam currents for optimally-sized carbonate targets (0.09-0.15 mg C) are typically 10-20\% of those produced by optimally-sized graphite targets (0.5-1 mg C). Modern (>0.8 Fm) samples run by this method have standard deviations of 0.009 Fm or less, and near-modern samples run as unknowns agree with values from traditional hydrolysis/graphite to better than 2\%. Targets with as little as 0.06 mg carbonate produce useable ion currents and results, albeit with increased error and larger blank. In its current state, direct sputtering is best applied to problems where a large number of analyses with lower precision are required. These applications could include age surveys of deep-sea corals for determination of historic population dynamics, to identify samples that would benefit from high precision analysis, and for growth rate studies of organisms forming carbonate skeletons. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0168-583X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2012.05.014},
	author = {Longworth, Brett E. and Robinson, Laura F. and Roberts, Mark L. and Beaupr{\'e}, Steven R. and Burke, Andrea and W. J. Jenkins}
}
@article {117,
	title = {Changes in sub-fossil chironomid assemblages in two Northern Patagonian lake systems associated to the occurrence of historical fires},
	journal = {Journal of Paleolimnology},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2013},
	note = {id: 2121},
	pages = {41-56},
	abstract = {Patagonia is commonly seen as an exceptionally pristine area because of its wildlife and practically unpolluted waters. However, during the twentieth century the burning of natural forests was one of the most important human activities in Northern Chilean Patagonia. Some estimations indicate that three million hectares were burned during the first three decades of the century. Hence the objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of the historical fires in Lake Burgos (45{\textordmasculine}42'S) and Lake Thompson (45{\textordmasculine}38'S) in Chilean Patagonia. The impact was measured by evaluating chironomid assemblage since they are sensitive enough to be used as an indicator of aquatic ecosystem health. Fires have a direct and drastic effect on a lake watershed but also indirectly affect a lake ecosystem, changing sedimentation patterns or increasing nutrient inputs. In the studied lakes the periods with higher prevalence of fires were identified by charcoal analysis, while organic matter and magnetic susceptibility allowed the confirmation of pre-fire and post-fire periods. The chironomid composition was evaluated through a PCA and an analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) to test the significance among periods while a Detrended Correspondence Analysis was applied to the chironomid assemblage downcore to assess compositional structure and taxa turnover. In Lake Burgos the ANOSIM test indicated significant differences between the pre-fire and fire periods (p},
	doi = {10.1007/s10933-013-9703-0},
	author = {Araneda, A. and Ortega, C. and Jana, P. and Torrejon, F. and Bertrand, S. and Vargas, P. and Fagel, N. and Alvarez, D. and Urrutia, R.}
}
@article {153,
	title = {Carbon dynamics in the western Arctic Ocean: insights from full-depth carbon isotope profiles of DIC, DOC, and POC},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2254; PT: J; TC: 4; UT: WOS:000302179500026},
	pages = {1217-1224},
	abstract = {Arctic warming is projected to continue throughout the coming century. Yet, our currently limited understanding of the Arctic Ocean carbon cycle hinders our ability to predict how changing conditions will affect local Arctic ecosystems, regional carbon budgets, and global climate. We present here the first set of concurrent, full-depth, dual-isotope profiles for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and suspended particulate organic carbon (POCsusp) at two sites in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean. The carbon isotope composition of sinking and suspended POC in the Arctic contrasts strongly with open ocean Atlantic and Pacific sites, pointing to a combination of inputs to Arctic POCsusp at depth, including surface-derived organic carbon (OC), sorbed/advected OC, and OC derived from in situ DIC fixation. The latter process appears to be particularly important at intermediate depths, where mass balance calculations suggest that OC derived from in situ DIC fixation contributes up to 22\% of POCsusp. As in other oceans, surface-derived OC is still a dominant source to Arctic POCsusp. Yet, we suggest that significantly smaller vertical POC fluxes in the Canada Basin make it possible to see evidence of DIC fixation in the POCsusp pool even at the bulk isotope level.},
	issn = {1726-4170},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-9-1217-2012},
	author = {Griffith, D. R. and McNichol, A. P. and Xu, L. and McLaughlin, F. A. and Macdonald, R. W. and Brown, K. A. and Eglinton, T. I.}
}
@article { ISI:000309889600007,
	title = {Carbon isotopic (C-13 and C-14) composition of synthetic estrogens and progestogens},
	journal = {RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY},
	volume = {26},
	number = {{22}},
	year = {2012},
	month = {NOV 30},
	pages = {2619-2626},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {RATIONALE Steroids are potent hormones that are found in many environments. Yet, contributions from synthetic and endogenous sources are largely uncharacterized. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether carbon isotopes could be used to distinguish between synthetic and endogenous steroids in wastewater and other environmental matrices. METHODS Estrogens and progestogens were isolated from oral contraceptive pills using semi-preparative liquid chromatography/diode array detection (LC/DAD). Compound purity was confirmed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID), gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using negative electrospray ionization (LC/ESI-MS). The C-13 content was determined by gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) and C-14 was measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). RESULTS Synthetic estrogens and progestogens are C-13-depleted (delta C-13(estrogen) = 30.0 +/- 0.9 parts per thousand; delta C-13(progestogen) = 30.3 +/- 2.6 parts per thousand) compared with endogenous hormones (delta C-13 similar to -16 to 26 parts per thousand). The C-14 content of the majority of synthetic hormones is consistent with synthesis from C-3 plant-based precursors, amended with {\textquoteleft}fossil{\textquoteright} carbon in the case of EE2 and norethindrone acetate. Exceptions are progestogens that contain an ethyl group at carbon position 13 and have entirely {\textquoteleft}fossil{\textquoteright} C-14 signatures. CONCLUSIONS Carbon isotope measurements have the potential to distinguish between synthetic and endogenous hormones in the environment. Our results suggest that C-13 could be used to discriminate endogenous from synthetic estrogens in animal waste, wastewater effluent, and natural waters. In contrast, C-13 and C-14 together may prove useful for tracking synthetic progestogens. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {0951-4198},
	doi = {10.1002/rcm.6385},
	author = {Griffith, David R. and Wacker, Lukas and Gschwend, Philip M. and Eglinton, Timothy I.}
}
@article {140,
	title = {Central Arctic paleoceanography for the last 50 kyr based on ostracode faunal assemblages},
	journal = {Marine Micropaleontology},
	volume = {88{\textendash}89},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2283},
	pages = {65-76},
	abstract = {The paleoceanography of the central Arctic Ocean was reconstructed for the last 50 kyr (Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 1{\textendash}3) based on ostracode assemblages from 21 14C-dated sediment cores from the Mendeleev, Lomonosov, and Gakkel Ridges. Arctic sediments deposited during the Holocene interglacial period (MIS 1), the B{\o}lling{\textendash}Aller{\o}d, and larger interstadial Dansgaard{\textendash}Oeschger (DO) events (3{\textendash}4, 8, and 12) contain abundant Cytheropteron spp., Henryhowella asperrima, and Krithe spp. at intermediate/deep-depths (~ 1000 to 3000 m). These assemblages suggest a ventilated deep, Arctic Ocean water mass similar to the modern Arctic Ocean Deep Water (AODW) during these time periods. In contrast, sediment deposited during stadial events corresponding to Heinrich events 1, 2, 3, and 4, (also possibly the Younger Dryas; YD), contain abundant Polycope spp. (60{\textendash}80\%) suggesting a greater influence of the Atlantic Layer (AL) on the Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW) and AODW. Reduced sea-ice during the early Holocene, the last deglacial, and MIS 3 interstadials is indicated by the reoccurrence of Acetabulastoma arcticum, an epipelagic species that is parasitic on sea-ice dwelling amphipods. One hypothesis to explain these oceanographic changes during longer stadial events, particularly within the last glacial period (MIS 2), involves sluggish ocean circulation, thicker sea-ice cover, and a deeper halocline with ocean exchange between Greenland Sea and Arctic Ocean deep-water through the Fram Strait.},
	issn = {0377-8398},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marmicro.2012.03.004},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377839812000278},
	author = {Poirier, Robert K. and Cronin, Thomas M. and Briggs Jr, William M. and Lockwood, Rowan}
}
@article {137,
	title = {Changes in planktic foraminiferal faunas, temperature and salinity in the Gulf Stream during the last 30,000 years: influence of meltwater via the Mississippi River},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2150},
	pages = {42-54},
	abstract = {Variations in the distribution of planktic foraminiferal faunas, temperature and salinity in the surface water of the Gulf Stream during the last 30,000 years have been reconstructed based on a sediment core from the Blake Ridge, subtropical western Atlantic Ocean. Temperatures and salinities were calculated using planktic foraminiferal transfer functions and previously published oxygen isotope values. Productivity was estimated using the >106 μm size fraction of planktic foraminifera. The reconstructed values show that temperature variations have been small during the investigated period with a total range of only 3 {\textdegree}C. The highest temperatures, about 1.5 {\textdegree}C above the present temperature in the area, occurred during the late Glacial, Heinrich event 1 and the mid Holocene time periods. The lowest temperatures, about 1.5 {\textdegree}C below the present temperatures, occurred during the B{\o}lling interstadial. The early Holocene period was relatively cool. The low temperatures during the B{\o}lling interstadial and during the early Holocene are in contrast to the northeastern Atlantic, where the B{\o}lling interstadial was the warmest period of the deglaciation, and the early Holocene the warmest during the Holocene. We attribute the lower temperatures during the B{\o}lling and early Holocene periods to colder meltwater from the Laurentide Ice Sheet flowing into the Gulf of Mexico through the Mississippi River system and carried to the Blake Ridge via the Gulf Stream.},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.11.019},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379111003787},
	author = {Rasmussen, T. L. and Thomsen, E.}
}
@article {123,
	title = {Characteristics of water-soluble organic carbon associated with aerosol particles in the eastern United States},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2153},
	pages = {181-188},
	abstract = {Desorption kinetics and sources (fossil vs. contemporary) of the water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) component of aerosol particles were examined at two sites on the east coast of the United States. Experiments revealed that WSOC is released either rapidly as one homogeneous pool or via biphasic kinetics with one rapidly and one slowly desorbing pool. The majority (>85\%) of WSOC was desorbed within the first 15 min of immersion in water, suggesting that this material can be rapidly incorporated into rainwater pre-depositionally or surface waters post-depositionally and transported through watersheds. Radiocarbon (14C) measurements showed that on average 12 {\textpm} 4\% and 14 {\textpm} 2\% of WSOC from sites in New York and Virginia, respectively, was derived from fossil sources. By contrast, mass balance calculations revealed water-insoluble organic carbon to have significantly greater fossil contributions. These findings suggest that contemporary biogenic aerosol OC is preferentially incorporated into the aqueous phase and may be transported relatively rapidly through watersheds and aquatic systems. In contrast, the more highly aged and fossil aerosol component remains in particulate form and is more likely to be retained on particles or in soils or aquatic sediments.},
	issn = {1352-2310},
	doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.001},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231011010466},
	author = {Wozniak, Andrew S. and Bauer, James E. and Dickhut, Rebecca M.}
}
@article {131,
	title = {Characterization of soils beneath a Posidonia oceanica meadow},
	journal = {Geoderma},
	volume = {185{\textendash}186},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2300},
	pages = {26-36},
	abstract = {The study of a 475 cm core (spanning 4316 y BP) sampled in a Posidonia oceanica meadow (Portlligat Bay, NW Mediterranean) allowed us to make the first detailed description of the soil below this endemic seagrass. The sediments under P. oceanica (often referred to as mat or matte) are low density (average bulk density of 0.69 g DW cm- 3) marine soils mainly composed of siliciclastic (46\%) and biogenic carbonated (46\%) fine-grained sediments (particles 1 mm) and finer organic matter (3\% of SOM;},
	issn = {0016-7061},
	doi = {10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.03.020},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706112001395},
	author = {Serrano, O. and Mateo, M. A. and Renom, P. and Juli{\`a}, R.}
}
@article {130,
	title = {Chemical and bacteriological analysis of soil from the Middle and Late Weichselian from Western Spitsbergen, Arctic},
	journal = {The environment and chronology of the earliest occupation of north-west Europe: current knowledge, problems and new research directions},
	volume = {271},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2316},
	pages = {98-105},
	abstract = {This paper discusses temporal variability in the biogeochemical properties of the deeper permafrost soils of Western Spitsbergen, Arctic, that dates back up to the Middle Weichselian period (44.8 ka BP). Results indicate that during the mid of the last interstadial (\~{}37 ka BP) the chemical and biological properties of the soils were different from the stadial period that followed. Trace element concentration during the period remained low. Electrical conductivity along with K, Mg, Na, SO4-2, Cl- and HCO3- content of the soils during this period was high. Mineralizable nitrogen, organic carbon, biomass nitrogen and total bacterial counts were also high. These observations concurrently lead to a conclusion that the soils of Western Spitsbergen during the interstadial period were under marine influence. The culturability of bacterial cells was low which increased later with the onset of the stadial.},
	issn = {1040-6182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quaint.2012.03.008},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618212001541},
	author = {Singh, Shiv Mohan and Sharma, Jagdev and Gawas-Sakhalkar, Puja and Upadhyay, Ajay K. and Naik, Simantini and Bande, Dnyanesh and Ravindra, Rasik}
}
@article {152,
	title = {Chemical characteristics of particulate organic matter from a small, mountainous river in the Oregon Coast Range, USA},
	journal = {Biogeochemistry},
	volume = {107},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 890submittedY},
	pages = {43-66},
	doi = {10.1007/s10533-010-9529-z},
	author = {Hatten, J. A. and Go{\~n}i, M. A. and Wheatcroft, R. A.}
}
@article {148,
	title = {Chemical weathering and provenance evolution of Holocene{\textendash}Recent sediments from the Western Indus Shelf, Northern Arabian Sea inferred from physical and mineralogical properties},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {326{\textendash}328},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2271},
	pages = {101-115},
	abstract = {We present a multi-proxy mineral record based on X-ray diffraction and diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry analysis for two cores from the western Indus Shelf in order to reconstruct changing weathering intensities, sediment transport, and provenance variations since 13 ka. Core Indus-10 is located northwest of the Indus Canyon and exhibits fluctuations in smectite/(illite + chlorite) ratios that correlate with monsoon intensity. Higher smectite/(illite + chlorite) and lower illite crystallinity, normally associated with stronger weathering, peaked during the Early{\textendash}Mid Holocene, the period of maximum summer monsoon. Hematite/goethite and magnetic susceptibility do not show clear co-variation, although they both increase at Indus-10 after 10 ka, as the monsoon weakened. At Indus-23, located on a clinoform just west of the canyon, hematite/goethite increased during a period of monsoon strengthening from 10 to 8 ka, consistent with increased seasonality and/or reworking of sediment deposited prior to or during the glacial maximum. After 2 ka terrigenous sediment accumulation rates in both cores increased together with redness and hematite/goethite, which we attribute to widespread cultivation of the floodplain triggering reworking, especially after 200 years ago. Over Holocene timescales sediment composition and mineralogy in two localities on the high-energy shelf were controlled by varying degrees of reworking, as well as climatically modulated chemical weathering.},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2012.07.009},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322712001600},
	author = {Limmer, David R. and K{\"o}hler, Cornelia M. and Hillier, Stephen and Moreton, Steven G. and Tabrez, Ali R. and Clift, Peter D.}
}
@article {166,
	title = {Clay mineral variations in Holocene terrestrial sediments from the Indus Basin},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2333},
	pages = {368-381},
	abstract = {We employed X-ray diffraction methods to quantify clay mineral assemblages in the Indus Delta and flood plains since ~ 14 ka, spanning a period of strong climatic change. Assemblages are dominated by smectite and illite, with minor chlorite and kaolinite. Delta sediments integrate clays from across the basin and show increasing smectite input between 13 and 7.5 ka, indicating stronger chemical weathering as the summer monsoon intensified. Changes in clay mineralogy postdate changes in climate by 5{\textendash}3 ka, reflecting the time needed for new clay minerals to form and be transported to the delta. Samples from the flood plains in Punjab show evidence for increased chemical weathering towards the top of the sections (6{\textendash}},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yqres.2012.01.008},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033589412000099},
	author = {Alizai, Anwar and Hillier, Stephen and Clift, Peter D. and Giosan, Liviu and Hurst, Andrew and VanLaningham, Sam and Macklin, Mark}
}
@article {126,
	title = {Climatic and environmental evolution of Lake Iznik (NW Turkey) over the last \~{}4700 years},
	journal = {Temporal and spatial corridors of Homo sapiens sapiens population dynamics during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene},
	volume = {274},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2337},
	pages = {88-101},
	abstract = {Magnetic susceptibility, geochemistry, mineralogy and palynology of sediments from Lake Iznik in Northwestern Anatolia, Turkey, provide a 4700 year record of climatic trends and events. The measured proxies allow a reconstruction of variations in humid/dry periods and lake level changes. The Lake Iznik sedimentary sequence points to an oscillating trend of humid periods interrupted by rapid climate change (RCC) to arid periods. Especially abrupt lithologic and geochemical changes at 4.2 and 3.3 ka calBP may outline intense droughts, which extremely lowered the lake level. For the last 2000 years, the effects of the Roman warm period, Dark Age cold period, Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age are recorded within Lake Iznik sediments. Besides many similarities of local climatic periods with other records from the Eastern Mediterranean, there are also differences indicating the complex pattern of the climate in the region.},
	issn = {1040-6182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quaint.2012.06.016},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618212004363},
	author = {{\"U}lgen, Umut Bar{\i}{\c s} and Franz, Sven Oliver and Biltekin, Demet and {\c C}a{\u g}atay, M. Namik and Roeser, Patricia Angelika and Doner, Lisa and Thein, Jean}
}
@article {156,
	title = {Climatic and megaherbivory controls on late-glacial vegetation dynamics: a new, high-resolution, multi-proxy record from Silver Lake, Ohio},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2141},
	pages = {66-80},
	abstract = {Novel plant assemblages are a long-recognized feature of late-glacial North America, but identifying their causes has been hampered by inaccurate radiocarbon chronologies and the multiplicity of ecological and climatic events during the late Pleistocene. Recently we reported that the formation of no-analog vegetation may have been linked to declines in Pleistocene megafaunal communities, based on pollen and spores from the coprophilous fungus Sporormiella at sites in Indiana and New York. We present a new, multi-proxy analysis from Silver Lake, OH, which 1) updates the radiocarbon chronology of a classic pollen record with a well-established zone of no-analog vegetation, 2) combines a new sub-centennial pollen record with charcoal, Sporormiella, and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy analyses for an integrated record of landscape change before, during, and after the period of no-analog vegetation, and 3) replicates both the absolute and relative temporal patterns of landscape change at Appleman Lake, IN. At Silver Lake, the decline in Sporormiella at 13.9 ka BP was immediately followed by the formation of novel plant assemblages, as well as the highest-magnitude charcoal peak in the record. Increased Ca and Sr concentrations during the no-analog interval indicate either increased moisture, increased input of nutrients from deciduous litter, or both. The duration of the no-analog assemblages (13.9{\textendash}11.8 ka BP) roughly corresponds to the period of peak insolation dissimilarity, but is more temporally constrained than previously reported in subcontinental-scale syntheses (17{\textendash}11 ka BP). We propose a hierarchy of controls on late-glacial plant communities, where biotic interactions such as megaherbivory mediate climate-driven vegetation change.},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.12.008},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027737911100401X},
	author = {Gill, Jacquelyn L. and Williams, John W. and Jackson, Stephen T. and Donnelly, Jeffrey P. and Schellinger, Grace C.}
}
@article {2668,
	title = {Comparative Decalcification Methods, Radiocarbon Dates, and Stable Isotopes of the VIRI Bones},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jan-01-2012},
	pages = {837 - 844},
	abstract = {The Fifth International Radiocarbon Comparison (VIRI) provided a suite of 5 bone samples with consensus
ages ranging from 969 to 39,305 14C yr BP (Scott et al. 2010). These bones were used herein in a comparison of decalcification
methods using either HCl or EDTA to produce collagen, and the results demonstrate age concordance between both preparation
methods and the VIRI consensus values. Additional isotopic analyses of the collagen (13C, 15N, and 18O) illustrate
the increasing sensitivity of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopes in assessing gelatin degradation.},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	doi = {10.1017/S0033822200047482},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033822200047482/type/journal_articlehttps://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0033822200047482},
	author = {Tuross, Noreen}
}
@article {135,
	title = {Composition and fate of gas and oil released to the water column during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2247; PT: J; TC: 10; UT: WOS:000312605600028},
	pages = {20229-20234},
	abstract = {Quantitative information regarding the endmember composition of the gas and oil that flowed from the Macondo well during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill is essential for determining the oil flow rate, total oil volume released, and trajectories and fates of hydrocarbon components in the marine environment. Using isobaric gas-tight samplers, we collected discrete samples directly above the Macondo well on June 21, 2010, and analyzed the gas and oil. We found that the fluids flowing from the Macondo well had a gas-to-oil ratio of 1,600 standard cubic feet per petroleum barrel. Based on the measured endmember gas-to-oil ratio and the Federally estimated net liquid oil release of 4.1 million barrels, the total amount of C-1-C-5 hydrocarbons released to the water column was 1.7 x 10(11) g. The endmember gas and oil compositions then enabled us to study the fractionation of petroleum hydrocarbons in discrete water samples collected in June 2010 within a southwest trending hydrocarbon-enriched plume of neutrally buoyant water at a water depth of 1,100 m. The most abundant petroleum hydrocarbons larger than C-1-C-5 were benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylenes at concentrations up to 78 mu gL(-1). Comparison of the endmember gas and oil composition with the composition of water column samples showed that the plume was preferentially enriched with water-soluble components, indicating that aqueous dissolution played a major role in plume formation, whereas the fates of relatively insoluble petroleum components were initially controlled by other processes.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1101242108},
	author = {Reddy, Christopher M. and Arey, J. Samuel and Seewald, Jeffrey S. and Sylva, Sean P. and Lemkau, Karin L. and Nelson, Robert K. and Carmichael, Catherine A. and McIntyre, Cameron P. and Fenwick, Judith and Ventura, G. Todd and Van Mooy, Benjamin A. S. and Camilli, Richard}
}
@article {2523,
	title = {Constraining Holocene 10Be production rates in Greenland},
	journal = {Journal of Quaternary Science},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jan-01-2012},
	pages = {2 - 6},
	abstract = {The absence of a production rate calibration experiment on Greenland has limited the ability to link 10Be exposure dating chronologies of ice-margin change to independent records of rapid climate change. We use radiocarbon age control on Holocene glacial features near Jakobshavn Isbr{\ae}, western Greenland, to investigate 10Be production rates. The radiocarbon chronology is inconsistent with the 10Be age calculations based on the current globally averaged 10Be production rate calibration data set, but is consistent with the 10Be production rate calibration data set from north-eastern North America, which includes a calibration site nearby on north-eastern Baffin Island. Based on the best-dated feature available from the Jakobshavn Isbr{\ae} forefield, we derive a 10Be production rate value of 3.98 {\textpm} 0.24 atoms g a-1, using the {\textquoteleft}St{\textquoteright} scaling scheme, which overlaps with recently published reference 10Be production rates. We suggest that these 10Be production rate data, or the very similar data from north-eastern North America, are used on Greenland. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2011 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	doi = {10.1002/jqs.1562},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jqs.1562},
	author = {Briner, Jason P. and Young, {\'a}s E. and Goehring, Brent M. and Schaefer, Joerg M.}
}
@article {121,
	title = {Correction to" Isotopic characterization of aerosol organic carbon components over the eastern United States" (vol 117, D13303, 2012)},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
	volume = {117},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2251; PT: J; TC: 0; UT: WOS:000307471700004},
	pages = {D15399-D15399},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2012JD018478},
	author = {Wozniak, Andrew S. and Bauer, James E. and Dickhut, Rebecca M. and Xu, Li and McNichol, Ann P.}
}
@article {136,
	title = {Corrigendum to {\textquotedblleft}Timing and duration of North American glacial lake discharges and the Younger Dryas climate reversal{\textquotedblright} [Quaternary Research 75 (2011) 541{\textendash}551]},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2156},
	pages = {214},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yqres.2011.09.008},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033589411001190},
	author = {Rayburn, John A. and Cronin, Thomas M. and Franzi, David A. and Knuepfer, Peter L. K. and Willard, Debra A.}
}
@article {225,
	title = {Carbonate veins trace seawater circulation during exhumation and uplift of mantle rock: Results from ODP Leg 209},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {311},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2162},
	pages = {242-252},
	abstract = {Carbonate veins hosted in ultramafic basement drilled at two sites in the Mid Atlantic Ridge 15{\textdegree}N area record two different stages of fluid-basement interaction. A first generation of carbonate veins consists of calcite and dolomite that formed syn- to postkinematically in tremolite{\textendash}chlorite schists and serpentine schists that represent gently dipping large-offset faults. These veins formed at temperatures between 90 and 170 {\textdegree}C (oxygen isotope thermometry) and from fluids that show intense exchange of Sr and Li with the basement (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70387 to 0.70641, δ7LiL-SVEC = + 3.3 to + 8.6{\textperthousand}). Carbon isotopic compositions range to high δ13CPDB values (+ 8.7{\textperthousand}), indicating that methanogenesis took place at depth. The Sr{\textendash}Li{\textendash}C isotopic composition suggests temperatures of fluid-rock interaction that are much higher (T > 350{\textendash}400 {\textdegree}C) than the temperatures of vein mineral precipitation inferred from oxygen isotopes. A possible explanation for this discrepancy is that fluids cooled conductively during upflow within the presumed detachment fault. Aragonite veins were formed during the last 130 kyrs at low-temperatures within the uplifted serpentinized peridotites. Chemical and isotopic data suggest that the aragonites precipitated from cold seawater, which underwent overall little exchange with the basement. Oxygen isotope compositions indicate an increase in formation temperature of the veins by 8{\textendash}12 {\textdegree}C within the uppermost ~ 80 m of the subseafloor. This increase corresponds to a high regional geothermal gradient of 100{\textendash}150 {\textdegree}C/km, characteristic of young lithosphere undergoing rapid uplift.},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.021},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X11005358},
	author = {Bach, Wolfgang and Rosner, Martin and J{\"o}ns, Niels and Rausch, Svenja and Robinson, Laura F. and Paulick, Holger and Erzinger, J{\"o}rg}
}
@article {203,
	title = {Climate related sea-level variations over the past two millennia},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	volume = {108},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 853; Kemp, Andrew C Horton, Benjamin P Donnelly, Jeffrey P Mann, Michael E Vermeer, Martin Rahmstorf, Stefan Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jul 5;108(27):11017-22. Epub 2011 Jun 20.3131350submittedY},
	pages = {11017-22},
	abstract = {We present new sea-level reconstructions for the past 2100 y based on salt-marsh sedimentary sequences from the US Atlantic coast. The data from North Carolina reveal four phases of persistent sea-level change after correction for glacial isostatic adjustment. Sea level was stable from at least BC 100 until AD 950. Sea level then increased for 400 y at a rate of 0.6 mm/y, followed by a further period of stable, or slightly falling, sea level that persisted until the late 19th century. Since then, sea level has risen at an average rate of 2.1 mm/y, representing the steepest century-scale increase of the past two millennia. This rate was initiated between AD 1865 and 1892. Using an extended semiempirical modeling approach, we show that these sea-level changes are consistent with global temperature for at least the past millennium.},
	issn = {1091-6490 (Electronic) 0027-8424 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1015619108},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21690367},
	author = {Kemp, A. C. and Horton, B. P. and Donnelly, J. P. and Mann, M. E. and Vermeer, M. and Rahmstorf, S.}
}
@article {207,
	title = {Coastal subsidence in Oregon, USA, during the giant Cascadia earthquake of AD 1700},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2143},
	pages = {364-376},
	abstract = {Quantitative estimates of land-level change during the giant AD 1700 Cascadia earthquake along the Oregon coast are inferred from relative sea-level changes reconstructed from fossil foraminiferal assemblages preserved within the stratigraphic record. A transfer function, based upon a regional training set of modern sediment samples from Oregon estuaries, is calibrated to fossil assemblages in sequences of samples across buried peat-mud and peat-sand contacts marking the AD 1700 earthquake. Reconstructions of sample elevations with sample-specific errors estimate the amount of coastal subsidence during the earthquake at six sites along 400 km of coast. The elevation estimates are supported by lithological, carbon isotope, and faunal tidal zonation data. Coseismic subsidence at Nehalem River, Nestucca River, Salmon River, Alsea Bay, Siuslaw River and South Slough varies between 0.18 m and 0.85 m with errors between 0.18 m and 0.32 m. These subsidence estimates are more precise, consistent, and generally lower than previous semi-quantitative estimates. Following earlier comparisons of semi-quantitative subsidence estimates with elastic dislocation models of megathrust rupture during great earthquakes, our lower estimates for central and northern Oregon are consistent with modeled rates of strain accumulation and amounts of slip on the subduction megathrust, and thus, with a magnitude of 9 for the AD 1700 earthquake.},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.11.017},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379110004130},
	author = {Hawkes, A. D. and Horton, B. P. and Nelson, A. R. and Vane, C. H. and Sawai, Y.}
}
@article {209,
	title = {Contemporary 14C radiocarbon levels of oxygenated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (O-PBDEs) isolated in sponge{\textendash}cyanobacteria associations},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2192},
	pages = {631-636},
	abstract = {Considerable debate surrounds the sources of oxygenated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (O-PBDEs) in wildlife as to whether they are naturally produced or result from anthropogenic industrial activities. Natural radiocarbon (14C) abundance has proven to be a powerful tool to address this problem as recently biosynthesized compounds contain contemporary (i.e. modern) amounts of atmospheric radiocarbon; whereas industrial chemicals, mostly produced from fossil fuels, contain no detectable 14C. However, few compounds isolated from organisms have been analyzed for their radiocarbon content. To provide a baseline, we analyzed the 14C content of four O-PBDEs. These compounds, 6-OH-BDE47, 2'-OH-BDE68, 2',6-diOH-BDE159, and a recently identified compound, 2'-MeO-6-OH-BDE120, were isolated from the tropical marine sponges Dysidea granulosa and Lendenfeldia dendyi. The modern radiocarbon content of their chemical structures (i.e. diphenyl ethers, C12H22O) indicates that they are naturally produced. This adds to a growing baseline on, at least, the sources of these unusual compounds.},
	issn = {0025-326X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.12.022},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X11000075},
	author = {Guitart, Carlos and Slattery, Marc and Ankisetty, Sridevi and Radwan, Mohamed and Ross, Samir J. and Letcher, Robert J. and Reddy, Christopher M.}
}
@article {200,
	title = {Controls on dissolved inorganic carbon and δ13C in cave waters from DeSoto Caverns: Implications for speleothem δ13C assessments},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2195},
	pages = {753-768},
	abstract = {Unraveling the factors controlling the carbon chemistry and transport of carbon within extant karst systems has important implications concerning the assessment of time-series δ13C records of speleothems. Here we report the results of a 3-year study of total dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC] and δ13CDIC from cave waters at DeSoto Caverns (Southeastern USA) that offer valuable insight on carbon transport and the accompanied isotope fractionations from end-member sources to speleothems. [DIC] and δ13CDIC values of cave waters range from 0.2 to 6.0 mM and 2.7 to -12.9 ({\textperthousand} VPDB), respectively. [DIC] and δ13CDIC of {\textquotedblleft}seasonal drips{\textquotedblright} show seasonal, albeit noisy, variability and are inversely related (δ13CDIC = -2.49[DIC] + 0.64, r2 = 0.84). A shallow pool fed by multiple drips shows a bimodal δ13CDIC distribution with an isotopically heavier mode during winter (-4{\textperthousand} to -5{\textperthousand} VPDB) relative to summer months (-9{\textperthousand} to -10{\textperthousand} VPDB). A multi-year trend of decreasing water availability during the study period is not reflected in a response of cave water carbon chemistry suggesting that rainfall amount may not be a significant controlling factor of the carbon chemistry. Coupled cave air winter ventilation/summer stagnation and varying CO2 fluxes through the soil horizon and epikarst exert the strongest influence on seasonal [DIC] and δ13CDIC variability. Measured values of high [DIC] and low δ13CDIC from cave waters collected during the summer/early fall closely approximate isotopic equilibrium conditions. Conversely, low [DIC] and high δ13CDIC values during winter/early months indicate kinetically enhanced isotopic fractionations within the cave waters. The kinetically enhanced isotopic fractionation of HCO 3 - partitioned between degassed CO2 and precipitated CaCO3 ( 1000 ln α [ ( CO 2 - HCO 3 ) + ( CaCO 3 (AR) - HCO 3 ) ] / 2 ) is greater by about a factor of two (-6.7 {\textpm} 0.3{\textperthousand}) relative to the same isotopic fractionation under equilibrium conditions (-3.1{\textperthousand}).},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.006},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703710006319},
	author = {Lambert, W. Joe and Aharon, Paul}
}
@article {2511,
	title = {Cryostratigraphy of late Pleistocene syngenetic permafrost (yedoma) in northern Alaska, Itkillik River exposureAbstract},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jan-05-2011},
	pages = {584 - 596},
	abstract = {Extremely ice-rich syngenetic permafrost, or yedoma, developed extensively under the cold climate of the Pleistocene in unglaciated regions of Eurasia and North America. In Alaska, yedoma occurs in the Arctic Foothills, the northern part of the Seward Peninsula, and in interior Alaska. A remarkable 33-m-high exposure along the lower Itkillik River in northern Alaska opened an opportunity to study the unmodified yedoma, including stratigraphy, particle-size distribution, soil carbon contents, morphology and quantity of segregated, wedge, and thermokarst-cave ice. The exposed permafrost sequence comprised seven cryostratigraphic units, which formed over a period from > 48,000 to 5,000 14C yr BP, including: 1) active layer; 2) intermediate layer of the upper permafrost; 3{\textendash}4) two yedoma silt units with different thicknesses of syngenetic ice wedges; 5) buried peat layer; 6) buried intermediate layer beneath the peat; and 7) silt layer with short ice wedges. This exposure is comparable to the well known Mus-Khaya and Duvanny Yar yedoma exposures in Russia. Based on our field observations, literature sources, and interpretation of satellite images and aerial photography, we have developed a preliminary map of yedoma distribution in Alaska.},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yqres.2010.12.003},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.12.003},
	author = {Kanevskiy, M. and Shur, Y. and Fortier, D. and Jorgenson, M.T. and Stephani, E.}
}
@article {2506,
	title = {Calibrating a sedimentary record of overwash from Southeastern New England using modeled historic hurricane surges},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {275},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jan-09-2010},
	pages = {127 - 139},
	abstract = {We present a 2000-year record of overwash deposits preserved in a backbarrier salt marsh from southeastern New England. The timing of recent deposits matches well with large hurricane-induced storm surge events documented by local tide gauges in 1991, 1960, 1954, and 1938. Storm surge modeling is used to evaluate the flooding history at the site as well as to assess the pre-instrumental historical record. Storms in 1815, 1727, and 1635 likely caused significant surge that overtopped the barrier, with the timing of coarse-grained overwash deposition correlating well with these events. We infer that twenty-three prehistoric layers mapped across the site were likely also deposited by landfalling hurricanes. Additional records from the area will help to evaluate whether or not temporal trends at the site are a robust representation of hurricane activity for the region. The frequency of overwash at Mattapoisett Marsh, on average 1.5 events per century, is significantly higher than many other overwash-based reconstructions from the western North Atlantic. Further, the Mattapoisett Marsh record does not contain significant multi-centennial gaps in overwash layers. This initial comparison of the data from Mattapoisett marsh with other reconstructions from the western North Atlantic may point toward relatively constant tropical cyclone frequency over the last 2000 years with significant variation in the number of intense tropical cyclones.},
	keywords = {Holocene, hurricane, Paleotempestology, Salt marsh, storm surge, tropical cyclone},
	issn = {00253227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2010.05.002},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025322710001702http://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0025322710001702?httpAccept=text/xmlhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0025322710001702?httpAccept=text/plain},
	author = {Boldt, Katherine V. and Lane, Philip and Woodruff, Jonathan D. and Donnelly, Jeffrey P.}
}
@conference {1587,
	title = {A Champlain Sea phocid seal fossil from the Champlain Lowland at Plattsburgh, New York},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 2214; Source type: conferencepapers\&proceedings; Object type: Article; Object type: Conference Paper; Copyright: GeoRef, Copyright 2010, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data supplied by the Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, United States; CSAUnique: 2010-092590; AccNum: 2010-092590; ISSN: 0016-7592; CODEN: GAAPBC},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {68},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States (USA)},
	organization = {Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States (USA)},
	address = {United States (USA)},
	abstract = {A SUNY Plattsburgh environmental geotechnology class uncovered several bones, most likely from a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), from exposures of Champlain Sea mud at the former Plattsburgh Air Force Base marina. The glacial section at the site contains a complete record of late Wisconsinan deglaciation in the Champlain lowland. A 1.5 to 2.0 meter thick section of fresh water ostracode (Candona subtriangulata) bearing, thinly laminated proglacial lacustrine rhythmites overlie massive gray diamicton near the base of the section. The lacustrine rhythmites contain a 0.0 to 0.2 meter thick layer of medium sand that may record one or more breakout floods from the Ontario and St. Lawrence lowlands. The lacustrine rhythmites grade upward to thinly laminated transitional rhythmites that contain marine and fresh water microfaunal assemblages. Approximately 1.5 to 2.0 meters of thinly laminated to massive, fossiliferous marine mud overlies the transitional facies, which in turn grades upward to an approximately 7-meter thick section of horizontally bedded silt and sand. The seal bones came from massive marine mud just below the transition to silt and sand. The accidental fossil find occurred as the class collected mud samples for a slope stability analysis of the bluffs along the present shoreline of Lake Champlain. The collection consists of the tibia and fibula from both legs, four vertebrae, four ribs, an astragalus, a tarsal bone, a phalange, a molar and half of the mandible with a canine tooth attached. Collagen extracted from a piece of fibula has been sent to the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility (NOSAMS) for radiocarbon dating. The find represents the second phocid fossil recovered from the Champlain lowland. The left tibial shaft from another harbor seal, originally misidentified as a hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), was found in Plattsburgh in 1901. Harbor seals on the east coast of North America presently range from the mid-Atlantic region to the Canadian Arctic.},
	keywords = {11, 24, bones, Carnivora, Cenozoic, Champlain Lowland, Champlain Sea, Chordata, Clinton County New York, Eutheria, lacustrine environment, Lake Champlain, lake sediments, Mammalia, New York, North America, Phoca, Phocidae, Pinnipedia, planar bedding structures, Plattsburgh New York, Pleistocene, Quaternary, Quaternary geology, rhythmite, sedimentary structures, sediments, taphonomy, Tetrapoda, Theria, United States, upper Pleistocene, upper Wisconsinan, Vertebrata, Vertebrate paleontology, Wisconsinan},
	author = {Franzi, David A. and Feranec, Robert and Rayburn, John A.}
}
@article {379,
	title = {Climatic controls of interannual variability in regional carbon fluxes from top-down and bottom-up perspectives RID B-8211-2009},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences},
	volume = {115},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 1941; PT: J; UT: WOS:000277259700003},
	pages = {G02011-G02011},
	abstract = {Observations of regional net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO(2) for 1997-2007 were analyzed for climatic controls on interannual variability (IAV). Quantifying IAV of regional (10(4)-10(6) km(2)) NEE over long time periods is key to understanding potential feedbacks between climate and the carbon cycle. Four independent techniques estimated monthly regional NEE for 10(4) km(2) in a spatially heterogeneous temperate-boreal transition region of the north central United States, centered on the Park Falls, Wisconsin, United States, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration tall tower site. These techniques included two bottom-up methods, based on flux tower upscaling and forest inventory based demographic modeling, respectively, and two top-down methods, based on tall tower equilibrium boundary layer budgets and tracer-transport inversion, respectively. While all four methods revealed a moderate carbon sink, they diverged significantly in magnitude. Coherence of relative magnitude and variability of NEE anomalies was strong across the methods. The strongest coherence was a trend of declining carbon sink since 2002. Most climatic controls were not strongly correlated with IAV. Significant controls on IAV were those related to hydrology, such as water table depth, and atmospheric CO(2). Weaker relationships were found with phenological controls such as autumn soil temperature. Hydrologic relationships were strongest with a 1 year lag, potentially highlighting a previously unrecognized predictor of IAV in this region. These results highlight a need for continued development of techniques to estimate regional IAV and incorporation of hydrologic cycling into couple carbon-climate models.},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2009JG001122},
	author = {Desai, Ankur R. and Helliker, Brent R. and Moorcroft, Paul R. and Andrews, Arlyn E. and Berry, Joseph A.}
}
@article { ISI:000277965100004,
	title = {Coastal New England pilot study to determine fossil and biogenic formaldehyde source contributions using radiocarbon},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES},
	volume = {115},
	year = {2010},
	month = {MAY 18},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Compound specific radiocarbon analyses of atmospheric formaldehyde are reported as fraction modern (Fm) for a limited number of winter and summer air samples collected in coastal southern New England in 2007. The 11 of 13 samples with Fm < 0.2 were collected under the influence of the semipermanent Bermuda high-pressure system with transport from the Washington, D. C., to New York City urban corridor. The two samples with Fm > 0.2 (max similar to 0.35) were collected on days with strong northwesterly flow and the least urban impact. The Fm data were combined with VOC observations from the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, estimates of oxygenated VOC (OVOC), and back trajectories to interpret the relative contributions of biogenic and fossil carbon sources. It is argued that CH2O sources were dominated by pollutant VOCs and OVOCs from upwind coastal cities as opposed to more local biogenic VOCs at the times of sample collection.},
	issn = {2169-897X},
	doi = {10.1029/2009JD012810},
	author = {Shen, Haiwei and Heikes, Brian G. and Merrill, John T. and McNichol, Ann P. and Xu, Li}
}
@article {459,
	title = {Comparative AMS radiocarbon dating of pretreated versus non-pretreated tropical wood samples},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments \& Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {268},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 2083; PT: J; CT: 11th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry; CY: SEP 14-19, 2008; CL: Rome, ITALY; SP: Univ Salento, CEDAD, Second Univ Naples, CIRCE, INNOVA, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, LABEC, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys; UT: WOS:000277462300058},
	pages = {910-913},
	abstract = {Several wood samples collected from Dorslandboom, a large iconic African baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) from Namibia, were investigated by AMS radiocarbon dating subsequent to pretreatment and, alternatively, without pretreatment. The comparative statistical evaluation of results showed that there were no significant differences between fraction modern values and radiocarbon dates of the samples analyzed after pretreatment and without pretreatment, respectively. The radiocarbon date of the oldest sample was 993 +/- 20 BP. Dating results also revealed that Dorslandboom is a multi-generation tree, with several stems showing different ages. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0168-583X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.062},
	author = {Patrut, Adrian and von Reden, Karl F. and Lowy, Daniel A. and Mayne, Diana H. and Elder, Kathryn E. and Roberts, Mark L. and McNichol, Ann P.}
}
@article {2440,
	title = {Constant Holocene Southern-Ocean 14C reservoir ages and ice-shelf flow rates},
	volume = {296},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010/7/15/},
	pages = {115 - 123},
	abstract = {Southern Ocean radiocarbon reservoir ages (i.e. non-zero radiocarbon ages in seawater) are the highest in the world{\textquoteright}s surface ocean. Constraining these reservoir ages at present and in the past is important not only because unknown reservoir ages limit the interpretation of Antarctic radiocarbon chronologies, but also because reservoir ages provide information about ocean circulation (as a recorder of past circulation and as an end member for major deep-water masses in today{\textquoteright}s ocean). In this study, we use paired U/Th and 14C ages of an unusual set of solitary coral samples trapped by fringing ice shelves in the Ross Sea to provide the first detailed study of Holocene reservoir ages for the Southern Ocean. Our results indicate a relatively constant marine radiocarbon reservoir age of 1144 {\textpm} 120 years for the past 6000 years. These results are consistent with extrapolation of the relationship between 14C and alkalinity seen elsewhere, supporting the use of this empirical relationship in high latitudes. The results also suggest constant deep-ocean circulation and air{\textendash}sea exchange during the Holocene and provide a good target for tuning ocean models of modern circulation. Combining the new ages for corals with their distance from the modern-day ice-shelf grounding line provides some of the first long-term records of ice-shelf velocities for any region and indicates constant flow of the McMurdo Ice Shelf during the Holocene, at a rate similar to that observed today.},
	keywords = {coral, marine reservoir effect, McMurdo Ice Shelf, radiocarbon, Southern Ocean, U/Th dating},
	isbn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2010.04.054},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X10003067},
	author = {Hall, Brenda L. and Henderson, Gideon M. and Baroni, Carlo and Kellogg, Thomas B.}
}
@article { ISI:000279905800011,
	title = {Constant Holocene Southern-Ocean C-14 reservoir ages and ice-shelf flow rates},
	journal = {EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS},
	volume = {296},
	number = {{1-2}},
	year = {2010},
	month = {JUL 15},
	pages = {115-123},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Southern Ocean radiocarbon reservoir ages (i.e. non-zero radiocarbon ages in seawater) are the highest in the world{\textquoteright}s surface ocean. Constraining these reservoir ages at present and in the past is important not only because unknown reservoir ages limit the interpretation of Antarctic radiocarbon chronologies, but also because reservoir ages provide information about ocean circulation (as a recorder of past circulation and as an end member for major deep-water masses in today{\textquoteright}s ocean). In this study, we use paired U/Th and C-14 ages of an unusual set of solitary coral samples trapped by fringing ice shelves in the Ross Sea to provide the first detailed study of Holocene reservoir ages for the Southern Ocean. Our results indicate a relatively constant marine radiocarbon reservoir age of 1144 +/- 120 years for the past 6000 years. These results are consistent with extrapolation of the relationship between C-14 and alkalinity seen elsewhere, supporting the use of this empirical relationship in high latitudes. The results also suggest constant deep-ocean circulation and air-sea exchange during the Holocene and provide a good target for tuning ocean models of modern circulation. Combining the new ages for corals with their distance from the modern-day ice-shelf grounding line provides some of the first long-term records of ice-shelf velocities for any region and indicates constant flow of the McMurdo Ice Shelf during the Holocene, at a rate similar to that observed today. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {coral, marine reservoir effect, McMurdo Ice Shelf, radiocarbon, Southern Ocean, U/Th dating},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2010.04.054},
	author = {Hall, Brenda L. and Henderson, Gideon M. and Baroni, Carlo and Kellogg, Thomas B.}
}
@article {1831,
	title = {A Continuous-Flow Gas Chromatography C-14 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry System},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Sp. Iss. 1696jn
Times Cited:4
Cited References Count:24
},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {295-300},
	abstract = {Gas-accepting ion sources for radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) have permitted the direct analysis of CO2 gas, eliminating the need to graphitize samples. As a result, a variety of analytical instruments can be interfaced to an AMS system, processing time is decreased, and smaller samples can be analyzed (albeit with lower precision). We have coupled a gas chromatograph to a compact C-14 AMS system fitted with a microwave ion source for real-time compound-specific C-14 analysis. As an initial test of the system, we have analyzed a sample of fatty acid methyl esters and biodiesel. Peak shape and memory was better then existing systems fitted with a hybrid ion source while precision was comparable. C-14/C-12 ratios of individual components at natural abundance levels were consistent with those determined by conventional methods. Continuing refinements to the ion source are expected to improve the performance and scope of the instrument.},
	keywords = {ams system, gc-ams, negative-ion source, RADIOCARBON ANALYSIS},
	isbn = {0033-8222},
	author = {McIntyre, C. P. and Galutschek, E. and Roberts, M. L. and von Reden, K. F. and McNichol, A. P. and Jenkins, W. J.}
}
@article { ISI:000285474600001,
	title = {Contrasting multiproxy reconstructions of surface ocean hydrography in the Agulhas Corridor and implications for the Agulhas Leakage during the last 345,000 years},
	journal = {PALEOCEANOGRAPHY},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2010},
	month = {DEC 16},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Planktonic delta(18)O and Mg/Ca-derived sea surface temperature (SST) records from the Agulhas Corridor off South Africa display a progressive increase of SST during glacial periods of the last three climatic cycles. The SST increases of up to 4 degrees C coincide with increased abundance of subtropical planktonic foraminiferal marker species which indicates a progressive warming due to an increased influence of subtropical waters at the core sites. Mg/Ca-derived SST maximizes during glacial maxima and glacial Terminations to values about 2.5 degrees C above full-interglacial SST. The paired planktonic delta(18)O and Mg/Ca-derived SST records yield glacial seawater delta(18)O anomalies of up to 0.8\%, indicating measurably higher surface salinities during these periods. The SST pattern along our record is markedly different from a U(37)(K{\textquoteright})-derived SST record at a nearby core location in the Agulhas Corridor that displays SST maxima only during glacial Terminations. Possible explanations are lateral alkenone advection by the vigorous regional ocean currents or the development of SST contrasts during glacials in association with seasonal changes of Agulhas water transports and lateral shifts of the Agulhas retroflection. The different SST reconstructions derived from U(37)(K{\textquoteright}) and Mg/Ca pose a significant challenge to the interpretation of the proxy records and demonstrate that the reconstruction of the Agulhas Current and interocean salt leakage is not as straightforward as previously suggested.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2009PA001879},
	author = {Martinez-Mendez, Gema and Zahn, Rainer and Hall, Ian R. and Peeters, Frank J. C. and Pena, Leopoldo D. and Cacho, Isabel and Negre, Cesar}
}
@article {1833,
	title = {Controls on the age of terrigenous organic matter in Black Sea sediments},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 885},
	month = {2010},
	author = {Kusch, Stephanie and Rethemeyer, Janet and Schefu{\ss}, Enno and Mollenhauer, Gesine}
}
@article {243,
	title = {Coordinated hydrological regimes in the Indo-Pacific region during the past two millennia},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 795; 565UW Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:42Y},
	abstract = {Instrumental data suggest that major shifts in tropical Pacific atmospheric dynamics and hydrology have occurred within the past century, potentially in response to anthropogenic warming. To better understand these trends, we use the hydrogen isotopic ratios of terrestrial higher plant leaf waxes ( delta D-wax) in marine sediments from southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia, to compile a detailed reconstruction of central Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) hydrologic variability spanning most of the last two millennia. Our paleodata are highly correlated with a monsoon reconstruction from Southeast Asia, indicating that intervals of strong East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) activity are associated with a weaker Indonesian monsoon (IM). Furthermore, the centennial-scale oscillations in our data follow known changes in Northern Hemisphere climate ( e. g., the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period) implying a dynamic link between Northern Hemisphere temperatures and IPWP hydrology. The inverse relationship between the EASM and IM suggests that migrations of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and associated changes in monsoon strength caused synoptic hydrologic shifts in the IPWP throughout most of the past two millennia.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2009pa001871},
	author = {Tierney, J. E. and Oppo, D. W. and Rosenthal, Y. and Russell, J. M. and Linsley, B. K.}
}
@article {514,
	title = {Carbonaceous aerosol over a Pinus taeda forest in Central North Carolina, USA},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 1958; PT: J; UT: WOS:000263188100024},
	pages = {959-969},
	abstract = {Organic aerosol is the least understood component of ambient fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)). In this study, organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) within ambient PM(2.5) over a three-year period at a forested site in the North Carolina Piedmont are presented. EC exhibited significant weekday/weekend effects and less significant seasonal effects, in contrast to OC, which showed strong seasonal differences and smaller weekend/weekday effects. Summer OC concentrations are about twice as high as winter concentrations, while EC was somewhat higher in the winter. OC was highly correlated with EC during cool periods when both were controlled by primary combustion sources. This correlation decreased with increasing temperature, reflecting higher contributions from secondary organic aerosol, likely of biogenic origin. PM(2.)5 radiocarbon data from the site confirms that a large fraction of the carbon in PM(2.5) is indeed of biogenic origin, since modern (non-fossil fuel derived) carbon accounted for 80\% of the PM(2.5) carbon over the course of a year. OC and EC exhibited distinct diurnal profiles, with summertime OC peaking in late evening and declining until midday, During winter, DC peaked during the early morning hours and again declined until midday. Summertime EC peaked during late morning hours except on weekends. Wintertime EC often peaked in late PM or early AM hours due to local residential wood combustion emissions. The highest short term peaks in OC and EC were associated with wildfire events. These data corroborate recent source apportionment Studies conducted within 20 km of our site, where oxidation products of isoprene, alpha-pinene, and beta-caryophyllene were identified as important precursors to organic aerosols. A large fraction of the carbon in rural southeastern ambient PM(2.5), appears to be of biogenic origin, which is probably difficult to reduce by anthropogenic controls. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
	issn = {1352-2310},
	doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.053},
	author = {Geron, Chris}
}
@article {467,
	title = {Changes in sediment and organic carbon accumulation in a highly-disturbed ecosystem: The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (California, USA)},
	journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
	volume = {59},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 1845; Sp. Iss. SI 477XX Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:49Y},
	pages = {154-163},
	abstract = {We used the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta CA (Delta, hereafter) as a model system for understanding how human activities influence the delivery of sediment and total organic carbon (TOC) over the past 50-60 years. Sediment cores were collected from sites within the Delta representing the Sacramento River (SAC), the San Joaquin River (SJR), and Franks Tract (FT), a flooded agricultural tract. A variety of anthropogenic tracers including (CS)-C-137, total DDE (Sigma DDE) and brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners were used to quantify sediment accumulation rates. This information was combined with total organic carbon (TOC) profiles to quantify rates of TOC accumulation. Across the three sites, sediment and TOC accumulation rates were four to eight-fold higher prior to 1972. Changes in sediment and TOC accumulation were coincident with completion of several large reservoirs and increased agriculture and urbanization in the Delta watershed. Radiocarbon content of TOC indicated that much of the carbon delivered to the Delta is "pre-aged" reflecting processing in the Delta watershed or during transport to the sites rather than an input of predominantly contemporary carbon (e.g., 900-1400 years BP in surface sediments and 2200 yrs BP and 3610 yrs BP at the base of the SJR and FT cores, respectively). Together, these data suggest that human activities have altered the amount and age of TOC accumulating in the Delta since the 1940s. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0025-326X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.03.025},
	author = {Canuel, E. A. and Lerberg, E. J. and Dickhut, R. M. and Kuehl, S. A. and Bianchi, T. S. and Wakeham, S. G.}
}
@article {272,
	title = {Chemical and isotopic characterization of size-fractionated organic matter from cryoturbated tundra soils, northern Alaska},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences},
	volume = {114},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 1828; 475IS Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:61Y},
	abstract = {Recent studies indicate a second layer of organic matter often accumulates in the lower active layer and upper permafrost in arctic tundra soils as a result of cryoturbation. In this study, cryoturbated organic matter was characterized using a combination of physical size fractionation and modern analytical techniques for elemental composition (C and N), stable isotopes (delta(13) C and delta N-15), radiocarbon content (Delta C-14), and molecular fingerprinting (pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Py-GC/MS). The results indicated that cryoturbated organic matter could be highly bioavailable. Soil organic matter (SOM) associated with fine sand particles was considered to be the organic carbon pool most sensitive to the changing climate. More organic matter is stabilized on clay minerals in arctic tundra soils compared to those in temperate and tropical soils. The bioavailable soluble organic matter extracted from cryoturbated soil was found to have significant long-term effects on carbon cycling. The similar molecular composition between cryoturbated and surface soil organic matter suggests that the vegetation cover has not significantly changed since the early Holocene. Furthermore, the SOM quality in moist acidic tundra was found to be higher than that of wet nonacidic tundra. With thawing permafrost and a deepening of the active layer, cryotrubated organic matter could reenter the biogeochemical cycles in the Arctic, resulting in a positive feedback to climate change.},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2008jg000846},
	author = {Xu, C. H. and Guo, L. D. and Ping, C. L. and White, D. M.}
}
@article {479,
	title = {Chemical and isotopic composition of high-molecular-weight dissolved organic matter from the Mississippi River plume},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {114},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 1827; 465CM Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:51Y},
	pages = {63-71},
	abstract = {In order to examine the source and transformation of high-molecular-weight dissolved organic matter (HMW-DOM) in the mixing zone of the Mississippi River plume, HMW-DOM with sizes between 1 kDa and 0.2 mu m was collected along a salinity gradient using cross-flow ultrafiltration. Isolated OM samples were desalted, freeze-dried and characterized for elemental (C and N) and biochemical composition (proteins, carbohydrates and uronic acids), stable isotopic (delta C-13 and delta N-15) and radiocarbon (Delta C-14) signatures, and relative molecular composition using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The organic carbon content of HMW-DOM samples ranged from 31 to 36 wt.\%, indicating that isolated colloids are mostly organic in nature. Contents of N ranged from 1.9\% to 3.3\%, resulting in a C/N ratio of 19-20 at lower salinity stations with a strong influence by terrestrial DOM and 12-15 at higher salinity stations with more freshly photosynthesized marine DOM. While OC-normalized protein contents decreased with increasing salinity, both carbohydrate and uronic acid contents increased with increasing salinity. Variations of pyrograms demonstrated that the proportion of furfural (an indicator of polysaccharides) in HMW-DOM also increased with increasing salinity, while the proportion of phenols decreased with increasing salinity. Changes in carbohydrate, (acid) polysaccharide and phenol contents of HMW-DOM samples reflect the variation in DOM sources along the salinity gradient, with higher phenol and low polysaccharide contents in lower salinity areas but higher polysaccharide and low phenol contents in coastal waters. Values of delta C-13 increased from -25.24 parts per thousand at the Mississippi River fresh water end-member station to -21.86 parts per thousand at an offshore station in the Gulf of Mexico. Changes in stable isotope composition resemble the changes in molecular composition from freshwater to coastal waters. Values of delta N-15, on the other hand, varied little, from 3.5 parts per thousand to 4.9 parts per thousand without a consistent trend, indicating that delta N-15 is a less sensitive source tracer. Measured radiocarbon signatures (Delta C-14) expressed as apparent C-14 ages ranged from > modern at lower salinity stations to 400-800 y BP at coastal stations. Results of isotopic mass balance revealed that, in addition to end-member organic matter from river and marine sources, at least 10-25\% of the HMW-DOM could derive from reworked or regenerated DOM in the Mississippi River plume, most likely through sediment-water interactions and lateral transport. Thus, reworking processes are important in governing the chemical and isotopic composition of DOM in the estuarine mixing zone. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2009.04.002},
	author = {Guo, L. D. and White, D. M. and Xu, C. and Santschi, P. H.}
}
@article { ISI:000269036900005,
	title = {Chemical and isotopic signature of old groundwater and magmatic solutes in a Costa Rican rain forest: Evidence from carbon, helium, and chlorine},
	journal = {WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2009},
	month = {AUG 11},
	type = {Article},
	chapter = {W08413},
	abstract = {C, He, and Cl concentrations and isotopes in groundwater and surface water in a lowland Costa Rican rain forest are consistent with the mixing of two distinct groundwaters: (1) high-solute bedrock groundwater representing interbasin groundwater flow (IGF) into the rain forest and (2) low-solute local groundwater recharged in the lowlands. In bedrock groundwater, high delta(13)C (-4.89\%), low (14)C (7.98 pM), high R/R(A) for He (6.88), and low (36)Cl/Cl (17 x 10(-15)) suggest that elevated tracer concentrations are derived from magmatic outgassing and/or weathering of volcanic rock beneath nearby Volcan Barva. In local groundwater, the magmatic signature is absent, and data suggest atmospheric sources for He and Cl and a biogenic soil gas CO(2) source for dissolved inorganic carbon. Dating of (14)C suggests that the age of bedrock groundwater is 2400-4000 years (most likely at the lower end of the range). Local groundwater has (14)C > 100 pM, indicating the presence of {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}bomb carbon{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} and thus ages less than similar to 55 years. Overall, data are consistent with a conceptual hydrologic model originally proposed on the basis of water budget and major ion data: (1) large variation in solute concentrations can be explained by mixing of the two distinct groundwaters, (2) bedrock groundwater is much older than local groundwater, (3) elevated solute concentrations in bedrock groundwater are derived from volcanic fluids and/or rock, and (4) local groundwater has not interacted with volcanic rock. Tracers with different capabilities converge on the same hydrologic interpretation. Also, transport of magmatic CO(2) into the lowland rain forest via IGF seems to be significant relative to other large ecosystem-level carbon fluxes.},
	issn = {0043-1397},
	doi = {10.1029/2008WR007630},
	author = {Genereux, David P. and Webb, Mathew and Solomon, D. Kip}
}
@article {488,
	title = {A chronology of hurricane landfalls at Little Sippewissett Marsh, Massachusetts, USA, using optical dating},
	journal = {Geomorphology},
	volume = {109},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 861; ISI Document Delivery No.: 465RS Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 47 Cited References: *NOAA NOS COOPS, 2006, VER HIST WAT LEV DAT AITKEN MJ, 1985, THERMOLUMINESCENCE D ANDERSON TW, 1974, CAN J EARTH SCI, V11, P678 BAILEY RM, 1997, RADIAT MEAS, V27, P123 BAILEY SD, 2001, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V20, P701 BALLARINI M, 2003, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V22, P1011, DOI 10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00043-X BERGER GW, 2003, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V22, P1043, DOI 10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00017-9 BOOSE ER, 2001, ECOL MONOGR, V71, P27 BOSSAK BH, 2003, EARLY 19 CENTURY US BOTTERJENSEN L, 1988, NUCL TRACKS RAD MEAS, V14, P187 BOTTERJENSEN L, 1997, RADIAT MEAS, V27, P749 CHOI JH, 2003, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V22, P407 DIVIGALPITIYA WMR, 1982, THESIS S FRASER U BU DONNELLY JP, 2001, GEOL SOC AM BULL, V113, P714 DONNELLY JP, 2001, GEOLOGY, V29, P615 DONNELLY JP, 2004, HURRICANES TYPHOONS, P58 DONNELLY JP, 2004, MAR GEOL, V210, P107, DOI 10.1016/j.margeo.2004.05.005 DULLER GAT, 2004, J QUATERNARY SCI, V19, P183, DOI 10.1002/jqs.809 EMANUEL K, 2005, NATURE, V436, P686, DOI 10.1038/nature03906 GALBRAITH RF, 1999, ARCHAEOMETRY 2, V41, P339 GOLDENBERG SB, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P474 HENDERSONSELLERS A, 1998, B AM METEOROL SOC, V79, P19 HUNTLEY DJ, 1994, ANCIENT TL, V12, P41 JAGGER TH, 2006, J CLIMATE, V19, P3220 JAIN M, 2005, RADIAT MEAS, V39, P309 LANDSEA CW, 2004, HURRICANES TYPHOONS, P177 LANDSEA CW, 2006, SCIENCE, V313, P452, DOI 10.1126/science.1128448 LIAN OB, 2006, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V25, P2449, DOI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.11.013 LIU KB, 1993, GEOLOGY, V21, P793 LIU KB, 2000, QUATERNARY RES, V54, P238 LUDLUM DM, 1963, EARLY AM HURRICANES MADSEN AT, 2005, MAR GEOL, V214, P251, DOI 10.1016/j.margeo.2004.10.034 MADSEN AT, 2007, J COASTAL RES, V23, P1259, DOI 10.2112/05-0471.1 MADSEN AT, 2007, MAR GEOL, V242, P221, DOI 10.1016/j.margeo.2007.03.001 MANN ME, 2006, EOS, V87, P233 MURRAY AS, 2000, RADIAT MEAS, V32, P57 MURRAY AS, 2002, GEOCHRONOMETRIA, V21, P1 MURRAY AS, 2003, RADIAT MEAS, V37, P377, DOI 10.1016/S1350-4487(03)00053-2 NEUMANN CJ, 1993, NCDC NHC HIST CLIMAT, V6 PIELKE RA, 1998, WEATHER FORECAST 2, V13, P621 PRESCOTT JR, 1988, NUCL TRACKS RAD MEAS, V14, P223 PRESCOTT JR, 1994, RADIAT MEAS, V23, P497 RHODES EJ, 2000, RADIAT MEAS, V32, P595 STUIVER M, 1998, RADIOCARBON, V40, P1041 TRENBERTH KE, 2006, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V33, ARTN L12704 WEBSTER PJ, 2005, SCIENCE, V309, P1844, DOI 10.1126/science.1116448 WINTLE AG, 2006, RADIAT MEAS, V41, P369, DOI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.11.001 Madsen, A. T. Duller, G. A. T. Donnelly, J. P. Roberts, H. M. Wintle, A. G. National Science Foundation [0519118] The authors wish to acknowledge Dana MacDonald for pollen analysis. This work was supported by National Science Foundation award $\#$0519118. Elsevier science bv Amsterdam Sp. Iss. SI; YY},
	pages = {36-45},
	abstract = {Optical dating has been applied to sediments preserved in Little Sippewissett Marsh, Massachusetts, USA, which are associated with overwashing of the beach barrier during hurricane strikes on the coast. The aims were to determine the hurricane landfall frequency, and make comparisons with independent age control and the historical record. Written sources of hurricane activity along the American east coast are only considered reliable back to the mid 19th century, but the sedimentary record is potentially much longer. Optical dating was applied to quartz grains extracted from thirteen samples within a sediment core from the salt-marsh. Variability in the luminescence characteristics between aliquots was observed and similar to 33\% of the measured aliquots were discarded based upon the ratio of the fast component to the medium component. The majority of the samples gave normal dose distributions implying homogeneous resetting of the luminescence signal at the time of deposition, but three of the samples required application of the minimum age model (MAM). Ages ranging between 20 +/- 2 and 594 +/- 38 years were obtained and are broadly in agreement with independent chronologies, thus demonstrating the potential of optical dating in this setting. The hurricane record based upon optical dating extends approximately 300 years further back in time than the official National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) record. The localised nature of hurricane landfalls means that it will be necessary to collect multiple cores from a number of different sites in order to build up a complete hurricane record for this part of the coast. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0169-555X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.08.023},
	author = {Madsen, A. T. and Duller, G. A. T. and Donnelly, J. P. and Roberts, H. M. and Wintle, A. G.}
}
@article {326,
	title = {Coarse-grained sediment delivery and distribution in the Holocene Santa Monica Basin, California: Implications for evaluating source-to-sink flux at millennial time scales},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 876; 478QZ Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:90Y},
	pages = {1394-1408},
	abstract = {Utilizing accumulations of coarse-grained terrigenous sediment from deep-marine basins to evaluate the relative contributions of and history of controls on sediment flux through a source-to-sink system has been difficult as a result of limited knowledge of event timing. In this study, six new radiocarbon (C-14) dates are integrated with five previously published dates that have been recalibrated from a 12.5-m-thick turbidite section from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1015 in Santa Monica Basin, offshore California. This borehole is tied to high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles that cover an 1100 km(2) area of the middle and lower Hueneme submarine fan and most of the basin plain. The resulting stratigraphic framework provides the highest temporal resolution for a thick-bedded Holocene turbidite succession to date, permitting an evaluation of source-to-sink controls at millennial (1000 yr) scales. The depositional history from 7 ka to present indicates that the recurrence interval for large turbidity-current events is relatively constant (300-360 yr), but the volume of sediment deposited on the fan and in the basin plain has increased by a factor of 2 over this period. Moreover, the amount of sand per event on the basin plain during the same interval has increased by a factor of 7. Maps of sediment distribution derived from correlation of seismic-reflection profiles indicate that this trend cannot be attributed exclusively to autogenic processes (e.g., progradation of depocenters). The observed variability in sediment accumulation rates is thus largely controlled by allogenic factors, including: (1) increased discharge of Santa Clara River as a result of increased magnitude and frequency of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events from ca. 2 ka to present, (2) an apparent change in routing of coarse-grained sediment within the staging area at ca. 3 ka (i.e., from direct river input to indirect, littoral cell input into Hueneme submarine canyon), and (3) decreasing rates of sea-level rise (i.e., rate of rise slowed considerably by ca. 3 ka). The Holocene history of the Santa Clara River-Santa Monica Basin source-to-sink system demonstrates the ways in which varying sediment flux and changes in dispersal pathways affect the basinal stratigraphic record.},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/B26393.1},
	author = {Romans, B. W. and Normark, W. R. and McGann, M. M. and Covault, J. A. and Graham, S. A.}
}
@article {257,
	title = {Comparing glacial and Holocene opal fluxes in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 836; 455GX Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:97Y},
	abstract = {The silicic acid leakage hypothesis (SALH) predicts that during glacial periods excess silicic acid was transported from the Southern Ocean to lower latitudes, which favored diatom production over coccolithophorid production and caused a drawdown of atmospheric CO2. Downcore records of Th-230-normalized opal (biogenic silica) fluxes from 31 cores in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean were used to compare diatom productivity during the last glacial period to that of the Holocene and to examine the evidence for increased glacial Si export to the tropics. Average glacial opal fluxes south of the modern Antarctic Polar Front (APF) were less than during the Holocene, while average glacial opal fluxes north of the APF were greater than during the Holocene. However, the magnitude of the increase north of the APF was not enough to offset decreased fluxes to the south, resulting in a decrease in opal burial in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean during the last glacial period, equivalent to approximately 15 Gt opal ka(-1). This is consistent with the work of Chase et al. (2003a), and satisfies the primary requirement of the SALH, assuming that the upwelled supply of Si was approximately equivalent during the Holocene and the glacial period. However, previous results from the equatorial oceans are inconsistent with the other predictions of the SALH, namely that either the C-org:CaCO3 ratio or the rate of opal burial should have increased during glacial periods. We compare the magnitudes of changes in the Southern Ocean and the tropics and suggest that Si escaping the glacial Southern Ocean must have had an alternate destination, possibly the continental margins. There is currently insufficient data to test this hypothesis, but the existence of this sink and its potential impact on glacial pCO(2) remain interesting topics for future study.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2008pa001693},
	author = {Bradtmiller, L. I. and Anderson, R. F. and Fleisher, M. Q. and Burckle, L. H.}
}
@article {352,
	title = {Compound-specific radiocarbon analysis {\textendash} analytical challenges and applications},
	journal = {IOP conference proceedings: Earth and Environmental Sciences},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 884Y},
	doi = {10.1088/1755-1707/1/012006},
	author = {Mollenhauer, G. and Rethemeyer, Janet}
}
@article {346,
	title = {Constraining carbon sources and growth rates of freshwater microbialites in Pavilion Lake using 14C analysis},
	journal = {Geobiology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 2055; PT: J; UT: WOS:000271633500006},
	pages = {544-555},
	abstract = {This study determined the natural abundance isotopic compositions (13C, 14C) of the primary carbon pools and microbial communities associated with modern freshwater microbialites located in Pavilion Lake, British Columbia, Canada. The Delta 14C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was constant throughout the water column and consistent with a primarily atmospheric source. Observed depletions in DIC 14C values compared with atmospheric CO(2) indicated effects due either to DIC residence time and/or inputs of 14C-depleted groundwater. Mass balance comparisons of local and regional groundwater indicate that groundwater DIC could contribute a maximum of 9-13\% of the DIC. 14C analysis of microbial phospholipid fatty acids from microbialite communities had Delta 14C values comparable with lake water DIC, demonstrating that lake water DIC was their primary carbon source. Microbialite carbonate was also primarily derived from DIC. However, some depletion in microbialite carbonate 14C relative to lake water DIC occurred, due either to residence time or mixing with a 14C-depleted carbon source. A detrital branch covered with microbialite growth was used to estimate a microbialite growth rate of 0.05 mm year-1 for the past 1000 years, faster than previous estimates for this system. These results demonstrate that the microbialites are actively growing and that the primary carbon source for both microbial communities and recent carbonate is DIC originating from the atmosphere. While these data cannot conclusively differentiate between abiotic and biotic formation mechanisms, the evidence for minor inputs of groundwater-derived DIC is consistent with the previously hypothesized biological origin of the Pavilion Lake microbialites.},
	issn = {1472-4677},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00215.x},
	author = {Brady, A. L. and Slater, G. and Laval, B. and Lim, D. S.}
}
@article {1856,
	title = {Coral growth rates from the Holocene Canada Honda fossil reef, Southwestern Dominican Republic: Comparisons with modern counterparts in high sedimentation settings},
	journal = {Caribbean Journal of Science},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2009},
	note = {695voTimes Cited:0
Cited References Count:47
},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {94-109},
	abstract = {The Holocene Canada Honda fossil reef, located in southwestern Dominican Republic, provides a unique opportunity to examine a well-preserved fossil coral reef that thrived in a high-sedimentation environment between 9,000 to 5,000 years ago. Measurements of coral growth rates from the corals Montastraea faveolata and Siderastrea siderea were conducted and comparisons made with growth rate data of these same species from modern coral reefs throughout the Caribbean. Also, assessments of coral species abundance, morphology, age, and distribution, as well as reef sediment composition, were made to determine the paleoenvironment of reef accretion. This reef is characterized by a high relative abundance of sediment-tolerant coral species that have a tendency to form almost monospecific stands. Individual colonies have a propensity to grow as encrusting, dome-shaped, platy-like forms and specimens of Montastraea faveolata commonly contain bands of sediment incorporated into the skeleton. Calibrated radiocarbon ages of fossil corals range from 9,256 +/- 137 to 6,737 +/- 94.5 BP. Correlation of radiocarbon ages with well-established Holocene sea-level curves indicates that most corals on this reef developed at depths >15m. Measured growth rates in Siderastrea siderea (0.2-0.4 cm/yr) and Montastraea faveolata (0.09-0.44 cm/yr) are relatively low compared with growth rates from modern reef sites, indicating reduced light intensity caused by coral growth at depths greater than 15 m. Reef sediment is characterized by more than 85\% carbonate material. A significant portion of the carbonate is allochtonous and was derived from nearby Neogene limestones. The reef was able to survive under high-sedimentation conditions because the high carbonate content of incoming terrigenous sediment would have allowed better light penetration and probable sporadic storms would provide intervening low-sedimentation periods during which reef corals could respond and grow back, keeping-up with sedimentation.},
	keywords = {australia, Belize, Caribbean, community, degradation, enriquillo valley, florida, great-barrier-reef, linear extension, montastraea-annularis, paluma shoals, record, siltation stress, skeletal extension, turbidity},
	isbn = {0008-6452},
	author = {Cuevas, D. N. and Sherman, C. E. and Ram{\'\i}rez, W. and Hubbard, D. K.}
}
@article {511,
	title = {C-14 as a tracer of labile organic matter in Antarctic benthic food webs},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 1854; 386VU Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:98Y},
	pages = {2438-2450},
	abstract = {C-14 measurements were made on surface plankton, particle-trap material, surface sediment, benthic invertebrate gut contents, and body tissue samples to assess the effectiveness of this radioisotope as a tracer of labile organic carbon in Antarctic benthic food webs. Samples were collected on five cruises to the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) shelf between November 1999 and March 2001 as part of the Food for Benthos on the ANtarctic Continental-Shelf (FOODBANCS) Project. The 14C contents of the body tissues from a variety of deposit feeders (-126 +/- 13 per mil) were substantially enriched relative to the surface sediment (-234 +/- 13 per mil) and statistically similar to the organic matter collected in plankton tows (-135 +/- 10 per mil), indicating that recently produced marine plankton are the primary source of nutrition for these deposit feeders on the West Antarctic shelf. Selective ingestion was the primary feeding strategy used by echiuran worms and certain holothurians (i.e. Peniagone vignoni) for incorporating labile organic carbon into their tissues as demonstrated by the large differences (105 +/- 13 per mil) between surface sediment and gut content C-14 activities. In contrast, digestive and/or assimilatory, selection was the predominant strategy used by an irregular urchin (Amphipneustes lorioli) and several other holothurians (Protelpidia murrayi, Bathyplotes fuscivinculum and the head-clown conveyor belt feeder, Molpadia musculus), as demonstrated by large differences (42 +/- 7 per mil) between the 14C activities of their foregut or whole-gut organic contents and their body tissues. Despite large fluctuations in carbon export from the euphotic zone, benthic feeding strategies remained essentially constant over the 15-month sampling period. No seasonal variation was evident in either the 14C abundance of the deposit-feeder body tissues, or in the 14C abundance of their gut contents. The mean C-14 abundance in the body tissues of the two sub-surface deposit feeders (A. lorioli and M. musculus; mean = -136.2 +/- 8.5 per mil) was distinct (p = 0.0008) from the mean 14C abundance in the body tissues of the four surface deposit feeders (echiuran worm, P vignoni, P. murrayi, and B. fusciviculum; -122.6 +/- 12.3 per mil). The mean 14 C abundance of the gut contents from the sub-surface deposit feeders (-178.0 +/- 18.6 per mil) also was significantly depleted (p = 0.0009) relative to that of the surface deposit feeders (-149.5 +/- 26.6 per mil). The 14C measurements proved to be a much more sensitive tracer for tracking labile organic carbon during ingestive and assimilatory processes than the stable isotopes of carbon or nitrogen. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.06.004},
	author = {Purinton, B. L. and DeMaster, D. J. and Thomas, C. J. and Smith, C. R.}
}
@book {1372,
	title = {A canyon through time : archaeology, history, and ecology of the Tecolote Canyon area, Santa Barbara County, California},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 1907},
	month = {2008},
	publisher = {University of Utah Press},
	organization = {University of Utah Press},
	address = {Salt Lake City},
	author = {Erlandson, Jon M. and Rick, Torben C. and Vellanoweth, Ren L.}
}
@article {1879,
	title = {Carbonate cycle and its control factors in Kuroshio source region during the last 190ka BP},
	journal = {Yanshi Xuebao = Acta Petrologica Sinica},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 1934; NO: Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Copyright: GeoRef in Process, Copyright 2011, American Geosciences Institute. After editing and indexing, this record will be added to Georef.; CSAUnique: 577070-23; AccNum: 577070-23; ISSN: 1000-0569; Peer Reviewed: true},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {1401-1401-1410},
	abstract = {Two deep sea cores (Ph05-5, 16.05 degrees N, 124.34 degrees E, water depth 3382m and WP3:22.15 degrees N, 122.95 degrees E, water depth 2700m) retrieved from the Kuroshio source region of the western Philippine Sea were selected to carry out the CaCO},
	isbn = {1000-0569, 1000-0569},
	author = {Jingtao, Zhao and Chang, Fengming and Li, Tiegang and Qingyun, Nan and Li, Qing}
}
@article {526,
	title = {Catastrophic hurricane history revealed by organic geochemical proxies in coastal lake sediments: a case study of Lake Shelby, Alabama (USA)},
	journal = {Journal of Paleolimnology},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 2037; PT: J; UT: WOS:000251730600010},
	pages = {117-131},
	abstract = {We developed a new method for reconstructing millennia-long hurricane records from coastal environments that uses Organic Geochemical Proxies (OGPs) of organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations and their delta C-13 and delta N-15 compositions. The new method is independent of presence/absence of sand layers and improves significantly the severe-storm history resolution. The subject of this investigation is a 1.5 m long sediment core raised at 2.8 m water depth from the center of Lake Shelby, Alabama, a freshwater lake located approximately 250 m from the Gulf of Mexico, from which an overwash sand-layer based record was previously derived. The core contains two distinct sediment units; an upper 62 cm thick, fine-grained, organic-rich lacustrine sapropel (gyttja) that shows no visible structures except one sand lamina at 23.7 cm depth, and an underlying 90 cm thick, organic-poor lagoon/estuary clay unit. The sapropel unit was deposited over a 682 +/- 30 cal year time interval (1320-2002 A.D.) with a mean sedimentation rate of 0.79 +/- 0.04 mm/year. Lake Shelby{\textquoteright}s water column exhibits two contrasting states based on water chemistry surveys (i) an "isolated", stratified, mode under calm weather conditions with a relatively low trophic state, and (ii) a "flooded" mode occurring during storm surges when nutrient-rich seawater floods the lake. Statistically significant delta C-13 and delta N-15 positive excursions in organic matter, up to maximum values of -25 (parts per thousand PDB) and 4 (parts per thousand Air N-2), respectively, are interpreted as geochemical responses to the marine intrusions that fertilize the lake, increase light availability, and cause eutrophication spikes. Detailed OGPs analyses crossing a sand layer that offers visual evidence of a catastrophic hurricane overwash event at 1717 A.D. exhibit large delta C-13 and delta N-15 positive shifts bounded by rapid returns to base values, thus confirming the validity of the hurricane identification by the OGPs model. Our data indicate that 11 catastrophic hurricanes hit the Alabama coast over the past 682 years with a rough recurrence interval of one in 62 years.},
	issn = {0921-2728},
	doi = {10.1007/s10933-007-9101-6},
	author = {Lambert, W. Joe and Aharon, Paul and Rodriguez, Antonio B.}
}
@article {492,
	title = {Changes in the composition of organic matter from prodeltaic sediments after a large flood event (Po River, Italy)},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 888; 290IO Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:66Y},
	pages = {2100-2114},
	abstract = {The Po River (Italy) experienced a 100-year flood in October 2000. Surface sediments (0-1 cm) from cross-shelf transects were collected in the Po prodelta area (Adriatic Sea) in December 2000, in order to describe the distribution of organic matter (OM) along the main sediment dispersal system immediately after the flood event. Stations were subsequently reoccupied in October 2001 and April 2002. This sampling program provided a special opportunity to characterize the initial surficial flood deposit and the evolution of its associated OM over the course of 2 years. CuO oxidation, elemental, delta C-13, Delta C-14, and grain-size analyses were carried out to characterize the source, age, and spatial variability of sedimentary OM. Statistical analysis (PERMANOVA) was then applied to investigate temporal changes in different portions of the Po prodelta area. Isotopic and biomarker data suggest that the sedimentary OM in the flood deposit was initially dominated by aged (Delta C-14(Dec-00) = -298.7 +/- 56.3\%,), lignin-poor OM (Lambda(Dec-00) = 1.96 +/- 0.33 mg/100 mg OC), adsorbed on the fine material (clay(Dec-00) = 72.1 +/- 4.8\%) delivered by the flood. In the 2 years following the flood, post-depositional processes significantly increased the content of lignin (Lambda(Oct-01) = 2.19 +/- 0.51 mg/100 mg OC; Lambda(Apr-02) = 2.61 +/- 0.63 mg/100 mg OC); and coarse material (silt and sand), while decreasing the contributions from aged OC (Delta C-14(Oct-01) = -255.7 +/- 32.8\%.; Delta C-14(Apr-02) = -213.2 +/- 30.4\%.) and fine fraction (clay(Oct-01) = 54.8 +/- 9.5\%; clay(Apr-02) = 44.6 +/- 13.3\%). The major changes were observed in the northern and central portions of the prodelta. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/J.Gca.2008.02.005},
	author = {Tesi, T. and Langone, L. and Go{\~n}i, M. A. and Miserocchi, S. and Bertasi, F.}
}
@article {261,
	title = {Constraints on the Pleistocene chronology of sediments from the Lomonosov Ridge},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 868; 281YL Times Cited:22 Cited References Count:55; YY},
	pages = {@Citation PA1S19},
	abstract = {[1] Despite its importance in the global climate system, age-calibrated marine geologic records reflecting the evolution of glacial cycles through the Pleistocene are largely absent from the central Arctic Ocean. This is especially true for sediments older than 200 ka. Three sites cored during the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program{\textquoteright}s Expedition 302, the Arctic Coring Expedition ( ACEX), provide a 27 m continuous sedimentary section from the Lomonosov Ridge in the central Arctic Ocean. Two key biostratigraphic datums and constraints from the magnetic inclination data are used to anchor the chronology of these sediments back to the base of the Cobb Mountain subchron ( 1215 ka). Beyond 1215 ka, two best fitting geomagnetic models are used to investigate the nature of cyclostratigraphic change. Within this chronology we show that bulk and mineral magnetic properties of the sediments vary on predicted Milankovitch frequencies. These cyclic variations record "glacial{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} and "interglacial{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} modes of sediment deposition on the Lomonosov Ridge as evident in studies of ice-rafted debris and stable isotopic and faunal assemblages for the last two glacial cycles and were used to tune the age model. Potential errors, which largely arise from uncertainties in the nature of downhole paleomagnetic variability, and the choice of a tuning target are handled by defining an error envelope that is based on the best fitting cyclostratigraphic and geomagnetic solutions.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2007pa001551},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Regan, M. and King, J. and Backman, J. and Jakobsson, M. and Palike, H. and Moran, K. and Heil, C. and Sakamoto, T. and Cronin, T. M. and Jordan, R. W.}
}
@article {271,
	title = {Contrasting lipid biomarker composition of terrestrial organic matter exported from across the Eurasian Arctic by the five great Russian Arctic rivers},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 819; 261FT Times Cited:10 Cited References Count:112Y},
	abstract = {Surface sediments outside the great Russian Arctic rivers (GRARs; Ob, Yenisey, Lena, Indigirka, and Kolyma) were investigated for their lipid biomarker composition to elucidate compositional distinctions of the exported organic matter (OM) across this continent-scale climosequence of the Siberian Arctic. The lipid biomarker composition is dominantly terrestrial (high molecular weight (HMW) n-alkanols, n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanes; branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), beta-sitosterol, other sterols, and triterpenoids) with only minor marine contributions (e. g., the ratio of terrigenous-to-aquatic n-alkanes was 17-80, the TOC/TN ratio was 10-16, and the branched and isoprenoid tetraether (BIT) index > 0.88). There is a large contribution of C-23 and C-25 homologues relative to other long-chained n-alkanes, suggesting substantial contribution of probably Sphagnum-derived OM. The C-23 and C-25 contribution decreases eastward, signaling either a decrease in the potential contribution of Sphagnum or a shift within the n-alkane distribution of Sphagnum species or increased aeolian input, due to more arid conditions in the east. Other distinctions in molecular OM composition across the climosequence include increased concentrations of both HMW n-alkanoic acids and beta-sitosterol relative to HMW n-alkanes in the eastern sediments. This suggests that the OM exported by the eastern GRARs is, despite their higher bulk radiocarbon ages, less degraded, which is consistent with increasing permafrost and a shorter annual thaw period in eastern Siberia. Taken together, this benchmark study of the current composition of terrestrially exported OM suggests distinguishing continent-scale trends in molecular composition of the OM across the west-east set of GRARs, which reflects both differences in vegetation and climate. If the climate in the eastern Russian Arctic region becomes more like the current state in the western part, these results would predict a greater degree of decomposition of the old terrestrial OM released by the eastern GRARs and thus greater remineralization and release as CO2 and methane.},
	issn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2007gb002974},
	author = {van Dongen, B. E. and Semiletov, I. and Weijers, J. W. H. and Gustafsson, O. R.}
}
@article {656,
	title = {Cooling and changing seasonality in the Southern Alps, New Zealand during the Antarctic Cold Reversal},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2008},
	note = {293rhTimes Cited:27Cited References Count:64},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {589-601},
	abstract = {A comprehensively C-14 AMS dated pollen and chironomid record from Boundary Stream Tarn provides the first chironomid-derived temperature reconstruction to quantify temperature change during Lateglacial times (17,500-10,000 cal yr BP) in the Southern Alps, New Zealand. The records indicate a ca 1000-year disruption to the Lateglacial warming trend and an overall cooling consistent with the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR). The main interval of chironomid-inferred summer temperature depression (similar to 2-3 degrees C) lasted about 700 years during the ACR. Following this cooling event, both proxies indicate a warming step to temperatures slightly cooler than present during the Younger Dryas chronozone (12,900-11,500 cal yr BP). These results highlight a direct linkage between Antarctica and mid-latitude terrestrial climate systems and the largely asynchronous nature of the interhemispheric climate system during the last glacial transition. The greater magnitude of temperature changes shown by the chironomid record is attributed to the response of the proxies to differences in seasonal climate with chironomids reflecting summer temperature and vegetation more strongly controlled by duration of winter or by minimum temperatures. These differences imply stronger seasonality at times during the Lateglacial, which may explain some of the variability between other paleoclimate records from New Zealand and have wider implications for understanding differences between proxy records for abrupt climate change. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.11.015},
	author = {Vandergoes, M. J. and Dieffenbacher-Krall, A. C. and Newnham, R. M. and Denton, G. H. and Blaauw, M.}
}
@article {2540,
	title = {Coupled North Atlantic slope water forcing on Gulf of Maine temperatures over the past millennium},
	journal = {Climate Dynamics},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan-08-2008},
	pages = {183 - 194},
	abstract = {To investigate ocean variability during the last millennium in the Western Gulf of Maine (GOM), we collected a 142-year-old living bivalve (Arctica islandica L.) in 2004, and three fossil A. islandica shells (calibrated 14CAMS = 1030 {\textpm} 78 ad; 1320 {\textpm} 45 ad; 1357 {\textpm} 40 ad) for stable isotope and growth increment analysis. A statistically significant relationship exists between modern GOM temperature records [shell isotope-derived (30 m) (r = -0.79; P < 0.007), Prince 5 (50 m) (r = -0.72; P < 0.019), Boothbay Harbor SST (r = -0.76; P < 0.011)], and Labrador Current (LC) transport data from the Eastern Newfoundland Slope during 1993{\textendash}2003. In all cases, as LC transport increased, GOM water temperatures decreased the following year. Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) influence GOM water temperatures in the most recent period, with water temperatures decreasing during NAO and AMO negative modes most likely linked to LC transport and Gulf Stream interaction. Mean shell-derived isotopic changes (δ18Oc) during the last 1,000 years were +0.47{\textperthousand} and likely reflect a 1{\textendash}2{\textdegree}C cooling from 1000 ad to present. Based on these results, we suggest that observed cooling in the GOM during the last millennium was due to increased transport and/or cooling of the LC, and decreased Gulf Stream influence on the GOM.},
	issn = {0930-7575},
	doi = {10.1007/s00382-007-0344-8},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/pdf/10.1007/s00382-007-0344-8},
	author = {Wanamaker, Alan D. and Kreutz, Karl J. and {\"o}ne, Bernd R. and Pettigrew, Neal and Borns, Harold W. and Introne, Douglas S. and Belknap, Daniel and Maasch, Kirk A. and Feindel, Scott}
}
@article {1531,
	title = {Calcification in sclersoponges: implications for reconstructing CO2 fluxes in the tropics},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 1132},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {68},
	address = {Santa Fe, NM},
	author = {Grottoli, A. G.}
}
@mastersthesis {1340,
	title = {Carbon, chlorine, and oxygen isotopes as tracers of interbasin groundwater flow at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica},
	volume = {Masters},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {112},
	school = {North Carolina State University},
	address = {Raleigh, NC},
	author = {Webb, Mathew}
}
@article {1888,
	title = {Carbon export and cycling by the York, Tanana and Porcupine Rivers, Alaska, 2001-2005},
	journal = {Water Resources Res.},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 1162},
	month = {2007},
	author = {Striegl, R. G. and Dornblaser, M. M. and Aiken, G. R. and Wickland, K. P. and Raymond, P. A.}
}
@mastersthesis {1312,
	title = {Carbon in riparian subsurface ecosystems: Sources, lability, and spatial patterns},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007},
	school = {Cornell University},
	address = {Ithaca, NY},
	author = {Gurwick, N. P.}
}
@article {659,
	title = {Carbon isotope variation in modern soils of the tallgrass prairie: Analogues for the interpretation of isotopic records derived from paleosols},
	journal = {Quaternary International},
	volume = {162},
	year = {2007},
	note = {158nkTimes Cited:9Cited References Count:144},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {3-20},
	abstract = {Use of stable carbon isotope data from paleosols to reconstruct past plant community structure (C-3 vs. C-4) has become commonplace. In an effort to improve our ability to make isotope-based reconstructions and to better appreciate the pitfalls, investigations were conducted on both modern soils and paleosols in the Kansas grasslands.Stable carbon isotope data were derived from soils and vegetation on the near-pristine, C-4-dominated grassland of the Konza Tallgrass Prairie Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site in northeastern Kansas. In order to evaluate variation of delta C-13 within the landscape, two levels of sampling were employed: 2 m-deep upland cores extracted to assess variation with depth in the soil profile, and, to assess variability across the landscape, surface samples along two transects and from within a 660 x 690 m grid. For transect and grid points, both the upper 2cm of sediment and the aboveground biomass were collected. Core samples taken at Konza reveal that soil organic carbon was depleted in C-13 within the upper 10-20cm relative to the remainder of the soil solum below, a phenomenon previously reported. In transects and the sample grid, soil organic carbon from soil surfaces was consistently more depleted in C-13 than aboveground tissue of associated vegetation samples. Slope, azimuth, and insolation were computed from field data and a highresolution DEM of the sample grid, but these variables offered no significant explanation of the spatial variability in delta C-13 data from soil organic carbon. The observation that modern landscape position has little effect on delta C-13 over short distances, at least in a C4-dominated community, lends support to the application of delta C-13 analysis to buried soils for paleoenvironmental reconstruction where paleolandscape position is often unknown.Stable carbon isotope data were derived from paleosols at from the Beisel-Steinle site located to the west of Konza in central Kansas. Three soils were examined: the interstadial paleosol within the Gilman Canyon Formation (c. 38-27k cal yr BP), the Late Pleistocene-Holocene Brady Soil, and the modern surface soil. With the exception of isotopic depletion at the top of the surface soil, all three soils exhibited similar delta C-13 values of about14 parts per thousand, the same value realized in the soil cores from Konza, suggesting close similarity among the plant communities of the interstade, the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene transition, and pristine prairie of today.This investigation emphasizes the need for additional research into the variation in stable carbon isotope signals vertically within the profile and across the landscape. Issues include the source of the near-surface depletion zone, the relationship between isotopic values in the soil versus those of the vegetation, and variation in Soil delta 13C values delta 13C throughout the landscape. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {1040-6182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quaint.2006.10.036},
	author = {Johnson, W. C. and Willey, K. L. and Macpherson, G. L.}
}
@article {1882,
	title = {Carbon nanotube foils for electron stripping in tandem accelerators},
	journal = {Nucl. Inst. \& Meth. in Physics Research B.},
	volume = {261},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 690},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {48-48},
	author = {von Reden, K. and Zhang, M. and Meigs, M. and Sichel, E. and Fang, S. and Baughman, R.}
}
@article {461,
	title = {Caribbean sclerosponge radiocarbon measurements re-interpreted in terms of U/Th age models},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments \& Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {259},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 785; 182WV Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:30Y},
	pages = {474-478},
	abstract = {Previously unpublished AMS radiocarbon measurements of a sclerosponge from tongue of the ocean (TOTO), Bahamas, as well as preliminary data from an investigation of the radiocarbon records of sclerosponges living at different depths in the adjacent Bahamas basin, Exuma Sound, are interpreted in terms of U-series age models. The data are compared to an existing Caribbean sclerosponge radiocarbon bomb curve measured using standard gas proportional beta counting and used to interpret a Pb-210 age model. The Delta C-14 records from the sclerosponges illustrate a potential for use of radiocarbon both as a tracer of subsurface water masses or as an additional age constraint on recently sampled sclerosponges. By using an independent age model, this study lays the framework for utilizing sclerosponges from different locations in the tropics and subtropics and different depths within their wide depth range (0-250 m) to constrain changes in production of subtropical underwater in the Atlantic Ocean. This framework is significant because the proxy approach is necessary to supplement the short and coarse time series being used to constrain variability in the formation of Caribbean subtropical underwater, the return flow of a shallow circulation cell responsible for nearly 10\% of the heat transported poleward in the N. Atlantic. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0168-583X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2007.01.235},
	author = {Rosenheim, B. E. and Swart, P. K.}
}
@article {499,
	title = {Century-to-millennial scale climatic variability in Lake Malawi revealed by isotope records},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {261},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 2222; Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: OB-MD-0006626237; AccNum: 7631572; DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.06.010; ISSN: 0012-821X; Peer Reviewed: true},
	pages = {93-103},
	abstract = {Diatom-based oxygen isotope data ( delta super(1) super(8)O sub(d) sub(i) sub(a) sub(t) sub(o) sub(m)) from Lake Malawi show multi-centennial scale wet-dry intervals spaced approximately every 2.3 ka throughout a 25 ka sequence. The delta super(1) super(8)O sub(d) sub(i) sub(a) sub(t) sub(o) sub(m) record is supported by a lower resolution deuterium ( delta D sub(p) sub(a))isotope curve derived from palmitic acid. We interpret these isotope data in terms of major shifts in precipitation and evaporation moderated by seasonal controls on the host organisms. Dry periods marked by relatively positive isotope values, represent the extension of abrupt Holocene events noted from northern and equatorial Africa to 10-15 super(o)S. These events in Lake Malawi correspond to cool episodes in Greenland, thereby demonstrating teleconnections generated by meridional temperature gradients. Sea surface temperatures are likely to be the primary transmitter of deglacial climate changes, although trade wind strength and direction is critical in controlling precipitation patterns in tropical regions. Conversely, the global hydrological cycle, driven by low latitude regions represents an important positive feedback amplifying deglacial processes.},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.06.010},
	author = {Barker, P. A. and Leng, M. J. and Gasse, F. and Huang, Y.}
}
@article {1533,
	title = {Chapter B--Field Trip Day 2: Quaternary Geology of Lake Alamosa and the Costilla Plain, southern Colorado},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 626},
	month = {2007},
	author = {Machette, M. N. and Marchetti, D. W. and Thompson, R. A. and Kirkham, R. M.},
	editor = {Machette, M. N.}
}
@article {1534,
	title = {Chapter E--Holocene sand deposits in the San Luis Basin, east of Alamosa Colorado},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 627},
	month = {2007},
	author = {Machette, M. N. and Puseman, K.},
	editor = {Machette, M. N.}
}
@article {1537,
	title = {Chapter F--Late Pleistocene to early Holocene paleoecology of the "Mr. Peat" wetland deposit, Alamosa County, Colorado},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 628},
	month = {2007},
	author = {Schumann, R. R. and Machette, M. N.},
	editor = {Machette, M. N.}
}
@mastersthesis {1316,
	title = {Climate change impact research in U.S. national parks},
	volume = {Masters},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007},
	school = {NAU Environmental Sciences Program, 5/7},
	author = {Ironside, Kirsten}
}
@article {918,
	title = {Coastal subsistence and landscape evolution on Eastern Santa Rosa Island, California: perspectives from CA-SRI-667},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 2080},
	pages = {53-54},
	author = {Wolff, Christopher B. and Aland, Amanda and Rick, Torben C.}
}
@article {393,
	title = {Comment on "Anomalous radiocarbon ages for foraminifera shells" by W. Broecker et al.: A correction to the western tropical Pacific MD9821-81 record},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 2017; PT: J; UT: WOS:000244478900001},
	pages = {PA1211-PA1211},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2006PA001379},
	author = {Stott, Lowell D.}
}
@article {565,
	title = {Computer simulation of MC-SNICS for performance improvements},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments \& Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {261},
	year = {2007},
	note = {200swTimes Cited:8Cited References Count:8},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {588-593},
	abstract = {Increasing ion source current output while keeping the beam emittance small is a key for improving measurement throughput and quality of an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) system. The NEC MC-SNICS ion sources have widely been used for AMS around the world. In this work, a computer simulation study on MC-SNICS ion source was carried out using the code PBGUNS. The primary Cs+ beam is simulated as space-charge limited emission from the ionizer surface. The secondary negative ion beam is simulated in the presence of the space-charge induced by both the primary and the secondary beam. Two different configurations of the MC-SNICS have been studied: the original factory version and the UC Irvine modified version. The latter has a 0.668 in. radius spherical ionizer and an immersion lens at cathode potential with the original Cs focus lens removed. Simulation showed that the modified version provides more intense and better focused Cs+ beam at the cathode target, hence higher negative ion production from the sample by sputtering. The new arrangement of Einzel-preacceleration section of the MC-SNICS at UC Irvine was also simulated and discussed. Simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental observations made at UC Irvine. Hints for selection of an immersion lens geometry have been obtained. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0168-583x},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2007.03.060},
	author = {Han, B. X. and Southon, J. R. and Roberts, M. L. and von Reden, K. F.}
}
@article {1887,
	title = {Constraining global air-sea gas exchange for CO2 with recent bomb 14C measurements},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 1052},
	month = {2007},
	author = {Sweeney, C. and Gloor, E. and Jacobson, A. J. and Key, R. M. and McKinley, G. and Sarmiento, J. L. and Wanninkhof, R.}
}
@article {1907,
	title = {Constraints on the origin of sedimentary organic carbon in the Beaufort Sea from coupled molecular 13C and 14C measurements},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {103},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 1030},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {146-162},
	author = {Drenzek, Nicholas J. and Montlu{\c c}on, Daniel B. and Yunker, Mark B. and Macdonald, Robie W. and Eglinton, Timothy I.}
}
@article {401,
	title = {Contributions of toluene and alpha-pinene to SOA formed in an irradiated toluene/alpha-pinene/NOx/air mixture: Comparison of results using C-14 content and SOA organic tracer methods},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 1882; 172ZM Times Cited:13 Cited References Count:19Y},
	pages = {3972-3976},
	abstract = {An organic tracer method, recently proposed for estimating individual contributions of toluene and alpha-pinene to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, was evaluated by conducting a laboratory study where a binary hydrocarbon mixture, containing the anthropogenic aromatic hydrocarbon, toluene, and the biogenic monoterpene, alpha-pinene, was irradiated in air in the presence of NOx to form SOA. The contributions of toluene and alpha-pinene to the total SOA concentration, calculated using the organic tracer method, were compared with those obtained with a more direct C-14 content method. In the study, SOA to SOC ratios of 2.07 +/- 0.08 and 1.41 +/- 0.04 were measured for toluene and alpha-pinene SOA, respectively. The individual tracer-based SOA contributions of 156 mu g m(-3) for toluene and 198 mu g m(-3) for alpha-pinene, which together accounted for 82\% of the gravimetrically determined total SOA concentration, compared well with the C-14 values of 182 and 230 mu g m(-3) measured for the respective SOA precursors. While there are uncertainties associated with the organic tracer method, largely due to the chemical complexity of SOA forming chemical mechanisms, the results of this study suggest the organic tracer method may serve as a useful tool for determining whether a precursor hydrocarbon is a major SOA contributor.},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	doi = {10.1021/Es070089+},
	author = {Offenberg, J. H. and Lewis, C. W. and Lewandowski, M. and Jaoui, M. and Kleindienst, T. E. and Edney, E. O.}
}
@article {1892,
	title = {Cooling of Northwest Atlantic slope waters during the Holocene},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2007},
	note = {136deTimes Cited:35
Cited References Count:33
},
	month = {Feb 10},
	abstract = {[1] Climate of the last 11,000 years, the Holocene, is usually described as warm and stable. Benchmark temperature records from central Greenland ice cores show none of the large, abrupt variations that characterized the prior 100,000 years of glacial climate. Nor do they show any substantial trend, indicating at most 1 degrees-3 degrees C of cooling. Here we show that the slope waters east of the United States and Canada cooled 4 degrees-10 degrees C during the Holocene. Declining insolation, increasing convection in the Labrador Sea, and equatorward shifting of the Gulf Stream path may have caused the cooling.},
	keywords = {circulation, deposition, ice, labrador sea, ocean, oscillation, sea-surface, stratigraphy, Temperature, variability},
	isbn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2006GL028495},
	author = {Sachs, J. P.}
}
@article {1493,
	title = {Calibration and natural variability of skeletal stable carbon isotopes in the Pacific sclerosponge acanthocheatetes wellsi: implications for reconstructing CO2 uptake in coastal tropical environments},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 1133},
	month = {2006},
	address = {Honolulu},
	author = {Grottoli, A. G.}
}
@article {1912,
	title = {Carbon flow in salt marsh sediments: Natural-level radiocarbon as a tracer for incorporation of petroleum-derived carbon into bacteria},
	journal = {Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 762},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {1761-1771},
	author = {Wakeham, S. G. and McNichol, A. P. and Kostka, J. and Pease, T. K.}
}
@inbook {1437,
	title = {Carbon flux in seagrass ecosystems},
	booktitle = {Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation.},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {157-191},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {The Netherlands},
	author = {Mateo, M. A. and Cebri{\'a}n, J. and Dunton, K. and Mutchler, T.},
	editor = {Larkum, A. W. D.}
}
@article {1932,
	title = {Carbon isotopic constraints on relict organic carbon contributions to Ross Sea sediments},
	journal = {G-cubed},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 759},
	month = {2006},
	author = {Ohkouchi, N. and Eglinton, T. I.}
}
@article {512,
	title = {Carbon remineralization in the Amazon-Guianas tropical mobile mudbelt: A sedimentary incinerator},
	journal = {Continental Shelf Research},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 979; 109UE Times Cited:28 Cited References Count:93},
	pages = {2241-2259},
	abstract = {The Amazon River spawns a vast mobile mudbelt extending similar to 1600 km from the equator to the Orinoco delta. Deposits along the Amazon-Guianas coastline are characterized by some of the highest C-org remineralization rates reported for estuarine, deltaic, or shelf deposits, however, paradoxically, except where stabilized by mangroves or intertidal algal mats, they are usually suboxic and nonsulfidic. A combination of tides, wind-driven waves, and coastal currents forms massive fluid muds and mobile surface sediment layers similar to 0.5-2m, thick which are dynamically refluxed and frequently reoxidized. Overall, the seabed functions as a periodically mixed batch reactor, efficiently remineralizing organic matter in a gigantic sedimentary incinerator of global importance. Amazon River material entering the head of this dynamic dispersal system carries an initial terrestrial sedimentary Corg loading of similar to 0.7 mg Cm-2 particle surface area. Total C-org loading is lowered to similar to 0.2 mg Cm-2 in the proximal delta topset, similar to 60-70\% of which remains of terrestrial origin. Loading decreases further to 0.12-0.14 mg Cm-2 (similar to 60\% terrestrial) in mudbanks similar to 600 km downdrift along French Guiana, values comparable to those found in the oligotrophic deepsea. DOC/Sigma CO2 ratios in pore waters of French Guiana mudbanks indicate that > 90\% of metabolized organic substrates are completely oxidized. Within the Amazon delta topset at the head of the dispersal system, both terrestrial and marine organic matter contribute substantially to early diagenetic remineralization, although reactive marine substrate dominates (similar to 60-70\%). The conditional rate constant for terrestrial C-org in the delta topset is similar to 0.2 a(-1). As sedimentary C-org is depleted during transit, marine sources become virtually the exclusive substrate for remineralization except very near the mangrove shoreline. The delta C-13 and Delta C-14 values of pore water Sigma CO2 in mudbanks demonstrate that the primary source of remineralized organic matter within similar to 1 km of shore is a small quantity of bomb signature marine plankton (+ 80 parts per thousand). Thus, fresh marine organic material is constantly entrained into mobile deposits and increasingly drives early diagenetic reactions along the transit path. Relatively refractory terrestrial C-org is lost more slowly but steadily during sedimentary refluxing and suboxic diagenesis. Amazon Fan deposits formed during low sea level stand largely bypassed this suboxic sedimentary incinerator and stored material with up to similar to 3X the modern high stand inner shelf C-org load (Keil et al., 1997b. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. Vol. 155. pp. 531-537). Sedimentary dynamics, including frequency and magnitude of remobilization, and the nature of dispersal systems are clearly key controls on diagenetic processes, biogeochemical cycling, and global C storage along the continental margins. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0278-4343},
	doi = {10.1016/J.Csr.2006.07.016},
	author = {Aller, R. C. and Blair, N. E.}
}
@article {680,
	title = {Carbon stable isotope composition of DNA isolated from an incipient paleosol},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2006},
	note = {039nnTimes Cited:4Cited References Count:19},
	month = {May},
	pages = {381-384},
	abstract = {We determined the carbon isotope (delta(13)C) value of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) isolated from the organic horizons of a Delaware soil that is actively being covered by an encroaching sand dune. The soil belongs to a Nymphaea odorata Ait. (water lily) wetland, and we regard its active acquisition of a thick (similar to 24 cm) surface mantle to embody the process of palleopedogenesis; therefore, we have termed it an "incipient paleosol." In this study, we compared the delta(13)C value of paleosoll dsDNA to the bulk delta(13)C value of N. odorata, as well as to the delta(13)C value of plants that had colonized the surface mantle. The isotopic offset between palleosol delta(13)C(dsDNA) and N. odorata delta(13)Ca(tissue) was identical to the relationship between delta(13)C(dsDNA) and delta(13)C(tissue) for tracheophytes, which we had previously determined. In contrast, the isotopic offset between paleosol delta(13)C(dsDNA) and the delta(13)C(tissue) of plants colonizing the surface mantle differed from this relationship by as much as 41\%. Similarly, the delta(13)C value of bulk palleosoll organic matter was extremely heterogeneous and varied across 6\%. All palleosol DNA pollymerase chain reaction (PCR) products produced clear, sharp, 350 base-pair (bp) fragments of rbcL, a gene shared by all photosynthetic organisms. These results open the exciting possibility that stable isotope analysis of dsDNA isolated from palleosol organic matter can be used to infer the delta(13)C value of the plant that dominated the nucleic acid contribution.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G22408.1},
	author = {Jahren, A. H. and Kelm, K. and Wendland, B. and Petersen, G. and Seberg, O.}
}
@article {1920,
	title = {Characterizing biodegration and microbial metabolic activity in situ using natural abundance, molecular-level 14C analysis},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 614},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {981-989},
	author = {Slater, G. F. and Nelson, R. K. and Kile, B. M. and Reddy, C. M.}
}
@article {1949,
	title = {Chemical composition of the graphitic black carbon fraction in riverine and marine sediments at submicron scales using carbon X-ray spectromicroscopy},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 1703},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {1483-1494},
	author = {Haberstroh, P. R. and Brandes, J. A. and Gelinas, Y. and Dickens, A. F. and Wirick, S.}
}
@conference {1588,
	title = {The Chilean Fjords},
	booktitle = {Abstracts, EGU General Assembly},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 561},
	month = {2006},
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	author = {Lange, C. B. and Pantoja, S. and Sepulveda, J. and Rebolledo, L. and Smith-Wellner, J. and Anderson, J. B. and Hughen, K. A.}
}
@article {1013,
	title = {Chronologie des variations climatiques repides pendant la derniere periode glaciaire},
	journal = {Comptes Rendus de l{\textquoteright}Academie des Sciences},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 398},
	pages = {13-19},
	doi = {10.1016/j.crpv.2005.11.002},
	author = {Bard, E. and Rostek, F. and G, Menot-Combes}
}
@article {1954,
	title = {A climatic driver for abrupt mid-Holocene vegetation dynamics and the hemlock decline in New England},
	journal = {Ecology},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Foster, David ROswald, W Wyatt
Faison, Edward K
Doughty, Elaine D
Hansen, Barbara C S
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
2007/01/26 09:00
Ecology. 2006 Dec;87(12):2959-66.
},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {2959-66},
	abstract = {The mid-Holocene decline of eastern hemlock is widely viewed as the sole prehistorical example of an insect- or pathogen-mediated collapse of a North American tree species and has been extensively studied for insights into pest-host dynamics and the consequences to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of dominant-species removal. We report paleoecological evidence implicating climate as a major driver of this episode. Data drawn from sites across a gradient in hemlock abundance from dominant to absent demonstrate: a synchronous, dramatic decline in a contrasting taxon (oak); changes in lake sediments and aquatic taxa indicating low water levels; and one or more intervals of intense drought at regional to continental scales. These results, which accord well with emerging climate reconstructions, challenge the interpretation of a biotically driven hemlock decline and highlight the potential for climate change to generate major, abrupt dynamics in forest ecosystems.},
	keywords = {*Climate, *Ecosystem, Geologic Sediments, new england, Tsuga/*physiology},
	isbn = {0012-9658 (Print)0012-9658 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2959:ACDFAM]2.0.CO;2},
	author = {Foster, D. R. and Oswald, W. W. and Faison, E. K. and Doughty, E. D. and Hansen, B. C.}
}
@article {665,
	title = {Coherence between solar activity and the East Asian winter monsoon variability in the past 8000 years from Yangtze River-derived mud in the East China Sea},
	journal = {Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology},
	volume = {237},
	year = {2006},
	note = {072kpTimes Cited:52Cited References Count:61},
	month = {Aug 4},
	pages = {293-304},
	abstract = {AMS(14)C dating and grain-size analysis for Core PC-6, located in the middle of a mud area on the inner shelf of the East China Sea (ECS), were used to rebuild the Holocene history of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). The 7.5-m core recorded the history of environmental changes during the postglacial transgression. The core{\textquoteright}s mud section (the upper 450 cm) has been formed mainly by suspended sediment delivered from the Yangtze River mouth by the ECS Winter Coastal Current (ECSWCC) since 7.6 kyr BP. Using a mathematical method called "grain size vs. standard deviatioW{\textquoteright}, we can divide the Core PC-6{\textquoteright}s grain-size distribution into two populations at about 28 mu m. The fine population (< 28 mu m) is considered to be transported by the ECSWCC as suspended loads. Content of the fine population changes little and represents a stable sedimentary environment in accord with the present situation. Thus, variation of mean grain-size from the fine population would reflect the strength of ECSWCC, which is mainly controlled by the East Asian winter monsoon.Abrupt increasing mean grain size in the mud section is inferred to be transported by sudden strengthened ECSWCC, which was caused by the strengthened EAWM. Thus, the high resolution mean grain-size variation might serve as a proxy for reconstruction of the EAWM. A good correlation between sunspot change and the mean grain-size of suspended fine population suggests that one of the primary controls on centennial- to decadal-scale changes of the EAWM in the past 8 ka is the variations of sun irradiance, i.e., the EAWM will increase in intensity when the number of sunspots decreases. Spectral analyses of the mean grain-size time series of Core PC-6 show statistically significant periodicities centering on 2463, 1368, 128, 106, 100, 88-91, 7678, and 70-72 years. The EAWM and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) agree with each other well on these cycles, and the East Asian Monsoon (EAM) and the Indian Monsoon also share in concurrent cycles in Holocene, which are in accord with the changes of the sun irradiance. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.12.003},
	author = {Xiao, S. B. and Li, A. C. and Liu, J. P. and Chen, M. H. and Xie, Q. and Jiang, F. Q. and Li, T. G. and Xiang, R. and Chen, Z.}
}
@conference {1596,
	title = {Continental slope sediment delivery and storage on an active margin: the Waipaoa Margin example},
	booktitle = {2006 AGU meeting},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 1121},
	month = {2006},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	author = {Alexander, C. and Walsh, J. P. and Sumner, B. and Orpin, A. R. and Kuehl, S. A.}
}
@article {1526,
	title = {Corals and sclerosponges as geochemical recorders of past climate change},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 1134},
	month = {2006},
	address = {Houston, TX},
	author = {Grottoli, A. G.}
}
@article {1945,
	title = {Cosmogenic isotope 14C: production and carbon cycle},
	journal = {PAGES Newsletter},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 1075},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {6-7},
	author = {Hughen, K. A.}
}
@conference {1601,
	title = {Cross-shelf lateral transport in the Benguela Upwelling System: Aging of marine organic matter in the benthic boundary layer},
	booktitle = {Ocean Sciences Meeting},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 545},
	month = {2006},
	address = {Honollulu, Hawaii USA},
	author = {Mollenhauer, Gesine and Inthorn, Maik and Zabel, Matthias and Damste, Jaap Sinninghe and Eglinton, Timothy I.}
}
@article {587,
	title = {Calculation of hydrogen isotopic fractionations in biogeochemical systems},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2005},
	note = {892wiTimes Cited:55Cited References Count:21},
	month = {Feb 1},
	pages = {593-597},
	abstract = {Hydrogen-isotopic data are often interpreted using mathematical approximations originally intended for other isotopes. One of the most common. apparent in literature over the last several decade{\textquoteright}s. assumes that delta values of reactants and products are separated by a constant fractionation factor delta(p) = delta(r) + epsilon(p/r). Because of the large fractionations that affect hydrogen isotopes, such approximations can lead to substantial errors. Here we review and develop general equations for isotopic mass balances that include the differential fractionation of each component in a mixture and discuss their use in three geochemical applications. For the fractionation of a single component. the reactant and product are related by delta(p) = a(p/r)delta(r) + epsilon(p/r), where alpha and epsilon refer to the same fractionation. Regression of delta(p) on delta(r) should give equivalent fractionations based on the intercept and slope, but this has not generally been recognized in studies of D/H fractionation. In a mixture of two components, each of which is fractionated during mixing, there is no unique solution for the three unknown variables (two fractionation factors and the elemental mixing ratio of the two hydrogen sources). The flow of H from CH4 and H2O to bacterial lipids in the metabolism of Methylococcus capsulatus provides an example of such a case. Data and conclusions from an earlier study of that system (Sessions et al., 2002) are reexamined here. Several constraints on the variables are available based on plausible ranges for fractionation factors. A possible refinement to current experimental procedures is the measurement of three different isotopes, which would allow unique determination of all variables. Copyright (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2004.08.005},
	author = {Sessions, A. L. and Hayes, J. M.}
}
@article {576,
	title = {Carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of organic matter in coastal marine sediments (the Gulf of Trieste, N Adriatic Sea): indicators of sources and preservation},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2005},
	note = {934goTimes Cited:76Cited References Count:77},
	month = {Jun 1},
	pages = {163-181},
	abstract = {Terrestrial organic carbon (OC) preserved in marine sediments is an important reservoir in the global carbon cycle, but remains poorly constrained. We determined the elemental and C- and N-isotopic compositions of organic material (OM) in surface sediments and sediment cores from the Gulf of Trieste (N Adriatic), an area characterized by relatively high riverine input. This multiple tracer approach permits evaluation of how sensitive each tracer is for constraining the terrestrial component of OM. Using the relevant terrestrial and marine OM end-members, we estimate that the terrestrial contribution ranges from about 90\% at the mouth of the Isonzo River and decreases to <= 10\% in the center of the Gulf. In the southern part of the Gulf, 32-44\% of terrestrial OC is contributed from smaller rivers, while the delta(15)N values of OM reflect more effective nutrient utilization. Analyses of different size fractions show that smaller particles are consistently more organic-rich and tend to be transported further from the river mouth, depending on river discharge. In the size fraction 2-16 mu m, elemental ratios and delta(13)C(org) and delta(15)N isotopic signatures are consistent with a sedimentary OM pool dominated by bacterially derived biomass. Radiocarbon analyses of sedimentary OC yield depleted Delta(14)C values (-338.7 parts per thousand to -429.4 parts per thousand), indicating a significant fraction of relatively old OC. The natural abundance of C-13 and C-14 tracers suggests a two-component mixture of ancient and modem C in the sediments down to approximately 60 cm sub-bottom, with an estimated similar to 45\% of sedimentary OC probably being derived from ancient sedimentary OC (kerogen). In addition, there is a significant change in the source of organic material downcore in these sediments which, along with geological evidence, indicate contributions from freshwater swamps typical of coastal lakes with intermittent connections to the sea (brackish) prior to similar to 9000 BP. Depth variations in a core from a salt marsh further indicate temporal variability of OM deposition and transformations in a changing brackish-marine environment in the past. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2004.09.003},
	author = {Ogrinc, N. and Fontolan, G. and Faganeli, J. and Covelli, S.}
}
@article {682,
	title = {Carbon isotopes from fossil packrat pellets and elevational movements of Utah agave plants reveal the Younger Dryas cold period in Grand Canyon, Arizona},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2005},
	note = {960jfTimes Cited:22Cited References Count:26},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {713-716},
	abstract = {Carbon isotopes in rodent fecal pellets were measured on packrat (Neotoma spp.) middens from the Grand Canyon, Arizona. The pellet samples reflect the abundance of cold-intolerant C4 and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant species relative to the predominant C3 vegetation in the packrat diet. The temporal sequence of isotopic results suggests a temperature decline followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the Boiling/ Allerod-Younger Dryas-early Holocene sequence. This pattern was then tested using the past distribution of Utah agave (Agave utahensis). Spatial analyses of the range of this temperature-sensitive CAM species demonstrate that its upper elevational limit is controlled by winter minimum temperature. Applying this paleotemperature proxy to the past ellevational limits of Utah agave suggests that minimum winter temperatures were similar to 8 degrees C below modern values during the Last Glacial Maximum, 4.5-6.5 degrees C below modern during the Bolling/Allerod, and 7.5-8.7 degrees C below modern during the early Younger Dryas. As the Younger Dryas terminated, temperatures warmed similar to 4 degrees C between ca. 11.8 ka and 11.5 ka. These extreme fluctuations in winter minimum temperature have not been generally accepted for terrestrial paleoecological records from the and southwestern United States, likely because of large statistical uncertainties of older radiocarbon results and reliance on proxies for summer temperatures, which were less affected.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G21769.1},
	author = {Cole, K. L. and Arundel, S. T.}
}
@conference {1584,
	title = {Carbon Isotopes in Riverine Systems},
	booktitle = {Lindeman Speaker, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 487},
	month = {2005},
	address = {University of Minnesota},
	author = {Raymond, P. A.}
}
@article {2004,
	title = {Catastrophic meltwater discharge down the Hudson River Valley: A potential trigger for the Intra-Allerod cold period},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 1033},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {89-92},
	author = {Donnelly, J. P. and Driscoll, N. and Uchupi, E. and Keigwin, L. and Schwab, W. and Thieler, E. R. and Swift, S.}
}
@article {1999,
	title = {Coastal foraging at Otter Cave: a 6600 year old shell midden on San Miquel Island, California},
	journal = {Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 580},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {69-86},
	author = {Erlandson, Jon M. and Vellanoweth, Rene L. and Rick, Torben C. and Batterson, Melissa R.}
}
@article {1974,
	title = {The composition and transport of organic carbon in rainfall: insights from the natural (13C and 14C) isotopes of carbon},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 599},
	month = {2005},
	author = {Raymond, P. A.}
}
@inbook {1457,
	title = {Computer Control},
	booktitle = {Electrostatic accelerators: fundamentals and applications},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 1686},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {328},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	isbn = {3540239839},
	author = {Roberts, M. L.},
	editor = {Hellborg, R.}
}
@conference {1598,
	title = {Continuous-Flow Accelerator Mass Spectrometry},
	booktitle = {the International Symposium on Utilization of Accelerators},
	series = {IAEA-CN-115-09},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 767},
	month = {2005},
	address = {Dubrovnik Croatia},
	author = {Roberts, M. L. and von Reden, K. F. and Han, B. X. and Schneider, R. J. and Benthien, A. and Hayes, J. M.}
}
@article {1984,
	title = {Contribution of biomass burning to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in European background aerosols},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 510},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {2976-2982},
	author = {Mandalakis, M. and Gustafsson, O. and Alsberg, T. and Reddy, C. and Xu, L. and Klanova, J. and Holoubek, I. and Stephanou, E.}
}
@article {1029,
	title = {Cross-formational flow and salinity sources inferred from a combined study of helium concentrations, isotopic ratios, and major elements in the Marshall aquifer, southern Michigan},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2005},
	note = {973vwTimes Cited:18Cited References Count:63},
	month = {Oct 8},
	abstract = {Helium data and major ion chemistry are presented for the shallow Marshall aquifer in southern Michigan. This data set is subsequently analyzed in conjunction with major element data sets from deeper and shallower water levels previously collected in this area. He excesses and isotopic ratios suggest the presence of tritiogenic He-3 in young waters in the Marshall aquifer. He excesses in old groundwater samples are mostly of crustal origin although the presence of a significant mantle He component in some samples cannot be ruled out. He excesses in the Marshall aquifer are unusually high for such shallow depths ( <= 300 m) and reach over two and three orders of magnitude above those of air- saturated water ( ASW) for He-3 and He-4, respectively. He isotopes require a source external to the aquifer, partly supplied by underlying formations within the sedimentary sequence, partly from the crystalline basement. Calibration of He concentrations observed in the Marshall aquifer requires He fluxes of 1 x 10(-13) and 1.6 x 10(-6) cm(3) STP cm(-2) yr(-1) for He-3 and He-4, respectively. These He fluxes are far greater than those reported in other sedimentary basins around the world ( e. g., Paris Basin, Gulf Coast Basin) at similar and far greater depths. Such high He fluxes present at such shallow depths within the Michigan Basin strongly suggest the presence of a dominant vertical water flow component and further indicate that impact of recharge water at depth is minor. Upward cross- formational flow is also likely responsible for the extremely high salinities present in the shallow subsurface of the Michigan Basin. The observed positive correlation between helium and bromide strongly suggests that these two very distinct conservative tracers both originate at greater depths and further suggests that advection is the dominant transport mechanism within the basin. The occurrence of large- scale cross- formational flow is also consistent with the evolution displayed by the major ion chemistry throughout most of the sedimentary sequence, indicating that solutes from shallow levels carry the signature of deep formation brines.},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GC001010},
	author = {Ma, L. and Castro, M. C. and Hall, C. M. and Walter, L. M.}
}
@article {588,
	title = {Carbonatization of oceanic crust by the seafloor hydrothermal activity and its significance as a CO2 sink in the Early Archean},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2004},
	note = {869juTimes Cited:55Cited References Count:67},
	month = {Nov 15},
	pages = {4595-4618},
	abstract = {Early Archean (3.46 Ga) hydrothermally altered basaltic rocks exposed near Marble Bar, eastern Pilbara Craton, have been studied in order to reveal geological and geochemical natures of seafloor hydrothermal carbonatization and to estimate the CO2 flux sunk into the altered oceanic crust by the carbonatization. The basaltic rocks are divided into basalt and dolerite, and the basalt is further subdivided into type I, having original igneous rock textures, and type II, lacking these textures due to strong hydrothermal alteration. Primary clinopyroxene phenocrysts are preserved in some part of the dolerite samples, and the alteration mineral assemblage of dolerite (chlorite + epidote + albite +/- quartz actinolite) indicates that the alteration. condition was typical greenschist facies. In other samples, all primary minerals were completely replaced by secondary minerals, and the alteration mineral assemblage of the type I and type II basalts (chlorite + K-mica + quartz + carbonate minerals +/- albite) is characterized by the presence of K-mica and carbonate minerals and the absence of Ca-Al silicate minerals such as epidote and actinolite, suggesting the alteration condition of high CO2 fugacity. The difference of the alteration mineral assemblages between basalt and dolerite is probably attributed to the difference of water/rock ratio that, in turn, depends on their porosity.Carbonate minerals in the carbonatized basalt include calcite, ankerite, and siderite, but calcite is quite dominant: The delta(13)C values of the carbonate minerals are -0.3 +/- 1.2parts per thousand and mostly within the range of marine carbonate; indicating that the carbonate minerals were formed by seafloor hydrothermal alteration and that carbonate carbon in the altered basalt was derived from seawater. Whole-rock chemical composition of the basaltic rocks is essentially similar to that of modern mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) except for highly mobile elements such as K2O, Rb, Sr, and Ba. Compared to the least altered dolerite, all altered basalt samples are enriched in K2O, Rb, and Ba, and are depleted in Na2O, reflecting the presence of K-mica replacing primary plagioclase. In addition, noticeable CO2 enrichment is recognized in the basalt due to the ubiquitous presence of carbonate minerals, but there was essentially neither gain nor loss of CaO. This suggests that the CO2 in the hydrothermal fluid (seawater) was trapped by using Ca originally contained in the basalt. The CaO/CO2, ratios of the basalt are generally the same as that of pure calcite, indicating that Ca in the basalt was almost completely converted to calcite during the carbonatization, although Mg and Fe were mainly redistributed into noncarbonate minerals such as chlorite.The carbon flux into the Early Archean oceanic crust by the seafloor hydrothermal carbonatization is estimated to be 3.8 X 10(13) mol/yr, based on the average carbon content of altered oceanic crust of 1.4 X 10(-3) mol/g, the alteration depth of 500 m, and the spreading rate of 1.8 X 10(11) cm(2)/yr. This flux is equivalent to or greater than the present-day total carbon flux. It is most likely that the seafloor hydrothermal carbonatization played an important role as a sink of atmospheric and oceanic CO2 in the Early Archean: Copyright (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.023},
	author = {Nakamura, K. and Kato, Y.}
}
@article {717,
	title = {Carbon-isotopic shifts associated with heterotrophy and biosynthetic pathways in direct- and indirect-developing sea urchins},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {275},
	year = {2004},
	note = {847vnTimes Cited:4Cited References Count:34},
	pages = {139-151},
	abstract = {Natural abundances of C-13 were measured in bulk biomass and in individual lipids isolated from 2 species of sea urchins, Heliocidaris erythrogramma and H. tuberculata, and from calcareous and green benthic algae on which they were feeding. Planktonic larvae of H. erythrogramma are lecithotrophic whereas those of H. tuberculata are planktotrophic. The organisms were collected from a subtidal environment in Botany Bay, Sydney, Australia. The biomass of both consumers was enriched in C-13 relative to their diets by up to 1.8parts per thousand. The carbon skeletons of sterols from the urchins derive at least in part from de novo biosynthesis by the urchins. Depending on chain length and degree of unsaturation, carboxylic acids from the urchins derive from de novo blosynthesis (14:0, unsaturated acids), from the diet (18:0), or from both these sources (16:0). H. tuberculata synthesizes a greater distribution and proportion of unsaturated carboxylic acids. Odd-C and branched-chain carboxylic acids derive in part from bacterial sources and are enriched in C-13 relative to algal lipids and depleted relative to those in urchins. Only H. erythrogramma, which uses wax esters-as storage lipids in its relatively large and buoyant eggs, produces significant quantities of n-alkanols; n-alkanols in H, tuberculata derive from the diet. In terms of molecular distributions and isotopic compositions, the lipids in fecal matter from both heterotrophs resemble those of the diet rather than those of the urchins.},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps275139},
	author = {Villinski, J. C. and Hayes, J. M. and Villinski, J. T. and Brassell, S. C. and Raff, R. A.}
}
@inbook {1404,
	title = {CA-SMI-548: A 9500 year old shell midden at Running Springs, San Miquel Island, California},
	booktitle = {Emerging from the Ice Age: Early Holocene Occupations on the Central California Coast},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 584},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {81-92},
	publisher = {San Luis Obispo County Archaeological Society Occasional Paper},
	organization = {San Luis Obispo County Archaeological Society Occasional Paper},
	author = {Erlandson, Jon M. and Rick, Torben C. and Vellanoweth, Rene L. and Largaespada, Tony},
	editor = {Bertrando, Ethan}
}
@article {2049,
	title = {Characterization of Siberian Arctic coastal sediments: Implications for terrestrial organic carbon export},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2004},
	note = {806knTimes Cited:99
Cited References Count:51
},
	month = {Mar 10},
	abstract = {Surface sediments were collected during the 2000 TransArctic Expedition along the Siberian Arctic coastline, including the Ob, Yenisey, Khatanga, Lena, and Indigirka estuaries. Sediments were characterized for elemental composition (total organic carbon, TOC, black carbon, BC, and total N, as well as major and trace elements), isotopic signature (delta(13)C, delta(15)N, Delta(14)C, epsilon(Nd), Sr-87/Sr-86), and organic molecular composition to better understand river export variations over the large spatial scale of the Siberian Arctic. On average, 79 +/- 9\% of the total C in sediments was organic while 21 +/- 9\% was inorganic. BC made up 9 +/- 4\% of the TOC pool, with a general increasing trend from west to east along the Siberian coast. The combined Nd- and Sr-isotopes (epsilon(Nd) and Sr-87/Sr-86) were used to define two distinct sediment sources between east and west Siberian regions with the Khatanga River as a boundary. Data from pyrolysis-GC/MS of the sedimentary organic carbon (SOC) indicated an increase in the freshness of the organic matter from west to east on the Siberian Arctic coast, with increasing relative abundance of furfurals (polysaccharides) with respect to nitriles. Values for the delta(13)C of SOC ranged from -27.1\% (mostly terrigenous) to -23.8\%, while delta(15)N increased from east to west (3.1 to 5.2\%) with a significant correlation with C/N ratio. Values for the Delta(14)C of SOC ranged from -805 to -279\%, with a consistent trend increasing from the east (Indigirka River) to the west (Ob River). These D 14 C values corresponded to a 14 C age of 2570 +/- 30 yBP in the Ob estuary and 13,050 +/- 50 yBP in the Indigirka estuary. Most importantly, D 14 C values were significantly correlated with the ratio of BC/TOC (R-2 = 0.91, n = 6), consistent with the distribution pattern of increasing permafrost zone from the west to the east along the Siberian coast. Together, our results suggest that older OC was derived from the release of recalcitrant BC during permafrost thawing and riverbank and coastal erosion, likely enhanced by ongoing environmental changes in the northern ecosystem.},
	keywords = {arctic ocean, BLACK CARBON, climate, CO2, continental-shelf, flux, isotopic composition, lena river, MATTER, ocean, organic carbon, quantification, Sediment},
	isbn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2003GB002087},
	url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2\&amp;SrcAuth=Alerting\&amp;SrcApp=Alerting\&amp;DestApp=WOS\&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord;UT=WOS:000220432900001},
	author = {Guo, L. D. and Semiletov, I. and Gustafsson, O. and Ingri, J. and Andersson, P. and Dudarev, O. and White, D.}
}
@article {397,
	title = {Chronology of sediment deposition in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon},
	journal = {Journal of Paleolimnology},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 182},
	pages = {139-149},
	abstract = {A combination of tephrochronology and 14C, 210Pb, and 137Cs measurements provides a robust chronology for sedimentation in Upper Klamath Lake during the last 45 000 years. Mixing of surficial sediments and possible mobility of the radio-isotopes limit the usefulness of the 137Cs and 210Pb data, but 210Pb profiles provide reasonable average sediment accumulation rates for the last 100{\textendash}150 years. Radiocarbon ages near the top of the core are somewhat erratic and are too old, probably as a result of detrital organic carbon, which may have become a more common component in recent times as surrounding marshes were drained. Below the tops of the cores, radiocarbon ages in the center of the basin appear to be about 400 years too old, while those on the margin appear to be accurate, based on comparisons with tephra layers of known age.Taken together, the data can be combined into reasonable age models for each site. Sediments have accumulated at site K1, near the center of the basin, about 2 times faster than at site CM2, on the margin of the lake. The rates are about 0.10 and 0.05 cm/yr, respectively. The chronological data also indicate that accumulation rates were slower during the early to middle Holocene than during the late Holocene, consistent with increasing wetness in the late Holocene.},
	doi = {10.1023/B:JOPL.0000019234.05899.ea},
	author = {Colman, S. M. and Bradbury, J. P. and McGeehin, J. P. and Holmes, C. W. and Sarna-Wojcicki, A. M. and Edgington, D.}
}
@article {2026,
	title = {Co2 and 3He in hydrothermal plumes: implications for mid-ocean ridge CO2 flux},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {226},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 1518},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {449-464},
	author = {Resing, Joseph A. and Lupton, John E. and Feely, Richard A. and Lilley, Marvin D.}
}
@article {590,
	title = {The CO2-He-Ar-H2O systematics of the Manus back-arc basin: Resolving source composition from degassing and contamination effects},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2004},
	note = {813fdTimes Cited:30Cited References Count:76},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {1837-1856},
	abstract = {We report new stepped heating He, Ar, CO2 and water data on a petrogenetically diverse suite of lavas from the Manus back-arc basin, where a plume component has previously been identified. The aim of this study is to evaluate the superimposed effects of degassing and contamination in order to identify mantle source characteristics. CO2 abundances and carbon isotopes in both the vesicle ([CO2] up to 180ppm; delta(13)C as low as -33.6 parts per thousand) and glass ([CO2] up to 270ppm; delta(13)C as low as -34.3parts per thousand) phases reveal that samples have been modified by varying degrees of degassing. High water concentration samples (back-arc basin basalts (BABB) and arc type samples) show the highest degrees of degassing (i.e. lower delta(13)C values and lower CO2 contents). The results are modelled for both the glass and vesicle phases using batch and fractional degassing models. Parental melt compositions can be constrained to show the following CO2 concentration trend: are-type > BABB s.r. (southern rift) > MORB-2, E-MORB, X-BABB (extreme BABB), BABB > MORB-1 and MORB-smt. He-4/Ar-40* ratios of samples (14.6-1100) are consistent with residual volatiles from a degassed source. Variations in CO2/(3) He values are likely due to degassing, followed by contamination from a crustal source (either the subducting Solomon Sea Plate or the pre-existing crust through which the lavas erupt), as evidenced by high K2O/TiO2 ratios and low delta(13)C. The CO2/(3) He of the Manus plume is best estimated by the MORB-smt and MORB-1 samples at 3.1 +/- 0.6 X 10(9). This value is similar to previous estimates of plume CO2/(3) He values, which are either equal to or slightly greater than the upper mantle average of 2 X 10(9). Copyright (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2003.10.015},
	author = {Shaw, A. M. and Hilton, D. R. and Macpherson, C. G. and Sinton, J. M.}
}
@article {629,
	title = {Collapse and rapid resumption of Atlantic meridional circulation linked to deglacial climate changes},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {428},
	year = {2004},
	note = {McManus, J FFrancois, RGherardi, J-MKeigwin, L DBrown-Leger, SengResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.England2004/04/23 05:00Nature. 2004 Apr 22;428(6985):834-7.},
	month = {Apr 22},
	pages = {834-7},
	abstract = {The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is widely believed to affect climate. Changes in ocean circulation have been inferred from records of the deep water chemical composition derived from sedimentary nutrient proxies, but their impact on climate is difficult to assess because such reconstructions provide insufficient constraints on the rate of overturning. Here we report measurements of 231Pa/230Th, a kinematic proxy for the meridional overturning circulation, in a sediment core from the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. We find that the meridional overturning was nearly, or completely, eliminated during the coldest deglacial interval in the North Atlantic region, beginning with the catastrophic iceberg discharge Heinrich event H1, 17,500 yr ago, and declined sharply but briefly into the Younger Dryas cold event, about 12,700 yr ago. Following these cold events, the 231Pa/230Th record indicates that rapid accelerations of the meridional overturning circulation were concurrent with the two strongest regional warming events during deglaciation. These results confirm the significance of variations in the rate of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation for abrupt climate changes.},
	issn = {0028-0836 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1038/nature02494},
	author = {McManus, J. F. and Francois, R. and Gherardi, J. M. and Keigwin, L. D. and Brown-Leger, S.}
}
@article {2022,
	title = {Comments on potential geologic and seismic hazards affecting coastal Ventura County, CCalifornia},
	journal = {U. S. Geological Survey OFR 1004-1286},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 420},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {19 p.},
	author = {Ross, S. D. Boore and Fisher, M. and Frankel, A. and Geist, E. and Hudnut, K. and Kayen, R. and Lee, H. and Normark, W. R. and Wong, F.}
}
@conference {1590,
	title = {A comparative analysis of time averaging for bivalves and brachiopods from a modern tropical shelf},
	booktitle = {Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 718},
	month = {2004},
	address = {Denver, CO, USA},
	abstract = {36(5):383},
	author = {Krause R.A, Jr. and Barbourl-Wood, S. L. and Wehmiller, J. F. and Kowalewski, M. and Simoes, M. G.}
}
@article {2020,
	title = {Compound-specific radiocarbon dating of the varved Holocene sedimentary record of Saanich Inlet, Canada},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2004},
	note = {819piTimes Cited:18
Cited References Count:69
},
	month = {May 1},
	abstract = {[1] The radiocarbon contents of various biomarkers extracted from the varve-counted sediments of Saanich Inlet, Canada, were determined to assess their applicability for dating purposes. Calibrated ages obtained from the marine planktonic archaeal biomarker crenarchaeol compared favorably with varve-count ages. The same conclusion could be drawn for a more general archaeal biomarker (GDGT-0), although this biomarker proved to be less reliable due to its less-specific origin. The results also lend support to earlier indications that marine crenarchaeota use dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) as their carbon source. The average reservoir age offset DeltaR of 430 years, determined using the crenarchaeol radiocarbon ages, varied by +/-110 years. This may be caused by natural variations in ocean-atmosphere mixing or upwelling at the NE Pacific coast but variability may also be due to an inconsistency in the marine calibration curve when used at sites with high reservoir ages.},
	keywords = {british-columbia, compound-specific radiocarbon dating, crenarchaeol, ionization mass-spectrometry, marine-sediments, mediterranean sea, membrane-lipids, ne pacific, odp leg 169s, organic-matter, pacific-ocean, rapid isolation, Reservoir age, reservoir ages, saanich inlet},
	isbn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2003PA000927},
	url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2\&amp;SrcAuth=Alerting\&amp;SrcApp=Alerting\&amp;DestApp=WOS\&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord;UT=WOS:000221326700001},
	author = {Smittenberg, R. H. and Hopmans, E. C. and Schouten, S. and Hayes, J. M. and Eglinton, T. I. and Damste, J. S. S.}
}
@article {2043,
	title = {The constancy of upper mantle fO2 through time inferred from V/Sc ratios in basalts},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {228},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 1580},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {483-493},
	author = {Li, Zheng-Xue Anser and Lee, Cin-Ty Aeolus}
}
@article {2028,
	title = {Controls on the variability of organic matter and dissolved inorganic carbon ages in northeast U.S. rivers},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 967},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {353-366},
	author = {Raymond, P. A. and Bauer, J. E. and Caraco, N. F. and Cole, J. J. and Longworth, B. E. and Petsch, S. T.}
}
@article {2055,
	title = {Coupling instrumental and geological records of sea-level change: Evidence from southern New England of an increase in the rate of sea-level rise in the late 19th century},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2004},
	note = {806kkTimes Cited:94
Cited References Count:20
},
	month = {Mar 11},
	abstract = {We construct a high-resolution relative sea-level record for the past 700 years by dating basal salt-marsh peat samples above a glacial erratic in an eastern Connecticut salt marsh, to test whether or not the apparent recent acceleration in the rate of sea-level rise (SLR) is coeval with climate warming. The data reveal an average SLR rate of 1.0 +/- 0.2 mm/year from about 1300 to 1850 A. D. Coupling of the regional tide-gauge data (1856 to present) with this marsh-based record indicates that the nearly three-fold increase in the regional rate of SLR to modern levels likely occurred in the later half of the 19th century. Thus the timing of the observed SLR rate increase is coincident with the onset of climate warming, indicating a possible link between historic SLR increases and recent temperature increases.},
	keywords = {accretion, cal yr ad, climate-ocean variations, connecticut, long-island sound, salt-marsh},
	isbn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2003GL018933},
	url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2\&amp;SrcAuth=Alerting\&amp;SrcApp=Alerting\&amp;DestApp=WOS\&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord;UT=WOS:000220432600003},
	author = {Donnelly, J. P. and Cleary, P. and Newby, P. and Ettinger, R.}
}
@article {2085,
	title = {Calcium carbonate budget in the Atlantic Ocean based on water column inorganic carbon chemistry},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2003},
	note = {732egTimes Cited:44
Cited References Count:73
},
	month = {Oct 9},
	abstract = {[1] Recent independent lines of evidence suggest that the dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles is substantial in the upper ocean above the calcite 100\% saturation horizon. This shallow-water dissolution of carbonate particles is in contrast with the current paradigm of the conservative nature of pelagic CaCO3 at shallow water depths. Here we use more than 20,000 sets of carbon measurements in conjunction with CFC and C-14 data from the WOCE/JGOFS/OACES global CO2 survey to estimate in situ dissolution rates of CaCO3 in the Atlantic Ocean. A dissolution rate is estimated from changes in alkalinity as a parcel of water ages along an isopycnal surface. The in situ CaCO3 dissolution increases rapidly at the aragonite 100\% saturation horizon. Estimated dissolution rates north of 40degreesN are generally higher than the rates to the south, which is partly attributable to the production of exported CaCO3 being higher in the North Atlantic than in the South Atlantic. As more CaCO3 particles move down the water column, more particles are available for in situ dissolution. The total water column CaCO3 dissolution rate in the Atlantic Ocean is determined on an annual basis by integrating estimated dissolution rates throughout the entire water column and correcting for alkalinity input of approximately 5.6 x 10(12) mol C yr(-1) from CaCO3-rich sediments. The resulting water column dissolution rate of CaCO3 for the Atlantic Ocean is approximately 11.1 x 10(12) mol C yr(-1). This corresponds to about 31\% of a recent estimate (35.8 x 10(12) mol C yr(-1)) of net CaCO3 production by Lee [2001] for the same area. Our calculation using a large amount of high-quality water column alkalinity data provides the first basin-scale estimate of the CaCO3 budget for the Atlantic Ocean.},
	keywords = {alkalinity, anthropogenic co2, caco3 dissolution, calcium carbonate budget, chemical lysocline, Deep-sea, dioxide system, dissociation-constants, dissolution kinetics, dissolution of calcium carbonate, eastern north-atlantic, ocean carbon cycle, organic-carbon, pacific-ocean, saturation state of seawater},
	isbn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GB002001},
	author = {Chung, S. N. and Lee, K. and Feely, R. A. and Sabine, C. L. and Millero, F. J. and Wanninkhof, R. and Bullister, J. L. and Key, R. M. and Peng, T. H.}
}
@conference {1583,
	title = {Carbon cycling in Long Island Sound over the last 1000 years},
	booktitle = {AGU, Fall meeting},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1179},
	month = {2003},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	author = {Lugolobi, F. and Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E. and Buchholtz ten Brink, M. L. and Mecray, E.}
}
@article {415,
	title = {Carbon isotopic compositions of prokaryotic lipids as tracers of carbon cycling in diverse settings},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {195},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1331; 666LX Times Cited:59 Cited References Count:144},
	pages = {29-58},
	abstract = {Recent work has highlighted the ubiquity of bacteria and archaea and continues to affirm their significance in diverse biogeochemical processes. The delta(13)C values and distributions of diagnostic lipids derived from such microorganisms can provide insights into prokaryotic processes in modem settings and are one of the few means by which past prokaryotic processes in depositional settings can be elucidated. Here we present a brief review of prokaryotic lipids commonly observed in sediments and the controls on their carbon isotopic compositions. We then present two case studies-one of Mediterranean cold seeps at which anaerobic oxidation of methane occurs and one of a Holocene peat deposit in which a variety of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms govern the degradation of organic matter. These two studies illustrate the potential utility of compound-specific carbon isotope analyses to deconvolute pathways of carbon flow in microbial communities. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00387-X},
	author = {Pancost, R. D. and Damste, J. S. S.}
}
@article {2064,
	title = {The Catfish Lake scarp: preliminary field data and implications for earthquake hazards posed by the Tacoma fault},
	journal = {U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report},
	volume = {03-0455},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 430},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {11 p.},
	author = {Sherrod, B. L. and Nelson, A. R. and Kelsey, H. M. and Brocher, T. M. and Blakely, R. J. and Weaver, C. S. and Rountree, N. K. and Rhea, S. and Jackson, B. S.}
}
@article {2071,
	title = {Changes in the 13C/12C of dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean as a tracer of anthropogenic CO2 uptake},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1546},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {1-4},
	author = {Quay, P. and Sonnerup, R. and Westby, T. and Stutsman, J. and McNichol, A.}
}
@article {2070,
	title = {Changes of the 13C/12C of dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean as a tracer of anthropogenic C)2 uptake},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1689},
	month = {2003},
	author = {Quay, P. D. and Sonnerup, T. and Westby, J. and Stutsman, J. and McNichol, A. P.}
}
@article {2078,
	title = {Climate and the collapse of Mayan civilization},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {299},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 556},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {1731-1735},
	author = {Haug, G. H. and Gunther, D. and Peterson, L. C. and Sigman, D. M. and Hughen, K. A.}
}
@conference {1592,
	title = {COMPARE04-Comparison/calibration of 14C records 26-50 ka},
	booktitle = {Abstracts, 18th International Radiocarbon Conf.},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 564},
	month = {2003},
	address = {Wellington, NZ},
	author = {van der Plicht, J. and Hughen, K. A. and Guilderson, T. P. and Reimer, P.}
}
@conference {1593,
	title = {A comparison of rates of time averaging between the bivalve Macoma cleryana and brachiopod Bouchardia rosea on a shallow subtropical shelf},
	booktitle = {Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 720},
	month = {2003},
	address = {Seattle, WA, USA},
	abstract = {35(6):273},
	author = {Barbour-Wood, S. L. and Krause R.A, Jr. and Kowalewski, M. and Wehmiller, J. F. and Simoes, M. G. and Goodfriend, G. A.}
}
@article {826,
	title = {Composition and syngeneity of molecular fossils from the 2.78 to 2.45 billion-year-old Mount Bruce Supergroup, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2003},
	note = {741dvTimes Cited:124Cited References Count:102},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {4289-4319},
	abstract = {Shales of very low metamorphic grade from the 2.78 to 2.45 billion-year-old (Ga) Mount Bruce Supergroup, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, were analyzed for solvent extractable hydrocarbons. Samples were collected from ten drill cores and two mines in a sampling area centered in the Hamersley Basin near Wittenoom and ranging 200 km to the southeast, 100 km to the southwest and 70 km to the northwest. Almost all analyzed kerogenous sedimentary rocks yielded solvent extractable organic matter. Concentrations of total saturated hydrocarbons were commonly in the range of 1 to 20 ppm ( mug/g rock) but reached maximum values of 1000 ppm. The abundance of aromatic hydrocarbons was similar to1 to 30 ppm. Analysis of the extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-MS metastable reaction monitoring (MRM) revealed the presence of n-alkanes, mid- and end-branched monomethylalkanes, omega-cyclohexylalkanes, acyclic isoprenoids, diamondoids, tri- to pentacyclic terpanes, steranes, aromatic steroids and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Neither plant biomarkers nor hydrocarbon distributions indicative of Phanerozoic contamination were detected. The host kerogens of the hydrocarbons were depleted in C-13 by 2 to 21parts per thousand relative to n-alkanes, a pattern typical of, although more extreme than, other Precambrian samples. Acyclic isoprenoids showed carbon isotopic depletion relative to n-alkanes and concentrations of 2alpha-methylhopanes were relatively high, features rarely observed in the Phanerozoic but characteristic of many other Precambrian bitumens. Molecular parameters, including sterane and hopane ratios at their apparent thermal maxima, condensate-like alkane profiles, high mono- and triaromatic steroid maturity parameters, high methyladamantane and methyldiamantane indices and high methylphenanthrene maturity ratios, indicate thermal maturities in the wet-gas generation zone. Additionally, extracts from shales associated with iron ore deposits at Tom Price and Newman have unusual polyaromatic hydrocarbon patterns indicative of pyrolytic dealkylation.The saturated hydrocarbons and biomarkers in bitumens from the Fortescue and Hamersley Groups are characterized as {\textquoteright}probably syngenetic with their Archean host rock{\textquoteright} based on their typical Precambrian molecular and isotopic composition, extreme maturities that appear consistent with the thermal history of the host sediments, the absence of biomarkers diagnostic of Phanerozoic age, the absence of younger petroleum source rocks in the basin and the wide geographic distribution of the samples. Aromatic hydrocarbons detected in shales associated with iron ore deposits at Mt Tom Price and Mt Whaleback are characterized as {\textquoteright}clearly Archean{\textquoteright} based on their hypermature composition and covalent bonding to kerogen. Copyright (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00208-4},
	author = {Brocks, J. J. and Buick, R. and Logan, G. A. and Summons, R. E.}
}
@conference {1594,
	title = {Compound specific radiocarbon dating of alkenones: methodological considerations and applications in paleoceanography},
	booktitle = {18th International Radiocarbon Conference},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1070},
	month = {2003},
	address = {Wellington, New Zealand},
	author = {Mollenhauer, Gesine and Eglinton, Timothy I. and Schneider, Ralph R. and Meggers, Helge and Lamy, Frank and Ohkouchi, Nao and Hayes, John M.}
}
@conference {1597,
	title = {Continuous-Flow Accelerator Mass Spectrometry},
	booktitle = {International Symposium on Radiation Physics},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1683},
	month = {2003},
	address = {Mexico City, Mexico},
	author = {Roberts, M. L. and Benthien, A. and Schneider, R. J. and von Reden, K. F. and Hayes, J. M.}
}
@article {646,
	title = {Contrasting He-C relationships in Nicaragua and Costa Rica: insights into C cycling through subduction zones},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {214},
	year = {2003},
	note = {725paTimes Cited:98Cited References Count:50},
	month = {Sep 30},
	pages = {499-513},
	abstract = {We report He-3/He-4 ratios, relative He, Ne, and CO2 abundances as well as delta(13)C values for volatiles from the volcanic output along the Costa Rica and Nicaragua segments of the Central American arc utilising fumaroles, geothermal wells, water springs and bubbling hot springs. CO2/He-3 ratios are relatively constant throughout Costa Rica (av. 2.1 X 10(10)) and Nicaragua (av. 2.5 X 10(10)) and similar to arcs worldwide (similar to1.5 X 10(10)). delta(13)C values range from -6.8parts per thousand (MORB-like) to -0.1parts per thousand (similar to marine carbonate (0parts per thousand)). He-3/He-4 ratios are essentially MORB-like (8 +/- R-A) with some samples showing evidence of crustal He additions - water spring samples are particularly susceptible to modification. The He-CO2 relationships are consistent with an enhanced input of slab-derived C to magma sources in Nicaragua ((L+S)/M = 16; where L, M and S represent the fraction of CO2 derived from limestone and/or marine carbonate (L), the mantle (M) and sedimentary organic C (S) sources) relative to Costa Rica ((L+S)/M = 10). This is consistent with prior studies showing a higher sedimentary flux to the arc volcanics in Nicaragua (as traced by Ba/La, Be-10 and La/Yb). Possible explanations include: (1) offscraping of the uppermost sediments in the Costa Rica forearc, and (2) a cooler thermal regime in the Nicaragua subduction zone, preserving a higher proportion of melt-inducing fluids to subarc depths, leading to a higher degree of sediment transfer to the subarc mantle. The absolute flux Of CO2 from the Central American arc as determined by correlation spectrometry methods (5.8 X 10(10) mol/yr) and CO2/He-3 ratios (7.1 X 10(10) mol/yr) represents approximately 14-18\% of the amount of CO2 input at the trench from the various slab contributors (carbonate sediments, organic C, and altered oceanic crust). Although the absolute flux is comparable to other arcs, the efficiency Of CO2 recycling through the Central American are is surprisingly low (14-18\% vs. a global average of similar to50\%). This may be attributed to either significant C loss in the forearc region, or incomplete decarbonation of carbonate sediments at subarc depths. The implication of the latter case is that a large fraction of C (up to 86\%) may be transferred to the deep mantle (depths beyond the source of arc magmas). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0012-821x},
	doi = {10.1016/S0012-821x(03)00401-1},
	author = {Shaw, A. M. and Hilton, D. R. and Fischer, T. P. and Walker, J. A. and Alvarado, G. E.}
}
@inbook {1448,
	title = {Cosmochemical Estimates of Mantle Composition},
	booktitle = {Treatise on Geochemistry},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1583},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {1-38},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd, Oxford},
	organization = {Elsevier Ltd, Oxford},
	author = {Palme, H. and O{\textquoteright}Neill, H. St C.},
	editor = {Holland, H. D.}
}
@inbook {1386,
	title = {Carbon isotopic composition of DOM},
	booktitle = {Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 687},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {405-453},
	publisher = {Elsevier Science Publishers},
	organization = {Elsevier Science Publishers},
	author = {Bauer, J. E.},
	editor = {Hansell, D. A.}
}
@article {903,
	title = {Challenges in radiocarbon dating organic carbon in opal-rich marine sediments},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2002},
	note = {591keTimes Cited:13Cited References Count:28},
	pages = {123-136},
	abstract = {We explored the reliability of radiocarbon ages obtained on organic carbon phases in opal-rich Southern Ocean sediments. Paired biogenic carbonate and total organic carbon (TOC) C-14 analyses for three Southern Ocean cores showed that the TOC ages were systematically younger than the carbonate ages. Carbonate ages were consistent with oxygen isotopic and bio-stratigraphy, indicating error in TOC ages that could be explained by 5-24\% of modern carbon contamination of TOC samples. Two possible sources of contamination are: 1) adsorption of atmospheric CO2 or volatile organic compounds to reactive opal surface sites, and 2) fixation of atmospheric CO2 by chemosynthetic bacteria during core storage. In an effort to reduce the modem carbon contamination, diatoms were separated from sediments, purified, and pre-oxidized by concentrated nitric and perchloric acids to permit dating of opal-intrinsic organic carbon (similar to0.1-0.3\% by weight). C-14 ages of chemically pre-oxidized opal showed a significant amount of modem carbon contamination, from 11 to 32\%, indicating adsorption from the atmosphere of modem carbon onto opal surfaces that were previously cleaned by acid oxidation. Several experiments designed to eliminate the modern C contamination were attempted, but so far we have not been able to obtain a radiocarbon age on C-14-dead Southern Ocean opal-rich sediments, either bulk TOC or purified diatom opal samples, as old as our procedural blank.},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	url = {https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/4084/3509},
	author = {Zheng, Y. and Anderson, R. F. and Froelich, P. N. and Beck, W. and McNichol, A. P. and Guilderson, T.}
}
@article {2105,
	title = {Changes in the 13C/12C of dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean as a tracer of anthropogenic CO2 uptake},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 1715},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {4-1 - 4-20},
	author = {Quay, P. D. and Sonnerup, R. and Westby, T. and Stutsman, J. and McNichol, A. P.}
}
@article {930,
	title = {Chemical and carbon isotopic evidence for the source and fate of dissolved organic matter in the northern Everglades},
	journal = {Biogeochemistry},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 616},
	pages = {269-289},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1020282717732},
	author = {Wang, Y. and Hsieh, Y. P. and Landing, W. M. and Choi, Y. H. and Salters, V. and Campbell, D.}
}
@article {891,
	title = {Chemical composition and cycling of dissolved organic matter in the Mid-Atlantic Bight},
	journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2002},
	note = {607kxTimes Cited:74Cited References Count:44},
	pages = {4421-4437},
	abstract = {This study focuses on the chemical characterization of high molecular-weight dissolved organic matter (HMW DOM) isolated from the Middle Atlantic Bight in April 1994 and March 1996. Using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((HNMR)-H-1) and monosaccharide analysis we compared both spatial and temporal variations in the chemical structure of HMW DOM across this region. Our analyses support the presence of at least two compositionally distinct components to HMW DOM. The major component is acyl polysaccharide (APS), a biopolymer rich in carbohydrates, acetate and lipid, accounting for between 50\% and 80\% of the total high molecular-weight dissolved organic carbon (HMW DOC) in surface samples. APS is most abundant in fully marine, surface-water samples, and is a product of autochthonous production. Organic matter with spectral properties characteristic of humic substances is the second major component of HMW DOM. Humic substances are most abundant (up to 49\% of the total carbon) in samples collected from estuaries, near the coast, and in deep water, suggesting both marine and perhaps terrestrial sources. Radiocarbon analyses of neutral monosaccharides released by the hydrolysis of APS have similar and modern (average 71parts per thousand) Delta(14)C values. Radiocarbon data support our suggestion that these sugars occur as part of a common macromolecule, with an origin via recent biosynthesis. Preliminary radiocarbon data for total neutral monosaccharides isolated from APS at 300 and 750m show this fraction to be substantially enriched relative to total HMW DOC and DOC. The relatively enriched radiocarbon values of APS at depth suggest APS is rapidly transported into the deep ocean. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00124-8},
	author = {Aluwihare, L. I. and Repeta, D. J. and Chen, R. F.}
}
@article {1008,
	title = {Chemostratigraphy of Paleoproterozoic carbonate successions of the Wyoming Craton: tectonic forcing of biogeochemical change?},
	journal = {Precambrian Research},
	volume = {120},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 1586},
	pages = {279-325},
	abstract = {The Archean Wyoming Craton is flanked on the south and east by belts of Paleoproterozoic supracrustal successions whose correlation is complicated by lack of geochronologic constraints and continuous outcrop. However, carbonate units in these successions may be correlated by integrating carbon isotope stratigraphy with lithostratigraphy. The \~{}10 km thick Paleoproterozoic Snowy Pass Supergroup in the Medicine Bow Mountains was deposited on the present-day southern flank of the Wyoming Craton; it contains three discrete levels of glacial diamictite correlative with those in the Huronian Supergroup, on the southern margin of the Superior Craton. The Nash Fork Formation of the upper Snowy Pass Supergroup is significantly younger than the uppermost diamictite and was deposited after the end of the Paleoproterozoic glacial epoch. Carbonates at the base of the Nash Fork Formation record remarkable 13C-enrichment, up to +28{\textperthousand} (V-PDB), whereas those from overlying members of the lower Nash Fork Formation have δ13C values between +6 and +8{\textperthousand}. Carbonates from the upper Nash Fork Formation above the carbonaceous shale have carbon isotope values ranging between 0 and +2.5{\textperthousand}. The transition from high carbon isotope values to those near 0{\textperthousand} in the Nash Fork Formation is similar to that at the end of the ca. 2.2{\textendash}2.1 Ga carbon isotope excursion in Fennoscandia. This chemostratigraphic trend and deposition of BIFs, Mn-rich lithologies, carbonaceous shales and phosphorites at the end of the global ca. 2.2{\textendash}2.1 Ga carbon isotope excursion are likely related to ocean overturn associated with the final breakup of the Kenorland supercontinent. Correlative carbonates from the Slaughterhouse Formation in the Sierra Madre, WY, and from the Whalen Group in the Rawhide Creek area in the Hartville Uplift, WY, have highly positive carbon isotope values. In contrast, carbonates from other exposures of the Whalen Group in the Hartville Uplift and all carbonate units in the Black Hills, SD, have carbon isotope values close to 0{\textperthousand}. Combined with existing geochronologic and stratigraphic constraints, these data suggest that the Slaughterhouse Formation and the succession exposed in the Rawhide Creek area of the Hartville Uplift are correlative with the lower and middle Nash Fork Formation and were deposited during the ca. 2.2{\textendash}2.1 Ga carbon isotope excursion. The Estes and Roberts Draw formations in the Black Hills and carbonates from other exposures in the Hartville Uplift postdate the ca. 2.2{\textendash}2.1 Ga positive carbon isotope excursion and are most likely correlative with the upper Nash Fork Formation. The passive margin, on which the carbonates with highly positive carbon isotope values were deposited, extended around the southern flank of the Wyoming Craton through the Sierra Madre, Medicine Bow Mountains and Hartville Uplift. The presence of carbonates with carbon isotope values close to 0{\textperthousand} in the upper Nash Fork Formation and the Whalen Group indicates that the passive margin persisted on the southern flank of the Wyoming Craton after the carbon isotope excursion. Rifting in the Black Hills, likely related to the final breakup of the Kenorland, succeeded the carbon isotope excursion, since the Estes and Roberts Draw formations, deposited during rifting and ocean opening on the eastern flank of the Wyoming Craton, postdate the carbon isotope excursion.},
	keywords = {Biogeochemistry, Chemostratigraphy, Kenorland, Paleoproterozoic, Wyoming},
	doi = {10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00164-X},
	author = {Bekker, A. and Karhu, J. A. and Eriksson, A. and Kaufman, A. J.}
}
@article {2121,
	title = {Composition, age, provenance of organic matter in N. W. African dust over the Atlantic Ocean},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems G3},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 611},
	month = {2002},
	author = {Eglinton, T. I. and Eglinton, G. and Dupont, L. and Montlucon, D. and Sholkovitz, E. and Reddy, C. M.}
}
@article {2114,
	title = {Compositional characterization of prehistoric ceramics: A new approach},
	journal = {Journal of Archaeological Sciences},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 474},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {443-455},
	author = {Kennett, D. J. and Sakai, S. and Neff, H. and Gossett, R. and Larson, D. O.}
}
@article {2110,
	title = {Converting AMS data to radiocarbon values: considerations and conventions},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 1818},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {313-320},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Jull, A. J. T. and Burr, G. S.}
}
@article {668,
	title = {A Critical Evaluation of Interlaboratory Data on Total, Elemental, and Isotopic Carbon in the Carbonaceous Particle Reference Material, NIST SRM 1649a},
	journal = {J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol},
	volume = {107},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Currie, L ABenner, B A JrKessler, J DKlinedinst, D BKlouda, G AMarolf, J VSlater, J FWise, S ACachier, HCary, RChow, J CWatson, JDruffel, E R MMasiello, C AEglinton, T IPearson, AReddy, C MGustafsson, OQuinn, J GHartmann, P CHedges, J IPrentice, K MKirchstetter, T WNovakow, TPuxbaum, HSchmid, Heng2002/01/01 00:00J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol. 2002 Jun 1;107(3):279-98. doi: 10.6028/jres.107.022. Print 2002 May-Jun.},
	month = {May-Jun},
	pages = {279-98},
	abstract = {Because of increased interest in the marine and atmospheric sciences in elemental carbon (EC), or black carbon (BC) or soot carbon (SC), and because of the difficulties in analyzing or even defining this pervasive component of particulate carbon, it has become quite important to have appropriate reference materials for intercomparison and quality control. The NIST "urban dust" Standard Reference Material((R)) SRM 1649a is useful in this respect, in part because it comprises a considerable array of inorganic and organic species, and because it exhibits a large degree of ((14)C) isotopic heterogeneity, with biomass carbon source contributions ranging from about 2 \% (essentially fossil aliphatic fraction) to about 32 \% (polar fraction). A primary purpose of this report is to provide documentation for the new isotopic and chemical particulate carbon data for the most recent (31 Jan. 2001) SRM 1649a Certificate of Analysis. Supporting this is a critical review of underlying international intercomparison data and methodologies, provided by 18 teams of analytical experts from 11 institutions. Key results of the intercomparison are: (1) a new, Certified Value for total carbon (TC) in SRM 1649a; (2) (14)C Reference Values for total carbon and a number of organic species, including for the first time 8 individual PAHs; and (3) elemental carbon (EC) Information Values derived from 13 analytical methods applied to this component. Results for elemental carbon, which comprised a special focus of the intercomparison, were quite diverse, reflecting the confounding of methodological-matrix artifacts, and methods that tended to probe more or less refractory regions of this universal, but ill-defined product of incomplete combustion. Availability of both chemical and (14)C speciation data for SRM 1649a holds great promise for improved analytical insight through comparative analysis (e.g., fossil/biomass partition in EC compared to PAH), and through application of the principle of isotopic mass balance.},
	issn = {1044-677X (Linking)},
	doi = {10.6028/jres.107.022},
	author = {Currie, L. A. and Benner, B. A., Jr. and Kessler, J. D. and Klinedinst, D. B. and Klouda, G. A. and Marolf, J. V. and Slater, J. F. and Wise, S. A. and Cachier, H. and Cary, R. and Chow, J. C. and Watson, J. and Druffel, E. R. and Masiello, C. A. and Eglinton, T. I. and Pearson, A. and Reddy, C. M. and Gustafsson, O. and Quinn, J. G. and Hartmann, P. C. and Hedges, J. I. and Prentice, K. M. and Kirchstetter, T. W. and Novakow, T. and Puxbaum, H. and Schmid, H.}
}
@article {768,
	title = {Carbon dioxide cycling and implications for climate on ancient Earth},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Planets},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2001},
	note = {395tjTimes Cited:185Cited References Count:101},
	month = {Jan 25},
	pages = {1373-1399},
	abstract = {The crustal Urey cycle of CO2 involving silicate weathering and metamorphism acts as a dynamic climate buffer. In this cycle, warmer temperatures speed silicate weathering and carbonate formation, reducing atmospheric CO2 and thereby inducing global cooling. Over long periods of time, cycling of CO2 into and out of the mantle also dynamically buffers CO2. In the mantle cycle, CO2 is outgassed at ridge axes and island arcs, while subduction of carbonatized oceanic basalt and pelagic sediments returns CO2 to the mantle. Negative feedback is provided because the amount of basalt carbonatization depends on CO2 in seawater and therefore on CO2 in the air. On the early Earth, processes involving tectonics were more vigorous than at present, and the dynamic mantle buffer dominated over the crustal one. The mantle cycle would have maintained atmospheric and oceanic CO2 reservoirs at levels where the climate was cold in the Archean unless another greenhouse gas was important. Reaction of CO2 with impact ejecta and its eventual subduction produce even lower levels of atmospheric CO2 and small crustal carbonate reservoirs in the Hadean. Despite its name, the Hadean climate would have been freezing unless tempered by other greenhouse gases.},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2000je001247},
	author = {Sleep, N. H. and Zahnle, K.}
}
@article {770,
	title = {Carbon isotope geochemistry of the Santa Clara River},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2001},
	note = {441mbTimes Cited:116Cited References Count:34},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {407-416},
	abstract = {The Santa Clara River is a prototypical small mountainous river, with a headwater height greater than 1000 m and a basin area smaller than 10,000 m(2). Although individual small mountainous rivers export trivial amounts of sediment and carbon to the ocean, as a group these rivers may export a major fraction las much as 50\%) of the total global river sediment flux [Milliman and Syvitski, 1992], making their geochemistry relevant the study of the ocean{\textquoteright}s carbon cycle. In addition, many small rivers export sediment in a few high flux events, causing massive, sporadic discharge of carbon onto coastal shelves, discharge conditions very different from those of large rivers. This class of rivers is an end-member of the river-ocean carbon exchange system, opposite the Earth{\textquoteright}s largest river, the Amazon. The carbon mass and isotopic properties of the Santa Clara River are significantly different from previously studied large rivers. During the 1997-1998 winter, all Santa Clara carbon pools were old, with flux-weighted average Delta (14)C values of -428 +/- 76 parts per thousand for particulate organic carbon, -73 +/- 31 parts per thousand for dissolved organic carbon, and -644 +/- 58 parts per thousand for black carbon. The age of exported carbon is primarily due to the deep erosion of old soils and not to inclusion of fossil fuel carbon. Additionally, the delta (13)C signatures of exported carbon pools were high relative to terrestrial carbon, bearing a signature quite similar to marine carbon (average particulate organic carbon (POC) delta (13)C = -22.2 +/- 0.8 parts per thousand). The Santa Clara{\textquoteright}s estuary is small and drains onto the narrow eastern Pacific coastal margin, exporting this old soil organic matter directly into the ocean. If the Santa Clara export patterns are representative of this class of rivers, they may be a significant source of refractory terrestrial carbon to the ocean.},
	issn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2000gb001290},
	author = {Masiello, C. A. and Druffel, E. R. M.}
}
@article {2154,
	title = {Carbon Isotope Ratios of Organic Compound Fractions Separated From Sinking Particulate Organic Matter at a Deep Sea Station in the Northeast Pacific},
	journal = {EOS},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 256},
	month = {2001},
	author = {Druffel, E. R. and Grottoli, A. G. and Gille, S. T. and Dunbar, R. B.}
}
@article {2137,
	title = {Carbonate 14C Background: Does it have Multiple Personalities?},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1501},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {169-176},
	author = {Nadeau, Marie-Josee and Grootes, Pieter M. and Voelker, Antje and Bruhn, Frank and Duhr, Alexander and Oriwall, Angelika}
}
@article {300,
	title = {Chronology of the Palmer Deep Site, Antarctic Peninsula: A Holocene Paleoenvironmental reference for the circum-Antarctic},
	journal = {The Holocene},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1319},
	pages = {9-9},
	abstract = {Palmer Deep sediment cores are used to produce the first high-resolution, continuous late Pleistocene to Holocene time-series from the Antarctic marine system. The sedimentary record is dated using accelerator mass spectrometer radiocarbon methods on acid insoluble organic matter and foraminiferal calcite. Fifty-four radiocarbon analyses are utilized in the dating which provides a calibrated timescale back to 13 ka BP. Reliability of resultant ages on organic matter is assured because duplicates produce a standard deviation from the surface age of less than laboratory error (i.e., {\textpm}50 years). In addition, surface organic matter ages at the site are in excellent agreement with living calcite ages at the accepted reservoir age of 1260 years for the Antarctic Peninsula. Spectral analyses of the magnetic susceptibility record against the age model reveal unusually strong periodicity in the 400,{\textendash}200 and 50-70 year frequency bands, similar to other high-resolution records from the Holocene but, so far, unique for the circum-Antarctic. Here we show that comparison to icecore records of specific climatic events (e.g., the {\textquoteright}Little Ice Age{\textquoteleft}, Neoglacial, Hypsithermal, and the B{\o}lling/Aller{\o}d to Younger Dryas transition) provides improved focus upon the relative timing of atmosphere/ocean changes between the northern anid southern high latitudes.},
	doi = {10.1191/095968301673881493},
	author = {Domack, E. W. and Leventer, A. and Dunbar, R. and Taylor, R. and Brachfeld, S. and Sjunneskog, C.}
}
@article {2156,
	title = {Chronology of the Palmer Deep Site, Antarctic Peninsula: A Holocene Paleoenvironmental reference for the circum-Antarctic},
	journal = {The Holocene},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 119},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {1-9},
	author = {Domack, E. W. and Leventer, A. and Dunbar, R. and Taylory, R. and Brachfeld, S. and Sjunneskog, C.}
}
@inbook {1395,
	title = {Climate change in the circum-Caribbean (late Pleistocene-to-Present) and implications for regional biogeography},
	booktitle = {Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives, 2nd Edition},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 265},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {35-54},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	address = {Boca Raton, FL},
	author = {Curtis, J. H. and Brenner, M. and Hodell, D. A.},
	editor = {Woods, C. A.}
}
@article {878,
	title = {Climatic significance of large lakes on the Altiplano of South America},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 333},
	pages = {751},
	author = {Baker, P. A. and Seltzer, G. O. and Fritz, S. C. and Rigsby, C. A. and Dwyer, G. S.}
}
@article {692,
	title = {Comparative analysis of methane-oxidizing archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria in anoxic marine sediments},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Orphan, V JHinrichs, K UUssler, W 3rdPaull, C KTaylor, L TSylva, S PHayes, J MDelong, E FengComparative StudyResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.2001/04/03 10:00Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Apr;67(4):1922-34.},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {1922-34},
	abstract = {The oxidation of methane in anoxic marine sediments is thought to be mediated by a consortium of methane-consuming archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria. In this study, we compared results of rRNA gene (rDNA) surveys and lipid analyses of archaea and bacteria associated with methane seep sediments from several different sites on the Californian continental margin. Two distinct archaeal lineages (ANME-1 and ANME-2), peripherally related to the order Methanosarcinales, were consistently associated with methane seep marine sediments. The same sediments contained abundant (13)C-depleted archaeal lipids, indicating that one or both of these archaeal groups are members of anaerobic methane-oxidizing consortia. (13)C-depleted lipids and the signature 16S rDNAs for these archaeal groups were absent in nearby control sediments. Concurrent surveys of bacterial rDNAs revealed a predominance of delta-proteobacteria, in particular, close relatives of Desulfosarcina variabilis. Biomarker analyses of the same sediments showed bacterial fatty acids with strong (13)C depletion that are likely products of these sulfate-reducing bacteria. Consistent with these observations, whole-cell fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed aggregations of ANME-2 archaea and sulfate-reducing Desulfosarcina and Desulfococcus species. Additionally, the presence of abundant (13)C-depleted ether lipids, presumed to be of bacterial origin but unrelated to ether lipids of members of the order Desulfosarcinales, suggests the participation of additional bacterial groups in the methane-oxidizing process. Although the Desulfosarcinales and ANME-2 consortia appear to participate in the anaerobic oxidation of methane in marine sediments, our data suggest that other bacteria and archaea are also involved in methane oxidation in these environments.},
	issn = {0099-2240 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.4.1922-1934.2001},
	author = {Orphan, V. J. and Hinrichs, K. U. and Ussler, W. and Paull, C. K. and Taylor, L. T. and Sylva, S. P. and Hayes, J. M. and DeLong, E. F.}
}
@article {2143,
	title = {Composition of hydrothermal vent microbial communities as revealed by analyses of signature lipids, stable carbon isotopes, and Aquificales cultures},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1783},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {5179-5189},
	author = {Jahnke, Linda L. and Eder, Wolfgang and Huber, Robert and Hope, Janet M. and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Hayes, John M. and Des Marais, David J. and Cady, Sherry L. and Summons, Roger E.}
}
@article {830,
	title = {Compound-specific D/H ratios of lipid biomarkers from sediments as a proxy for environmental and climatic conditions},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2001},
	note = {395npTimes Cited:209Cited References Count:64},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {213-222},
	abstract = {Hydrogen isotope ratios (D/H) of lipid biomarkers extracted from aquatic sediments were measured to determine whether they can be used as a proxy for D/H of environmental water. Values of deltaD were determined by using a recently developed isotope-ratio-monitoring gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer system (irmGCMS) and were confirmed by conventional hydrogen isotopic measurements (i.e., combustion followed by reduction) on individual compounds isolated by preparative capillary gas chromatography. Diverse lipids (alkanes, n-alkanols, sterols, and pentacyclic triterpenols) were analyzed to examine hydrogen-isotopic controls on lipids of varying origin and biosynthetic pathway. For algal sterols (24-methylcholest-3 beta -ol, 24-ethylcholest-5,22-dien-3 beta -ol, and 4,23,24-trimethylcholesterol, or dinosterol), the fractionation between sedimentary lipids and environmental water was -201 +/- 10 parts per thousand and was similar in both marine and freshwater sites. In a sediment from a small lake in a forested catchment, triterpenols from terrestrial sources were enriched in D by 30 parts per thousand relative to algal sterols. Apparent fractionation factors for n-alkyl lipids were smaller than those of triterpenols and were more variable, probably reflecting multiple sources for these compounds. We conclude that hydrogen-isotopic analyses of algal sterols provide a viable means of reconstructing D/H of environmental waters. Results are less ambiguous than reconstructions based on analyses of kerogen or other operationally defined organic matter fractions. Copyright (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00520-2},
	author = {Sauer, P. E. and Eglinton, T. I. and Hayes, J. M. and Schimmelmann, A. and Sessions, A. L.}
}
@article {767,
	title = {Contribution of "old" carbon from natural marine hydrocarbon seeps to sedimentary and dissolved organic carbon pools in the Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2001},
	note = {467jmTimes Cited:20Cited References Count:25},
	month = {Sep 1},
	pages = {3313-3316},
	abstract = {Natural radiocarbon (C-14) abundances and stable carbon isotope (delta C-13) compositions were measured for sediment total organic carbon (TOC), and total lipid fractions of sediments, bottom water, and hydrate-water collected from two hydrocarbon seepage sites in Green Canyon, Northern Gulf of Mexico to determine the contribution of "old" carbon from seeps to sediment TOC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pools. Our results indicate that 40-60\% of the organic carbon preserved in the sediments and 30\% of the DOC in the deep water above the seeps were seep-derived C-14-depleted organic carbon. This new evidence along with our previous studies suggest that natural marine hydrocarbon seepage could be a significant source contributing "old" carbon to the marine environment. Our findings suggest that the global importance and the long-term impact of this contribution to biogeochemical carbon cycling in the ocean need to be more thoroughly investigated.},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2001gl013430},
	author = {Wang, X. C. and Chen, R. F. and Whelan, J. and Eglinton, L.}
}
@article {2139,
	title = {Converting AMS data to radiocarbon values: Considerations and conventions},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2001},
	note = {1531yc
Times Cited:24
Cited References Count:19
},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {313-320},
	abstract = {We summarize the basic operation of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) systems used to measure radiocarbon and discuss the calculations used to convert AMS output to C-14 data.},
	keywords = {accelerator mass-spectrometry, NOSAMS, ratio},
	isbn = {0033-8222},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Jull, A. J. T. and Burr, G. S.}
}
@article {2129,
	title = {Correction of H3+ contributions in hydrogen isotope ratio monitoring mass spectrometry},
	journal = {Anal Chem},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Sessions, A LBurgoyne, T W
Hayes, J M
eng
2001/02/24 12:00
Anal Chem. 2001 Jan 15;73(2):192-9.
},
	month = {Jan 15},
	pages = {192-9},
	abstract = {Two fundamentally different approaches, termed "pointwise" and "peakwise," are currently used to correct hydrogen isotope ratio monitoring data for the presence of H3+ ion contributions. Consideration of the underlying assumptions shows that the peakwise approach is valid only for peaks with the same functional shape and only when background signals do not vary. The pointwise correction is much more versatile and can be used even when peak shapes and sizes, as well as background signals, vary significantly. It is not exact and is limited in accuracy by (1) the signal-broadening effects of electronic time constants, (2) the analog-to-digital conversion frequency, and (3) the highest frequency of the sample signal. To minimize errors for typical gas chromatographic signals, time constants of <500 ms and analog-to-digital sampling intervals of < or =250 ms are needed. Errors are further minimized by matching sample and standard peaks in both amplitude and D/H ratio. Using the pointwise algorithm, we demonstrate that a series of 14 homologous n-alkanes varying in concentration over a 5-fold range can be analyzed with a mean precision of 2.3 per thousand and no systematic errors.},
	isbn = {0003-2700 (Print)0003-2700 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1021/ac000489e},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11199965},
	author = {Sessions, A. L. and Burgoyne, T. W. and Hayes, J. M.}
}
@article {2197,
	title = {Characterising the Namaqualand mudbelt of southern Africa: chronology, palynology and palaeoenvironments},
	journal = {South African Geographical Journal},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 219},
	month = {2000},
	author = {Gray, C. E. D. and Meadows, M. E. and Lee-Thorp, J. A. and Rogers, J.}
}
@article {2203,
	title = {Chesapeake Bay sedimentary record of Holocene climatic variability and human ecosystem disturbance},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 184},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {3-6},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(2000)​28<3:CVITEU>​2.0.CO;2},
	author = {Cronin, T. and Willard, D. and Karlsen, A. and Ishman, S. and Verardo, S. and McGeehin, J. and Kerhin, R. and Holmes, C. and Colman, S. M. and Zimmerman, A.}
}
@inbook {1409,
	title = {Chronostratigraphy of sediments in the southern Gulf of California, based on amino acid racemization analysis of mollusks and rhodolith (Book Section)},
	booktitle = {Perspectives in Amino Acid and Protein Geochemistry},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 174},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {320-330},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press, NY},
	organization = {Oxford University Press, NY},
	author = {Goodfriend, G. A. and Halfar, J. and Godinez-Orta, L.},
	editor = {Goodfriend, G. A.}
}
@inbook {1415,
	title = {Climate change in the northern American tropics since the last ice age: implications for environment and culture (Book Section)},
	booktitle = {Imperfect Balance: Landscape transformations in the Precolumbian Americas},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 198},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {13-38},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	organization = {Columbia University Press},
	address = {NY},
	author = {Hodell, D. A. and Brenner, M. and Curtis, J. H.},
	editor = {Lentz, D. L.}
}
@article {2183,
	title = {Climate, fire, and vegetation between about 13,000 and 9,200 14C yr. B. P},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 237},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {91-99},
	author = {Moreno, P. I.}
}
@article {895,
	title = {A continuous high-resolution record of late Pleistocene climate variability from the Estacia basin, New Mexico},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 239},
	pages = {1444-1458},
	abstract = {Lake sediments that accumulated in the Estancia basin, central New Mexico, provide a detailed record of submillennial latest Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Sedimentologic, biologic, and geochemical proxies for changes in salinity and lake level were used to identify episodes of wet and dry climate that occurred between 24 and 12 k.y. B.P., as dated by 14C by means of accelerator mass spectrometry from shoreline and basin-center deposits. These dates determine the timing and duration of the episodes of wet and dry climate. The lake expanded and contracted repeatedly during the last glacial maximum and fluctuated near its highest elevation several times during the interval ca. 20 to 15 k.y. B.P. A pronounced lowstand lasting \~{}1 k.y. occurred between ca. 15 and 14 k.y. B.P., followed by two more highstands of the lake between ca. 14 and 12.5 k.y. B.P. Desiccation of the perennial lake after 12 k.y. B.P. was followed by a final, poorly dated highstand at ca. 10 k.y. B.P. The record of lake-level fluctuations from the Estancia basin provides a high-resolution record of changes in water budget in a basin, the comparatively simple physiography and hydrogeology of which ensured a direct response to the strong climatic fluctuations that occurred during the last glacial maximum and termination. },
	keywords = {Lacustrine sediments, Last glacial maximum, ostracodes, Paleoclimate, trace metals},
	doi = {10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1444:ACHRRO>2.0.CO;2},
	author = {Allen, B. D. and Anderson, R. Y.}
}
@article {2235,
	title = {Carbon isotopes as tracers of groundwater discharge into the coastal ocean: A preliminary study of saltmarsh groundwater from North Inlet, SC},
	journal = {EOS},
	volume = {80},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 1314},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {S107},
	author = {Gramling, C. M. and McCorkle, D. C.}
}
@conference {1585,
	title = {Carbon sequestration and vegetation succession in a coastal wetland in northwest Florida (abstract)},
	booktitle = {Spring meeting of American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {80},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 164},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {S116},
	publisher = {EOS, Transactions},
	organization = {EOS, Transactions},
	address = {Boston, MA},
	author = {Choi, Y. and Wang, Y. and Hsieh, Y. and Robinson, L.}
}
@article {1516,
	title = {Climate and fisheries on the south east Australian continental shelf and slope (final report)},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 109},
	month = {1999},
	institution = {Fisheries Research and Development Corporation},
	author = {Koslow, J. A. and Thresher, R.}
}
@article {1011,
	title = {Climate and lake-level history of the northern Altiplano Bolivia, as recorded in Holocene sediments of the Rio Desaguadero},
	journal = {Journal of Sedimentary Research},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1999},
	note = {A197atTimes Cited:30Cited References Count:61},
	month = {May},
	pages = {597-611},
	abstract = {Strata exposed in terraces and modern cutbanks along the Rio Desaguadero contain a variety of lithofacies that were deposited in four distinct facies associations. These facies associations document a history of aggradation and downcutting that is Linked to Holocene climate change on the Altiplano.Braided stream, meandering stream, deltaic and shoreline, and la custrine sediments preserved in multi-level terraces in the northern Rio Desaguadero valley record two high-water intervals: one between 4500 and 3900 yr BP and another between 2000 and 2200 yr BP. These wet periods were interrupted by three periods of fluvial downcutting, centered at approximately 4000 yr BP, 3600 Sr BP, and after 2000 yr BP. Braided-river sediments preserved in a single terrace level in the southern Rio Desaguadero valley record a history of nearly continuous fluvial sedimentation from at least 7000 yr BP until approximately 3200 yr BP that was followed by a single episode (post-3210 ST BP) of down cutting and lateral migration.The deposition and subsequent fluvial downcutting of the northern strata was controlled by changes in effective moisture that can he correlated to Holocene water level fluctuations of Lake Titicaca, The deposition and dissection of braided-stream sediments to the south are more likely controlled by a combination of base-level change and sediment input from the Rio Mauri.},
	issn = {1073-130x},
	doi = {10.2110/jsr.69.597},
	author = {Baucom, P. C. and Rigsby, C. A.}
}
@article {2240,
	title = {Climate change in the Lake Valencia Basin, Venezuela, approximately 12,600 yr BP to present},
	journal = {The Holocene},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 197},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {609-619},
	author = {Curtis, J. H. and Brenner, M. and Hodell, D. A.}
}
@conference {1589,
	title = {Combined use of bomb radiocarbon and tritium to place constraints on the relative importance of northern- and southern- derived waters in ventilating the equatorial Pacific thermocline},
	booktitle = {WOCE-AIMS Tracer Workshop},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 314},
	month = {1999},
	address = {Bremen, Germany},
	author = {Peacock, S. and Key, R. and Jenkins, W. and Broecker, W.}
}
@article {931,
	title = {A continuous Holocene glacial record inferred from proglacial lake sediments in Banff National Park, Albert, Canada},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 48; illus. incl. 4 tables, sketch maps, 42 refs.},
	pages = {1-13},
	abstract = {Sediment cores from three proglacial lakes in northern Banff National Park, Alberta, preserve a record of Holocene glacial activity upvalley which is more continuous and better dated than available surficial records. Dating of the cores is based on tephrochronology and 16 AMS14C ages of terrestrial macrofossils. All cores contain a threefold sequence of lacustrine sediments overlying a late Pleistocene diamicton. Basal lacustrine sediments >10,10014C yr old contain little organic matter. Sediment composition indicates a large glacigenic contribution. A sharp increase in organic content marks the beginning of the Altithermal interval at all three lakes. This transition occurred abruptly at about 10,10014C yr B.P. at Crowfoot Lake and possibly more gradually at the other lakes. Altithermal sediments contain relatively little glacigenic material, and during most of the Altithermal, glaciers may have been absent above Crowfoot and Bow Lakes. Glaciers draining into Hector Lake appear to have persisted through the Altithermal. A subsequent decrease in organic content in each lake, reflecting increased clastic sedimentation, marks the end of the Altithermal and the onset of Neoglacial ice advances. The transition took place between about 5800 and 400014C yr B.P. and may be time-transgressive, beginning earlier in Hector Lake than in Crowfoot Lake. Changing Neoglacial clastic sedimentation rates through the Neoglacial interval indicate two main periods of increased glacier extent, between ca. 3000 and 1800 varve yr ago (ca. 2900{\textendash}190014C yr B.P.) and during the last several hundred years. During the intervening period glaciers were less extensive, but much more extensive than during the recessions of the Altithermal interval.},
	keywords = {Canadian Rocky Mountains, glacial history, glaciolacustrine sedimentation, Holocene; Altithermal},
	doi = {10.1006/qres.1998.2009},
	author = {Leonard, Eric M. and Reasoner, Mel A.}
}
@article {765,
	title = {Cool surface waters of the subtropical North Pacific Ocean during the last glacial},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {397},
	year = {1999},
	note = {166knTimes Cited:31Cited References Count:29},
	month = {Feb 11},
	pages = {512-514},
	abstract = {One of the most controversial results of the CLIMAP(1,2) project{\textquoteright}s reconstruction of past sea surface temperature (SST) is that large areas of the subtropical Pacific Ocean were warmer during the last glacial period than they are today. This finding has important implications because SST patterns at low to subtropical latitudes strongly influence climate, and SST changes are closely linked with climate fluctuations(3-5). Until now, a lack of well-preserved, high-resolution marine sediment cores from the region has hindered efforts to confirm these unexpectedly high ice-age SST estimates. Here we use both the oxygen-isotope compositions and species assemblages of planktonic foraminifera in a shallow-water core with high deposition rates near Hawaii to estimate glacial SST of the subtropical North Pacific Ocean, Contrary to the CLIMAP results(2), our data indicate that the annual average SST in this region was similar to 2 degrees C cooler during the last glaciation than it is today, These results help to reconcile the marine SST record with inferences drawn from snowline depressions on Hawaii during the last glacial(3,6), and should ultimately yield improved estimates of global climate sensitivity by providing important new constraints on climate model simulations of ice-age cycles.},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/17357},
	author = {Lee, K. E. and Slowey, N. C.}
}
@inbook {1456,
	title = {Coupled inner shelf--shoreline sediment responses to small-scale Holocene sea-level fluctuations; North Carolina coastal zone},
	booktitle = {The non-steady state of the inner shelf and shoreline: coastal change on the time scale of decades to millennia in the late Quaternary},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 1393},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {165-167},
	publisher = {University of Hawaii, Honolulu},
	organization = {University of Hawaii, Honolulu},
	author = {Riggs, S. R.},
	editor = {Fletcher, C. H.}
}
@article {2265,
	title = {Carbon cycling in sediments from the western equatorial Atlantic: Stable and radiocarbon isotopes in pore waters on the Ceara Rise},
	journal = {EOS},
	volume = {79},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 108},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {OS 65},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and McCorkle, D. C. and Martin, W. R. and Berry, J. N.}
}
@article {2246,
	title = {Challenges in application of radiocarbon dating of organic carbon phases in opal-rich marine sediments from the Southern Ocean},
	journal = {Trans. AGU 79},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 266},
	month = {1998},
	author = {Zheng, Y. and Anderson, R. F. and Froelich, P. N. and Beck, W. and McNichol, A. P. and Guilderson, T.}
}
@article {836,
	title = {The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {145},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Zv404Times Cited:1407Cited References Count:173},
	month = {Apr 15},
	pages = {325-394},
	abstract = {Subducted sediments play an important role in are magmatism and crust-mantle recycling. Models of continental growth, continental composition, convergent margin magmatism and mantle heterogeneity all require a better understanding of the mass and chemical fluxes associated with subducting sediments. We have evaluated subducting sediments on a global basis in order to better define their chemical systematics and to determine both regional and global average compositions. We then use these compositions to assess the importance of sediments to are volcanism and crust-mantle recycling, and to re-evaluate the chemical composition of the continental crust. The large variations in the chemical composition of marine sediments are for the most part linked to the main lithological constituents. The alkali elements (K, Rb and Cs) and high field strength elements (Ti, Nb, Hf, Zr) an closely linked to the detrital phase in marine sediments; Th is largely detrital but may be enriched in the hydrogenous Fe-Mn component of sediments; REE patterns are largely continental, but abundances are closely linked to fish debris phosphate; U is mostly detrital, but also dependent on the supply and burial rate of organic matter; Ba is linked to both biogenic barite and hydrothermal components; Sr is linked to carbonate phases. Thus, the important geochemical tracers follow the lithology of the sediments. Sediment lithologies are controlled in turn by a small number of factors: proximity of detrital sources (volcanic and continental); biological productivity and preservation of carbonate and opal; and sedimentation rate. Because of the link with lithology and the wealth of lithological data routinely collected for ODP and DSDP drill cores, bulk geochemical averages can be calculated to better than 30\% for most elements from fewer than ten chemical analyses for a typical drill core (100-1000 m). Combining the geochemical systematics with convergence rate and other parameters permits calculation of regional compositional fluxes for subducting sediment. These regional fluxes can be compared to the compositions of are volcanics to asses the importance of sediment subduction to are volcanism. For the 70\% of the trenches worldwide where estimates can be made, the regional fluxes also provide the basis for a global subducting sediment (GLOSS) composition and flux. GLOSS is dominated by terrigenous material (76 wt\% terrigenous, 7 wt\% calcium carbonate, 10 wt\% opal, 7 wt\% mineral-bound H2O+), and therefore similar to upper continental crust (UCC) in composition. Exceptions include enrichment in Ba, Mn and the middle and heavy REE, and depletions in detrital elements diluted by biogenic material (alkalis, Th, Zr, Hf). Sr and Pb are identical in GLOSS and UCC as a result of a balance between dilution and enrichment by marine phases. GLOSS and the systematics of marine sediments provide an independent approach to the composition of the upper continental crust for detrital elements. Significant discrepancies of up to a factor of two exist between the marine sediment data and current upper crustal estimates for Cs, Nb, Ta and Ti. Suggested revisions to UCC include Cs (7.3 ppm), Nb (13.7 ppm), Ta (0.96 ppm) and TiO2  (0.76 wt\%). These revisions affect recent bulk continental crust estimates for La/Nb and U/Nb, and lead to an even greater contrast between the continents and mantle for these important trace element ratios. GLOSS and the regional sediment data also provide new insights into the mantle sources of oceanic basalts.The classical geochemical distinction between {\textquoteright}pelagic{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}terrigenous{\textquoteright} sediment sources is not valid and needs to be replaced by a more comprehensive understanding of the compositional variations in complete sedimentary columns. In addition, isotopic arguments based on surface sediments alone can lead to erroneous conclusions. Specifically, the Nd/Hf ratio of GLOSS relaxes considerably the severe constraints on the amount of sediment recycling into the mantle based on earlier estimates from surface sediment compositions. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00150-2},
	author = {Plank, T. and Langmuir, C. H.}
}
@article {837,
	title = {CO2 fluxes from mid-ocean ridges, arcs and plumes},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {145},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Zv404Times Cited:212Cited References Count:109},
	month = {Apr 15},
	pages = {233-248},
	abstract = {Estimates of CO2 emissions at spreading centres, convergent margins, and plumes have been reviewed and upgraded using observed CO2/He-3 ratios in magmatic volatiles, He-3 content estimates in the magmatic sources, and magma emplacement rates in the different tectonic settings. The effect of volatile fractionation during magma degassing, investigated using new rare gas and CO2 abundances determined simultaneously for a suite of Mid-Ocean Ridge (MOR) basalt glasses, is not the major factor controlling the spread of data, which mainly result from volatile heterogeneity in the mantle source. The computed C flux at ridges (2.2 +/- 0.9) x 10(12) mol/a, is essentially similar to previous estimates based on a mon restricted data base. Variation of the C flux in the past can be simply scaled to that of spreading rate since the computed C depends mainly on the volatile content of the mantle source, which can be considered constant during the last 10(8) a. The flux of CO2 from arcs may be approximated using the CO2/He-3 ratios of volcanic gases at arcs and the magma emplacement rate, assuming that the He-3 content of the mantle end-member is that of the MORE source. The resulting flux is similar to 2.5 x 10(12) mol/a, with approx. 80\% of carbon being derived from the subducting plate. The flux of CO2 from plumes, based on time-averaged magma production rates and on estimated contributions of geochemical sources to plume magmatism, is less than or equal to 3 x 10(12) mol/a. Significant enhancements of the CO2 flux from plumes might have occurred in the past during giant magma emplacements, depending on the duration of these events, although the time-integrated effect does not appear important. The global magmatic flux of CO2 into the atmosphere and the hydrosphere is found to be 6 x 10(12) mol/a, with a range of (4-10) x 10(12) mol/a. Improvement on the precision of this estimate is linked to a better understanding of the volatile inventory at arcs on one hand, and on the dynamics of plumes and their mantle source contribution on the other hand. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00145-9},
	author = {Marty, B. and Tolstikhin, I. N.}
}
@conference {1595,
	title = {The concentration and isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon in ground water and submarine ground water discharge: Preliminary results from Onslow Bay, NC and North Inlet, SC},
	booktitle = {Conference on Southeast Coastal Ocean Research},
	series = {Program and Abstracts, Coastal Ocean Boundaries and Interactions and Assessments (COBIA)},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 1313},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {29},
	address = {Savannah, GA},
	author = {McCorkle, D. C. and Gramling, C.}
}
@conference {1600,
	title = {Controls of chemical and isotopic composition of Lake water, Peten, Guatemala and implications for Holocene climatic variability in Central America. Abstracts with Programs},
	booktitle = {Geological Society of America Annual Meeting},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 140},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {309},
	author = {Martin, J. B. and Rosenmeier, M. F. and Hodell, D. A. and Brenner, M. and Curtis, J. H.}
}
@inbook {1461,
	title = {A Correction for Aberrations in the Woods Hole Recombinator},
	booktitle = {Symposium of North-Eastern Accelerator Personnel, SNEAP 1996},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 1823},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {123-128},
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	organization = {World Scientific},
	address = {Woods Hole, MA},
	author = {Schneider, R. J. and von Reden, K. F.},
	editor = {von Reden, Karl F.}
}
@article {2256,
	title = {A Correction for Aberrations in the Woods Hole Recombinator. Symposium of North-Eastern Accelerator Personnel},
	journal = {World Scientific},
	volume = {SNEAP 1996},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 1793},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {123-128},
	author = {Schneider, R. J. and von Reden, K. F.}
}
@article {2257,
	title = {A Correction for Aberrations in the Woods Hole Recombinator. Symposium of North-Eastern Accelerator Personnel},
	journal = {World Scientific},
	volume = {SNEAP 1996},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 1664},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {123-128},
	author = {Schneider, Robert J. and McNichol, Ann P. and von Reden, Karl F. and Elder, Kathryn L. and Gagnon, Allan R. and Key, Robert M. and Quay, Paul D.}
}
@article {873,
	title = {Cultural and climatic history of Coba, a lowland Maya city in Quintana Roo, Mexico},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Yz880Times Cited:59Cited References Count:46},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {111-122},
	abstract = {Lake Coba, within the archaeological site of Coba, provides evidence bearing on lowland Maya development, Palynological and geochemical data record multidecadal precipitation cycles from a 8.80-m, >8370-yr lake-sediment sequence terminating on bedrock. Late Classic sedimentation rates are rapid, but an anthropogenically derived colluvium layer is lacking, Initial vegetation was medium semi-deciduous and swamp forest. Forest clearance began 1650 B.C. (Early Preclassic) and maize first occurred at 850 B.C. (Middle Preclassic). Lakeside milpas existed until A.D. 720 (Late Classic) and then were moved from the city center as urbanization intensified and Lake Coba was diked as a reservoir. Coba was at most briefly vacated during the Classic Collapse and was abandoned after A.D. 1240, although some habitation persisted. The paleoecological record matches the archaeological history for Coba, but pervasive disturbance muted the climatic signal, as the Late Classic drought is barely evident. The question whether economic trees were maintained within the city is unresolved, Maize cultivation allowed the Maya to develop a complex society and support a large population, but dependence on maize was ultimately doomed by variable rainfall. Precipitation in extreme years was insufficient to support crops, while native vegetation was not directly affected by drought that devastated Maya agriculture, (C) 1998 University of Washington.},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1006/qres.1997.1941},
	author = {Leyden, B. W. and Brenner, M. and Dahlin, B. H.}
}
@article {2291,
	title = {Carbon isotopic fractionation associated with lipid biosynthesis by a cyanobacterium: relevance for interpretation of biomarker records},
	journal = {Geochim Cosmochim Acta},
	volume = {61},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Sakata, SHayes, J M
McTaggart, A R
Evans, R A
Leckrone, K J
Togasaki, R K
eng
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
1997/01/01 00:00
Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 1997;61(24):5379-89.
},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {5379-89},
	abstract = {For the cyanobacterium Synechocystis UTEX 2470, grown photoautotrophically to a logarithmic stage of growth, the total lipid extract is depleted in 13C by 4.8\% relative to average biomass. Depletions observed for acetogenic (straight-chain) lipids range from 7.6 (hexadecanoic acid) to 9.9\% (a C16 n-alkyl chain bound in a polar-lipid fraction), with a mass-weighted average of 9.1\%. Polyisoprenoid lipids fall into two isotopic groups, with phytol, diplopterol, and diploptene depleted by 6.4-6.9\% and bishomohopanol (produced from the extracts by the preparative degradation of bacteriohopanepolyol) depleted by 8.4\%. Analysis of the pattern of depletions indicates that two carbon positions in each C5 biomonomer leading to polyisoprenoid products are probably depleted in 13C relative to average biomass. The depletion of bacteriohopanepolyol relative to other polyisoprenoids can be ascribed to changes that occur over the life of each cell: (1) the 13C content of carbon flowing to lipid biosynthesis decreases as the cell size increases and (2) a greater proportion of the bacteriohopanepolyol which, unlike other polyisoprenoids, is present mainly in the cytoplasm rather than in membranes and is synthesized when cells are larger. Chlorophyll a is depleted relative to average biomass by O.7\%. Given the observed depletion of 13C in phytol, the heteroaromatic, chlorophyllide portion of chlorophyll must be enriched in 13C by 2.7\%. This enrichment is large relative to that in chlorophyllides produced by eukaryotes and may be related to a parallel enrichment of 13C in cyanobacterial glutamic acid. As in many previous investigations of cyanobacterial lipids, long-chain n-alkanes (C22-C29) are found in the extracts. They are, however, enriched in 13C relative to biomass and have isotopic compositions suggesting that they are contaminants of petrochemical origin. Available results indicate that cyanobacterial lipids will be depleted relative to dissolved CO2 that has served as a carbon source by 22-30\% and that a wider range of depletions will be characteristic of eukaryotic products. The absence of long-chain n-alkanes in cyanobacteria reduces the possibility that petroleum ever formed from pre-eukaryotic sedimentary debris.},
	keywords = {*Biomass, Acetic Acid/metabolism, Alkanes/*analysis/chemistry, Biomarkers/chemistry, carbon isotopes, Carbon/*chemistry, Chlorophyll/metabolism, Cyanobacteria/chemistry/*metabolism, Geologic Sediments/*chemistry, Lipids/*biosynthesis, NASA Discipline Exobiology, Non-NASA Center, Palmitic Acid/metabolism, Phytol/metabolism, Pigments, Biological/metabolism},
	isbn = {0016-7037 (Print)0016-7037 (Linking)
},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11540730},
	author = {Sakata, S. and Hayes, J. M. and McTaggart, A. R. and Evans, R. A. and Leckrone, K. J. and Togasaki, R. K.}
}
@article {1508,
	title = {Changes in the Pacific Ocean distribution of radiocarbon since GEOSECS, 1997},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1997},
	note = {id: 323},
	month = {1997},
	institution = {U. S. WOCE Office},
	address = {College Station, TX},
	author = {Key, R. M.}
}
@article {874,
	title = {Climate variation and the rise and fall of an Andean civilization},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {47},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Wu887Times Cited:148Cited References Count:53},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {235-248},
	abstract = {Paleolimnological and archaeological records that span 3500 years from Lake Titicaca and the surrounding Bolivian-Peruvian altiplano demonstrate that the emergence of agriculture (ca. 1500 B.C.) and the collapse of the Tiwanaku civilization (ca. A.D. 1100) coincided with periods of abrupt, profound climate change, The timing and magnitude of climate changes are inferred from stratigraphic evidence of lake-level variation recorded in C-14-dated lake-sediment cores. Paleolake levels provide estimates of drainage basin water balance. Archaeological evidence establishes spatial and temporal patterns of agricultural field use and abandonment. Prior to 1500 B.C., aridity in the altiplano precluded intensive agriculture. During a wetter period from 1500 B.C. to A.D. 1100, the Tiwanaku civilization and its immediate predecessors developed specialized agricultural methods that stimulated population growth and sustained large human settlements, A prolonged drier period (ca. A.D. 1100-1400) caused declining agricultural production, field abandonment, and cultural collapse. (C) 1997 University of Washington.},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1006/qres.1997.1882},
	author = {Binford, M. W. and Kolata, A. L. and Brenner, M. and Janusek, J. W. and Seddon, M. T. and Abbott, M. and Curtis, J. H.}
}
@article {1002,
	title = {Consistent Fractionation of 13C in Nature and in the Laboratory: Growth-rate Effects in Some Haptophyte Algae},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1997},
	note = {id: 1727},
	pages = {279-292},
	abstract = {The carbon isotopic fractionation accompanying formation of biomass by alkenone-producing algae in natural marine environments varies systematically with the concentration of dissolved phosphate. Specifically, if the fractionation is expressed by єP ≈ δe - δp, where δe and δp are the δ13C values for dissolved CO2 and for algal biomass (determined by isotopic analysis of C37 alkadienones), respectively, and if Ce is the concentration of dissolved CO2, μmol kg-1, then b = 38 + 160*[PO4], where [PO4] is the concentration of dissolved phosphate, μM, and b = (25 - єp)Ce. The correlation found between b and [PO4] is due to effects linking nutrient levels to growth rates and cellular carbon budgets for alkenone-containing algae, most likely by trace-metal limitations on algal growth. The relationship reported here is characteristic of 39 samples (r2 = 0.95) from the Santa Monica Basin (six different times during the annual cycle), the equatorial Pacific (boreal spring and fall cruises as well as during an iron-enrichment experiment), and the Peru upwelling zone. Points representative of samples from the Sargasso Sea ([PO4] <= 0.1 μM) fall above the b = f[PO4] line. Analysis of correlations expected between μ (growth rate), єp, and Ce shows that, for our entire data set, most variations in єp result from variations in μ rather than Ce. Accordingly, before concentrations of dissolved CO2 can be estimated from isotopic fractionations, some means of accounting for variations in growth rate must be found, perhaps by drawing on relationships between [PO4] and Cd/Ca ratios in shells of planktonic foraminifera.},
	doi = {10.1029/96GB03939},
	author = {Bidigare, Robert R. and Fluegge, Arnim and Freeman, Katherine H. and Hanson, Kristi L. and Hayes, John M. and Hollander, David and Jasper, John P. and King, Linda L. and Laws, Edward A. and Milder, Jeffrey and Millero, Frank J. and Pancost, Richard and Popp, Brian N. and Sternberg, Paul A. and Wakeham, Stuart G.}
}
@conference {2418,
	title = {A correction for aberrations in the WHOI Recombinator Injector},
	booktitle = {Symposium of North Eastern Accelerator Personnel},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997},
	publisher = {World Scientific Publishing Co.},
	organization = {World Scientific Publishing Co.},
	author = {von Reden, K. F.  and Schneider, R. J.}
}
@article {984,
	title = {Corrections for contamination background in AMS 14C measurements},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B},
	volume = {123},
	year = {1997},
	note = {id: 1493},
	pages = {208-213},
	abstract = {Measurements of ratios were made on samples of Oxalic Acid and 14C {\textquotedblleft}dead{\textquotedblright} materials spanning the mass range from 10 μg to \~{}1 mg. These measurements have allowed the determination of both the amount, and the 14C content, of the contaminant carbon introduced during sample processing in our laboratory. These data were used to correct measured ratios obtained from ANU Sucrose and {\textquotedblleft}\~{} one-half-life old{\textquotedblright} test samples for the influence of the contaminant. The test samples spanned the 10 μg to \~{}1 mg mass range and the corrections were made using three different formulae. The results obtained from these calculations allow the accuracy of these background correction formulae to be evaluated.},
	doi = {10.1016/S0168-583X(96)00676-3},
	author = {Brown, T. A. and Southon, J. R.}
}
@article {1503,
	title = {Cape May site report},
	volume = {150X and suppl.},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 55},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {59 pp},
	institution = {Proc. ODP, Init. Repts},
	address = {College Station, TX},
	author = {Miller, K. G. and Liu, C. and Browning, J. V. and Pekar, S. and Sugarman, P. and Van Fossen, M. C. and Mullikin, L. and Queen, D. and Feigenson, M. D. and Aubry, M. P. and Burckle, L. D. and Powars, D. and Heibel, T.}
}
@article {739,
	title = {Carbon isotopes and the rise of atmospheric oxygen},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {24},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Vm224Times Cited:257Cited References Count:44},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {867-870},
	abstract = {New data for the isotopic composition of carbon in carbonate sediments deposited between 2.6 and 1.6 Ga indicate that the value of delta(13)C in these sediments underwent a very large positive excursion between 2.22 and 2.06 Ga. A reassessment of the earlier delta(13)C data for carbonate sediments shows that this excursion was probably worldwide, and that it was preceded and followed by several hundred million years during which the delta(13)C of carbonate sediments differed little from that of modern carbonates. The large delta(13)C excursion between 2.22 and 2.06 Ga was probably related to an abnormally high rate of organic carbon deposition, which generated an abnormally high rate of O-2 production, We estimate that the total excess O-2 produced during the excursion was between 12 and 22 times the present atmospheric O-2 inventory. The delta(13)C data therefore suggest that the O-2 content of the atmosphere increased very significantly between 2.22 and 2.06 Ga. This inference is supported strongly by several other lines of evidence.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0867:Ciatro>2.3.Co;2},
	author = {Karhu, J. A. and Holland, H. D.}
}
@conference {1586,
	title = {Catastrophic discharge of fluvial sediment to the ocean; evidence of jokulhlaups events in the Alsek Sea Valley, Southeast Alaska (USA)},
	booktitle = {International symposium on Erosion and sediment yield; global and regional perspectives},
	volume = {236},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 28},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {367-379},
	publisher = {IAHS-AISH},
	organization = {IAHS-AISH},
	address = {Exeter, United Kingdom},
	author = {Milliman, J. D. and Snow, J. and Jaeger, J. and Nittrouer, C. A.},
	editor = {Webb, B. W.}
}
@article {853,
	title = {Character, paleoenvironment, rate of accumulation, and evidence for seismic triggering of Holocene turbidites, Canada Abyssal Plain, Arctic Ocean},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {133},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Uy014Times Cited:36Cited References Count:46},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {51-73},
	abstract = {Four box cores and one piston core show that Holocene sedimentation on the southern Canada Abyssal Plain for the last 8010 +/- 120 yr has consisted of a continuing rain of pelagic organic and ice-rafted elastic sediment with a net accumulation rate during the late Holocene of less than or equal to 10 mm/1000 yr, and episodically emplaced turbidites 1-5 m thick deposited at intervals of 830 to 3450 yr (average 2000 yr). The average net accumulation rate of the mixed sequence of turbidites and thin pelagite interbeds in the cores is about 1.2 m/1000 yr.Physiography suggests that the turbidites originated on the Mackenzie Delta or its clinoform, and delta(13)C values of -27 to -25 parts per thousand in the turbidites are compatible with a provenance on a delta. Extant displaced neritic and lower slope to basin plain calcareous benthic foraminifers coexist in the turbidite units. Their joint occurence indicates that the turbidites originated on the modern continental shelf and entrained sediment from the slope and rise enroute to their final resting place on the Canada Abyssal Plain. The presence of Middle Pleistocene diatoms in the turbidites suggests, in addition, that the turbidites may have originated in shallow submarine slides beneath the upper slope or outer shelf. Small but consistent differences in organic carbon content and delta(13)C values between the turbidite units suggest that they did not share an identical provenance, which is at least compatible with an origin in slope failures.The primary provenance of the ice-rafted component of the pelagic beds was the glaciated terrane of northwestern Canada; and the provenance of the turbidite units was Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentary deposits on the outer continental shelf and upper slope of the Mackenzie Delta. Largely local derivation of the sediment of the Canada Abyssal Plain indicates that sediment accumulation rates in the Arctic Ocean are valid only for regions with similar depositional sources and processes, and that these rates cannot be extrapolated regionally. The location of an elliptical zone of active seismicity over the inferred provenance of the turbidites suggests that they were triggered by large earthquakes.Distal turbidite sediment accumulation rates were more than two orders of magnitude greater than pelagic sediment accumulation rates on the Canada Abyssal Plain during the last 8000 years. This disparity reconciles the discrepancy between the high accumulation rates assumed by some for the Arctic Ocean because of the numerous major rivers and large ice sheets that discharge into this small mediterranean basin and the low pelagic sedimentation rates that have been reported from the Arctic Ocean.},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(96)00015-1},
	author = {Grantz, A. and Phillips, R. L. and Mullen, M. W. and Starratt, S. W. and Jones, G. A. and Naidu, A. S. and Finney, B. P.}
}
@inbook {1406,
	title = {Chemical Composition of Volcanic Gases},
	booktitle = {Monitoring and Mitigation of Volcano Hazards},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1590},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {221-256},
	publisher = {Springer Verlag},
	organization = {Springer Verlag},
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Giggenbach, W. F.},
	editor = {Scarpa, S.}
}
@article {1006,
	title = {Chemical weathering and controls on atmospheric O2 and CO2: Fundamental principles were enunciated by J. J. Ebelmen in 1845},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {60},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1533},
	pages = {1633-1637},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(96)00104-4},
	author = {Berner, Robert A. and Maasch, Kirk A.}
}
@article {862,
	title = {Climate connections between the hemisphere revealed by deep sea sediment core ice core correlations},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {142},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Uz230Times Cited:201Cited References Count:33},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {19-27},
	abstract = {Correlation of Southern Ocean deep sea sediment core records with ice core records of polar climate delineates with unprecedented detail the relationship between high latitude climate and the ocean{\textquoteright}s thermohaline circulation over the last 80,000 years. Our observations suggest that, while North Atlantic Deep Water variability manifests itself clearly in Southern Ocean nutrient proxy records over periods as short as 500 yr, this deep water variability did not promote a direct link between climate variability in the high latitudes of the two hemispheres on millennial timescales. In particular, the proxy records indicate that, on average, northern hemisphere climate fluctuations lagged those of the southern hemisphere by 1500 yr.},
	issn = {0012-821x},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821x(96)00083-0},
	author = {Charles, C. D. and LynchStieglitz, J. and Ninnemann, U. S. and Fairbanks, R. G.}
}
@article {840,
	title = {A comparison of methods for the measurement of dissolved organic carbon in natural waters},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Vj296Times Cited:50Cited References Count:49},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {85-96},
	abstract = {A small suite of natural samples spanning a wide range of DOC concentrations and salinities were analyzed by three high-temperature combustion (HTC) techniques and persulfate oxidation, One of the HTC techniques, sealed-tube combustion (STC), served as a referee method, Using this method, it was possible to obtain absolute DOC concentrations for the natural samples free of any analytical blank offset, Prior to the comparison of samples, an exchange of carbon-free water and calibration standards showed that all methods were equally well calibrated, Linear correlation analysis was used to differentiate whether the differences observed between methods was due to variable oxidation yields or to an artifact of the instrument blank, Agreement among the various methods was quite good, but yields for all methods decreased compared to the STC technique at concentrations of > 400 mu M C. Persulfate results were found to be very similar to HTC results. Finally, carbon-free distilled water prepared by UV/H2O2 oxidation or Milli-Q systems had near-zero DOC concentrations and was adequate for blank correction of all the various techniques yielding DOC concentrations in excellent agreement with the referee method.},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/0304-4203(96)00023-0},
	author = {Peltzer, E. T. and Fry, B. and Doering, P. H. and McKenna, J. H. and Norrman, B. and Zweifel, U. L.}
}
@article {2336,
	title = {Compound specific radiocarbon analysis as a tool to quantitatively apportion modern and fossil sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental matrices.},
	journal = {Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society},
	volume = {212},
	year = {1996},
	note = {1Va915
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0
},
	month = {Aug 25},
	pages = {65-Envr},
	isbn = {0065-7727},
	author = {Eglinton, T. I. and Pearson, A. and McNichol, A. P. and Currie, L. A. and Benner, B. A. and Wise, S. A.}
}
@article {786,
	title = {Concentrations of carbonyl compounds and the carbon isotopy of formaldehyde at a coastal site in Nova Scotia during the NARE summer intensive},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
	volume = {101},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Vz788Times Cited:38Cited References Count:42},
	month = {Dec 20},
	pages = {28961-28970},
	abstract = {The concentrations of gaseous atmospheric carbonyl compounds have been measured at a coastal site on the southern tip of Nova Scotia during August 1993 as part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration{\textquoteright}s North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) summer intensive. The DNPH-cartridge technique was used for sampling, with analysis by HPLC with UV absorbance detection. The carbon isotopic content of formaldehyde was measured using a novel collection technique on bisulfite-coated fillers followed by accelerator mass spectrometric determination of C-14 content and C-13/C-12 isotopic ratios. Results from this study indicate that quantifiable levels above about 100 parts per trillion by volume were found at the Chebogue Point, Nova Scotia, site for several carbonyls, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, propionaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone, and benzaldehyde, for most 6-hour sampling periods. Six-hour averaged formaldehyde levels of <0.5 to about 3.5 parts per billion were found during periods of local influence and during influence of continental air masses crossing eastern Canada and northeastern US. In contrast, background levels of formaldehyde of 200-400 pptv were found under conditions of predominantly marine back trajectories. Large fractions of contemporary carbon (of the order of 80\%) were found in collected formaldehyde samples for all transport regimes and formaldehyde concentrations, suggesting that biogenic sources of hydrocarbon precursors to formaldehyde predominated during the summer season.},
	issn = {2169-897x},
	doi = {10.1029/95jd03574},
	author = {Tanner, R. L. and Zielinska, B. and Uberna, E. and Harshfield, G. and McNichol, A. P.}
}
@article {2434,
	title = {Concentrations of carbonyl compounds and the carbon isotopy of formaldehyde at a coastal site in Nova Scotia during the NARE summer intensive},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: AtmospheresJ. Geophys. Res.},
	volume = {101},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {28961 - 28970},
	keywords = {0315 Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, 0345 Pollution: urban and regional, 0365 Troposphere: composition and chemistry, 0394 Instruments and techniques},
	isbn = {2156-2202},
	doi = {10.1029/95JD03574},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JD03574},
	author = {Tanner, Roger L. and Zielinska, Barbara and Uberna, Ewa and Harshfield, Gregory and McNichol, Ann P.}
}
@conference {940,
	title = {Correlated temperature and icerafting records, early deglacial warming, and meltwater signals in V29-191, eastern North Atlantic Ocean},
	booktitle = {American Quaternary Association Conference},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1260},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {93},
	publisher = {American Quaternary Association},
	organization = {American Quaternary Association},
	author = {Lagerklint, I. Marianne}
}
@article {752,
	title = {Climate-Change - the North Pacific through the Millennia},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {377},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Rz336Times Cited:6Cited References Count:14},
	month = {Oct 12},
	pages = {485-486},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/377485a0},
	author = {Keigwin, L. D.}
}
@article {788,
	title = {Climatically Linked Carbon-Isotope Variation during the Past 430,000 Years in Southern-Ocean Sediments},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Rd382Times Cited:54Cited References Count:43},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {171-177},
	abstract = {We use the isotopic composition of carbon from organic matter enclosed within diatom frustules as a proxy for paleoproductivity and paleo-dissolved carbon dioxide concentrations in ocean surface waters. A Southern Ocean record from south of the Antarctic Polar Front and spanning 430,000 years of carbon isotopic variation in diatomaceous organic matter is presented for the first time. The most refractory diatomaceous organic matter fraction was extracted and analyzed to avoid problems associated with diagenesis. The results clearly indicate cyclic changes in organic carbon isotopic ratios, with C-13 depleted values associated with all of the last five glacial periods, reflecting changes in surface water properties and primary productivity. Changes in dissolved carbon dioxide concentrations are the most probable cause of these cycles, but the possible effect of seawater pH changes cannot be excluded.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/94pa03319},
	author = {Singer, A. J. and Shemesh, A.}
}
@article {868,
	title = {Coastal Massachusetts Pond Development - Edaphic, Climatic, and Sea-Level Impacts since Deglaciation},
	journal = {Journal of Paleolimnology},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Td951Times Cited:1Cited References Count:62},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {311-336},
	abstract = {Kettle ponds in the Cape Cod National Seashore in southeastern Massachusetts differ in their evolution due to depth of the original ice block, the clay content of outwash in their drainage basins, and their siting in relation to geomorphic changes caused by sea-level rise, barrier beach formation, and saltmarsh development. Stratigraphic records of microfossil, carbon isotope, and sediment changes also document late-glacial and Holocene climatic changes.The ponds are separated into 3 groups, each of which follow different development scenarios. Group I ponds date from the late-glacial. They formed in clay-rich outwash, have perched aquifers and continuous lake sediment deposition. The earliest pollen and macrofossil assemblages in Group I pond sediments suggest tundra and spruce-willow parklands before 12 000 yr B.P., boreal forest between 12 000 and 10 500 yr B.P., bog/heath initiation and expansion during the Younger Dryas between 11 000 and 10 000 yr B.P., northern conifer forest between 10 500 and 9500 yr B.P., and establishment of the Cape oak and pitch pine barrens vegetation after 9500 yr B.P. Sedimentation rate changes suggest lowered freshwater levels between 9000 and 5000 yr B.P. caused by decreased precipitation on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Lake sediment deposition began in the middle Holocene in Group II ponds which formed in clay-poor outwash. These ponds date from about 6000-5000 yr B.P. In these ponds sediment deposition began as sea level rose and the freshwater lens intersected the dry basins. The basal radiocarbon dates of these ponds and stable carbon isotope analyses of the pond sediments suggest a sea-level curve for Cape Cod Bay. Holocene topographic changes in upland and the landscape surrounding the ponds is reconstructed for this coastal area.Group III ponds in the late Holocene landscape of the Provincelands dunes originated as interdunal bogs about 1000 yr B.P. and became ponds more recently as water-levels increased. Feat formation in the Provincelands reflects climatic changes evident on both sides of the Atlantic region.},
	issn = {0921-2728},
	doi = {10.1007/Bf00682431},
	author = {Winkler, M. G. and Sanford, P. R.}
}
@article {2352,
	title = {Continental climate response to orbital forcing from biogenic silica records in Lake Baikal, Siberia},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {378},
	year = {1995},
	note = {id: 1357},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {769-771},
	author = {Colman, S. M. and Peck, J. A. and B, Karabanov E. and Carter, S. J. and Bradbury, J. P. and King, J. W. and Williams, D. F.}
}
@article {1366,
	title = {Carbon and Radiocarbon in the Northeast Pacific: Implications for Abyssal Ventilation and Biogenic Input},
	year = {1994},
	note = {id: 911},
	month = {1994},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Rooth, C. G. A. and Feely, R.}
}
@article {2380,
	title = {Chronology, sedimentology, and faunal assemblages of glaciomarine sediments in Maine},
	journal = {Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1994},
	note = {id: 17},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {12},
	author = {Dorion, C. C.}
}
@article {845,
	title = {Comparative-Study of Fe-C Bead and Graphite Target Performance with the National-Ocean-Science-Ams (Nosams) Facility Recombinator Ion-Source},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments \& Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {92},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Nv547Times Cited:23Cited References Count:13},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {166-171},
	abstract = {An accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) experiment was designed to investigate C-14 target performance for two target types over a range of isotopic concentrations and sample sizes, with a special focus on the ability to measure C-14 in environmental samples having only microgram amounts of carbon. The findings were positive, showing that precision, accuracy, and stability were adequate to determine C-14 to 1\% or better in samples containing as little as 25 mug carbon. Satisfactory Poisson uncertainty and target stability were demonstrated down to a level of 7 mug carbon, but experimental data showed that accurate measurements at that level require detailed knowledge of blank variability and mass dependence of the modern carbon calibration factor.},
	issn = {0168-583x},
	doi = {10.1016/0168-583x(94)95999-4},
	author = {Klinedinst, D. B. and McNichol, A. P. and Currie, L. A. and Schneider, R. J. and Klouda, G. A. and vonReden, K. F. and Verkouteren, R. M. and Jones, G. A.}
}
@article {2366,
	title = {Constraints Imposed by Sample Preparation and Machine Operations},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {75},
	year = {1994},
	note = {id: 937},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {197},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and von Reden, K. F. and Schneider, R. J. and Jones, G. A.}
}
@article {2388,
	title = {Contamination in Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay},
	journal = {United States Geological Survey Yearbook},
	year = {1994},
	note = {id: 1231},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {17-19},
	author = {Bothner, M. H. and Butman, B. and Signell, R. P.}
}
@article {2384,
	title = {Control and automation of the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
	journal = {Symposium of Northeastern Accelerator Personnel},
	year = {1994},
	note = {id: 1649},
	month = {1994},
	author = {Cohen, G. C. and von Reden, K. F.}
}
@conference {1591,
	title = {Comparative study of Fe-C Bead vs. graphite target performance with the NOSAMS Facility recombinator ion source},
	booktitle = {6th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry},
	year = {1993},
	note = {id: 931},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {71},
	address = {Canberra, Australia},
	author = {Kleindinst, D. B. and McNichol, A. P. and Currie, L. A. and Jones, G. A. and Verkouteren, R. M. and von Reden, K. F. and Klouda, G. A. and Schneider, R. J.}
}
@article {1363,
	title = {Climatic History and Darwinian Causes of High Amazonian Diversity},
	year = {1992},
	note = {id: 904},
	month = {1992},
	author = {Colinvaux, P.}
}
@inbook {1440,
	title = {Carbon cycling in coastal sediments: 2. An investigation of the sources of CO2 to pore water using carbon isotopes},
	booktitle = {Organic Substances and Sediments in Water, Processes and Analytical},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1991},
	note = {id: 1743},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {249-272},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	address = {Boca Raton, FL},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Druffel, E. R. M. and Lee, C.},
	editor = {Baker, R. A.}
}
@article {2406,
	title = {Carbon cycling in coastal sediments: 2. Estimating remineralization in Buzzards Bay, MA--A comment},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1991},
	note = {id: 1786},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {2989-2991},
	author = {Rowe, G. T. and McNichol, A. P.}
}
@article {906,
	title = {Carbon isotope anomalies in carbonates of the Karelian Complex},
	journal = {Geochemistry International},
	volume = {28},
	year = {1991},
	note = {id: 1607},
	pages = {56-62},
	author = {Yudovich, Y. E. and Makarikhin, V. V. and Medvedev, P. V. and Sukhanov, N. V.}
}
@article {944,
	title = {The compressibility of silicate liquids containing Fe2O3 and the effect of composition, temperature, oxygen fugacity and pressure on their redox states},
	journal = {Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology},
	volume = {108},
	year = {1991},
	note = {id: 1582},
	pages = {82-92},
	doi = { 10.1007/BF00307328},
	author = {Kress, V. C. and Carmichael, I. S. E.}
}
