@article {linscott_geology_2023,
	title = {Geology constrains biomineralization expression and functional trait distribution in the Mountainsnails},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	volume = {50},
	number = {12},
	year = {2023},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jbi.14723},
	month = {12/2023},
	pages = {2122{\textendash}2134},
	abstract = {Aim Geographic variation in metabolic resources necessary for functional trait expression can set limits on species distributions. For species that need to produce and maintain biomineralized traits for survival, spatial variation in mineral macronutrients may constrain species distributions by limiting the expression of biomineralized traits. Here, we examine whether Oreohelix land snails that express heavily biomineralized shell ornaments are restricted to CaCO3 rock regions, if they incorporate greater amounts of CaCO3 rock carbon in their shell than less biomineralized smooth forms, and if ornamentation increases shell strength. Location Western United States. Taxon Oreohelix land snails. Methods We used random forest classification models at multiple spatial resolutions to evaluate the contribution of topographic, vegetation, climate, and geologic variables in predicting the presence of heavily biomineralized shell ornaments across the range of Oreohelix. We then measured and compared shell biometric variables, 14C/12C ratios, and peak force for fracture for ornamented and smooth forms from calcareous and non-calcareous substrates. Results Distance to CaCO3 rock was the most important variable in all models and closer proximity to CaCO3 rock was associated with greater probability of local ornamentation classification. Pairwise comparisons of 14C/12C ratios in closely occurring ornamented vs. smooth population pairs revealed ornamented forms incorporate greater CaCO3 rock carbon than smooth forms. Ornamented types measured in this study were generally heavier and required greater peak force for fracture than smooth forms, except when comparing ornamented forms to smooth forms sampled from CaCO3 rock. Main Conclusions Biomineralization expression, species distribution, and trait function appear to be constrained by mineral supply in a highly diverse group of land snails. This trait-environment relationship provides a basis for future investigations of CaCO3 macronutrient constraints on shell form and species distribution in other terrestrial molluscs and has a direct impact on the management of Oreohelix species.},
	keywords = {calcareous rock, ecophysiological constraint, functional biogeography, land snail, ornamentation, random forest, resource availability},
	issn = {1365-2699},
	doi = {10.1111/jbi.14723},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jbi.14723},
	author = {Linscott, T. Mason and Recla, Nicole K. and Parent, Christine E.}
}
@article {2966,
	title = {Geochemistry and Provenance of Springs in a Baja California Sur Mountain Catchment},
	journal = {Groundwater},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2022},
	month = {Jan-03-2022},
	pages = {295 - 308},
	abstract = {Fractured rock aquifers cover much of Earth{\textquoteright}s surface and are important mountain sites for groundwater recharge but are poorly understood. To investigate groundwater systematics of a fractured-dominated aquifer in Baja California Sur, Mexico, we examined the spatial patterns of aquifer recharge and connectivity using the geochemistry of springs. We evaluate a range of geochemical data within the context of two endmember hypotheses describing spatial recharge patterns and fracture connectivity. Hypothesis 1 is that the aquifer system is segmented, and springs are fed by local recharge. Hypothesis 2 is that the aquifer system is well connected, with dominant recharge occurring in the higher elevations. The study site is a small <15 km2 catchment. Thirty-four distinct springs and two wells were identified in the study area, and 24 of these sites were sampled for geochemical analyses along an elevation gradient and canyon transect. These analyses included major ion composition, trace element and strontium isotopes, δ18 O and δ2 H isotopes, radiocarbon, and tritium. δ18 O and δ2 H isotopes suggest that the precipitation feeding the groundwater system has at least two distinct sources. Carbon isotopes showed a change along the canyon transect, suggesting that shorter flowpaths feed springs in the top of the transect, and longer flowpaths discharge near the bottom. Geochemical interpretations support a combination of the two proposed hypotheses. Understanding of the connectivity and provenance of these springs is significant as they are the primary source of water for the communities that inhabit this region and may be impacted by changes in recharge and use.},
	issn = {0017-467X},
	doi = {10.1111/gwat.v60.210.1111/gwat.13177},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/17456584/60/2},
	author = {Lerback, Jory C. and Bowen, Brenda B. and Humphrey, C. E. and Fernandez, Diego. P. and Bernau, Jeremiah A. and Macfarlan, Shane J. and Schniter, Eric and Garcia, J. J.}
}
@article {2975,
	title = {The giant 1960 tsunami in the context of a 6000-year record of paleotsunamis and coastal evolution in south-central Chile},
	journal = {Earth Surface Processes and Landforms},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2022},
	month = {06/2022},
	pages = {2062 - 2078},
	abstract = {The tsunami associated with the giant 9.5 Mw 1960 Chile earthquake deposited an extensive sand layer above organic-rich soils near Queule (39.3{\textdegree}S, 73.2{\textdegree}W), south-central Chile. Using the 1960 tsunami deposits, together with eye-witness observations and numerical simulations of tsunami inundation, we tested the tsunami inundation sensitivity of the site to different earthquake slip distributions. Stratigraphically below the 1960 deposit are two additional widespread sand layers interpreted as tsunami deposits with maximum ages of 4960{\textendash}4520 and 5930{\textendash}5740 cal BP. This >4500-year gap of tsunami deposits preserved in the stratigraphic record is inconsistent with written and geological records of large tsunamis in south-central Chile in 1575, 1837, and possibly 1737. We explain this discrepancy by: (1) poor preservation of tsunami deposits due to reduced accommodation space from relative sea-level fall during the late Holocene; (2) recently evolved coastal geomorphology that increased sediment availability for tsunami deposit formation in 1960; and/or (3) the possibility that the 1960 tsunami was significantly larger at this particular location than other tsunamis in the past >4500 years. Our research illustrates the complexities of reconstructing a complete stratigraphic record of past tsunamis from a single site for tsunami hazard assessment. The coastal geomorphology near Queule, Chile preserves evidence of the giant Mw 9.51960 Chile earthquake and two buried paleotsunami deposits within the last 6000 years. Using the 1960 tsunami deposits, eye-witness observations, and numerical simulations of tsunami inundation, we tested the sensitivity of the site to different earthquake slip distributions. We consider the role of coastal geomorphic evolution, sea-level history, and tsunami magnitude in the preservation of paleotsunami depositional records.},
	doi = {10.1002/esp.5363},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/esp.5363},
	author = {Matos-Llavona, Pedro I. and Ely, Lisa L. and MacInnes, Breanyn and Dura, Tina and Cisternas, Marco A. and Bourgeois, Joanne and Bruce, David and DePaolis, Jessica and Dolcimascolo, Alexander and Horton, Benjamin P. and Melnick, Daniel and Nelson, Alan R. and Szeliga, Walter and Wesson, Robert L.}
}
@article {2954,
	title = {Glacial isostatic adjustment near the center of the former Patagonian Ice Sheet (48{\textdegree}S) during the last 16.5 kyr},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {277},
	year = {2022},
	month = {Jan-02-2022},
	pages = {107346},
	abstract = {Our understanding of glacial isostatic rebound across Patagonia is highly limited, despite its importance to constrain past ice volume estimates and better comprehend relative sea-level variations. With this in mind, our research objective is to reconstruct the magnitude and rate of Late Glacial and Holocene glacial isostatic adjustment near the center of the former Patagonian Ice Sheet. We focus on Larenas Bay (48{\textdegree}S; 1.26 km2), which is connected to Baker Channel through a shallow (7.4 m) and narrow (ca. 150 m across) inlet, and hence has the potential to record periods of basin isolation and marine ingression. The paleoenvironmental evolution of the bay was investigated through a sedimentological analysis of a 9.2 m long radiocarbon-dated sediment core covering the last 16.8 kyr. Salinity indicators, including diatom paleoecology, alkenone concentrations and CaCO3 content, were used to reconstruct the bay{\textquoteright}s connectivity to the fjord. Results indicate that Larenas Bay was a marine environment before 16.5 cal kyr BP and after 9.1 cal kyr BP, but that it was disconnected from Baker Channel in-between. We infer that the postglacial rebound started before 16.5 cal kyr BP and that it outpaced global sea-level rise until slightly before 9.1 cal kyr BP. During the Late Glacial and early Holocene, the center of the former Patagonian Ice Sheet experienced an absolute uplift of ca. 96 m, at an average rate of 1.3 cm/yr. During the remainder of the Holocene, glacial isostatic adjustment continued (ca. 20 m), but at a slower average pace of 0.2 cm/yr. Comparisons between multi-millennial variations in the salinity indicators and existing records of global sea-level rise suggest that the glacial isostatic adjustment rate also fluctuated within these time intervals, likely in response to glacier dynamics. More specifically, most of the glacial isostatic adjustment registered between 16.5 {\textendash} 9.1 cal kyr BP seems to have occurred before meltwater pulse 1A (14.5 {\textendash} 14.0 kyr BP). Likewise, it appears that the highest glacial isostatic rebound rates of the last 9.1 kyr occurred during the late Holocene, most likely in response to glacier recession from their Neoglacial maxima. This implies a relatively rapid response of the local solid earth to ice unloading, which agrees with independent modelling studies investigating contemporary uplift. We conclude that the center of the former Patagonian Ice Sheet experienced a glacial isostatic adjustment of ca. 116 m over the last 16.5 kyr, and that >80\% occurred during the Late Glacial and early Holocene.},
	issn = {02773791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107346},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379121005539},
	author = {Troch, Matthias and Bertrand, S{\'e}bastien and Lange, Carina B. and C{\'a}rdenas, Paola and Arz, Helge and Pantoja-Guti{\'e}rrez, Silvio and De Pol-Holz, Ricardo and Kilian, Rolf}
}
@article {2999,
	title = {Geomorphic expression and slip rate of the Fairweather fault, southeast Alaska, and evidence for predecessors of the 1958 rupture},
	journal = {Geosphere},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2021},
	month = {05/2021},
	pages = {711 - 738},
	abstract = {Active traces of the southern Fairweather fault were revealed by light detection and ranging (lidar) and show evidence for transpressional deformation between North America and the Yakutat block in southeast Alaska. We map the Holocene geomorphic expression of tectonic deformation along the southern 30 km of the Fairweather fault, which ruptured in the 1958 moment magnitude 7.8 earthquake. Digital maps of surficial geology, geomorphology, and active faults illustrate both strike-slip and dip-slip deformation styles within a 10{\textdegree}{\textendash}30{\textdegree} double restraining bend where the southern Fairweather fault steps offshore to the Queen Charlotte fault. We measure offset landforms along the fault and calibrate legacy 14C data to reassess the rate of Holocene strike-slip motion (>=49 mm/yr), which corroborates published estimates that place most of the plate boundary motion on the Fairweather fault. Our slip-rate estimates allow a component of oblique-reverse motion to be accommodated by contractional structures west of the Fairweather fault consistent with geodetic block models. Stratigraphic and structural relations in hand-dug excavations across two active fault strands provide an incomplete paleoseismic record including evidence for up to six surface ruptures in the past 5600 years, and at least two to four events in the past 810 years. The incomplete record suggests an earthquake recurrence interval of >=270 years{\textemdash}much longer than intervals \&lt;100 years implied by published slip rates and expected earthquake displacements. Our paleoseismic observations and map of active traces of the southern Fairweather fault illustrate the complexity of transpressional deformation and seismic potential along one of Earth{\textquoteright}s fastest strike-slip plate boundaries.},
	isbn = {1553-040X},
	doi = {10.1130/GES02299.1},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02299.1},
	author = {Witter, Robert C. and Bender, Adrian M. and Scharer, Katherine M. and DuRoss, Christopher B. and Haeussler, Peter J. and Lease, Richard O.}
}
@article {2732,
	title = {Groundwater as a major source of dissolved organic matter to Arctic coastal waters},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jan-12-2020},
	abstract = {Groundwater is projected to become an increasing source of freshwater and nutrients to the Arctic Ocean as permafrost thaws, yet few studies have quantified groundwater inputs to Arctic coastal waters under contemporary conditions. New measurements along the Alaska Beaufort Sea coast show that dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen (DOC and DON) concentrations in supra-permafrost groundwater (SPGW) near the land-sea interface are up to two orders of magnitude higher than in rivers. This dissolved organic matter (DOM) is sourced from readily leachable organic matter in surface soils and deeper centuries-to millennia-old soils that extend into thawing permafrost. SPGW delivers approximately 400{\textendash}2100 m3 of freshwater, 14{\textendash}71 kg of DOC, and 1{\textendash}4 kg of DON to the coastal ocean per km of shoreline per day during late summer. These substantial fluxes are expected to increase as massive stocks of frozen organic matter in permafrost are liberated in a warming Arctic.},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-15250-8},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15250-8http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15250-8.pdfhttp://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15250-8.pdfhttp://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15250-8},
	author = {Connolly, Craig T. and Cardenas, M. Bayani and Burkart, Greta A. and Spencer, Robert G. M. and McClelland, James W.}
}
@article {2793,
	title = {Glacial geology and cosmogenic-nuclide exposure ages from the Tucker Glacier - Whitehall Glacier confluence, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica},
	journal = {American Journal of Science},
	volume = {319},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Oct-04-2019},
	pages = {255 - 286},
	abstract = {We describe glacial-geological observations and cosmogenic-nuclide exposure ages from the vicinity of the present grounding line of Tucker Glacier, a large alpine glacier flowing from the mountains of northern Victoria Land, East Antarctica, into the outer Ross Sea. These data are relevant for constraining the extent of ice sheet expansion and retreat in the Ross Sea, and associated eustatic sea level impact, between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the present. In addition, a terrestrial geological record of ice thickness change from this region could provide evidence for or against the hypothesis that rapid eustatic sea-level rise during meltwater pulse 1A ({\textquotedblleft}MWP-1A{\textquotedblright}) at 14.6 ka was in part the result of rapid, large-scale thinning or breakup of a marine-based portion of the LGM ice sheet in the outer Ross Sea. Glacial-geological observations, exposure ages on glacial deposits, and a novel application of in-situ-produced cosmogenic 14C in quartz-bearing bedrock to identify the limits of LGM ice cover in the absence of direct geomorphic evidence, show that Tucker Glacier near its present grounding line was 300 to 350 m thicker than present during the LGM and thinned steadily between 17 to 5 ka. The largest possible rapid thickness change in the time period 14 to 15 ka that could be accommodated by the exposure-age data is \~{}50 m, which is a small fraction of that predicted for the western Ross Sea by model simulations of the Antarctic contribution to MWP-1A. There do exist possible scenarios in which hypothesized marine ice sheet collapse in the outer Ross Sea during MWP-1A might not be recorded by ice thickness changes at Tucker Glacier. However, our record of ice thickness changes spanning this time period is the closest such record to the outer Ross Sea that is likely to exist, and it agrees with all exposure-age deglaciation chronologies from other regions of the Ross embayment in providing no evidence for such an event.},
	keywords = {Antarctica, cosmogenic-nuclide geochemistry, exposure-dating, glacial geology, Last glacial maximum, Ross Sea, Tucker Glacier, Victoria Land},
	issn = {0002-9599},
	doi = {10.2475/04.2019.01},
	url = {http://www.ajsonline.org/lookup/doi/10.2475/04.2019.01},
	author = {Balco, Greg and Todd, Claire and Goehring, Brent M. and Moening-Swanson, Isaac and Nichols, Keir}
}
@article {2825,
	title = {Glacial{\textendash}interglacial Nd isotope variability of North Atlantic Deep Water modulated by North American ice sheet},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-12-2019},
	abstract = {The Nd isotope composition of seawater has been used to reconstruct past changes in the contribution of different water masses to the deep ocean. In the absence of contrary information, the Nd isotope compositions of endmember water masses are usually assumed constant during the Quaternary. Here we show that the Nd isotope composition of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), a major component of the global overturning ocean circulation, was significantly more radiogenic than modern during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and shifted towards modern values during the deglaciation. We propose that weathering contributions of unradiogenic Nd modulated by the North American Ice Sheet dominated the evolution of the NADW Nd isotope endmember. If water mass mixing dominated the distribution of deep glacial Atlantic Nd isotopes, our results would imply a larger fraction of NADW in the deep Atlantic during the LGM and deglaciation than reconstructed with a constant northern endmember.},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-13707-z},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13707-z},
	author = {Zhao, Ning and Oppo, Delia W. and Huang, Kuo-Fang and Howe, Jacob N. W. and Blusztajn, Jerzy and Keigwin, Lloyd D.}
}
@article {2682,
	title = {Growth and longevity of Hawaiian grouper (Hyporthodus quernus) {\textemdash} input for management and conservation of a large, slow-growing grouper},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-10-2019},
	pages = {1874 - 1884},
	abstract = {Hawaiian grouper (Hyporthodus quernus) is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and is regionally important, yet little is known about its life history. This large species is managed within the Deep 7 bottom fish complex, which includes six snapper species that are assumed to have similar life history traits. Previous age estimates were not validated and suggested a maximum age of 34 years. To evaluate the preliminary study and provide a valid basis for life history parameters, we aged otoliths using bomb radiocarbon (14C) dating. Measured 14C values provided ages for smallest to largest fish that differed from the original study. The fundamental information provided here when evaluating Hawaiian grouper conservation status is longevity (valid to 50 years and estimated to 76 years) {\textemdash} no male sampled was <80 cm total length (TL) and younger than 34 years {\textemdash} and age-at-sexual maturity and age-at-sex change, which were indirectly estimated and compared with prior published estimates for this and other groupers. Updated life history parameters (k = 0.078, L$\infty$ = 95.8 cm TL) should be used to improve future management and conservation assessments.},
	issn = {0706-652X},
	doi = {10.1139/cjfas-2018-0170},
	url = {https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/full/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0170},
	author = {Andrews, Allen H. and DeMartini, Edward E. and Brodziak, Jon and Nichols, Ryan S. and Humphreys, Robert L.}
}
@article {2477,
	title = {Greenhouse gas balance over thaw-freeze cycles in discontinuous zone permafrost},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
	volume = {122},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-02-2017},
	pages = {387 - 404},
	abstract = {Peat in the discontinuous permafrost zone contains a globally significant reservoir of carbon that has undergone multiple permafrost-thaw cycles since the end of the mid-Holocene (~3700 years before present). Periods of thaw increase C decomposition rates which leads to the release of CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere creating potential climate feedback. To determine the magnitude and direction of such feedback, we measured CO2 and CH4 emissions and modeled C accumulation rates and radiative fluxes from measurements of two radioactive tracers with differing lifetimes to describe the C balance of the peatland over multiple permafrost-thaw cycles since the initiation of permafrost at the site. At thaw features, the balance between increased primary production and higher CH4 emission stimulated by warmer temperatures and wetter conditions favors C sequestration and enhanced peat accumulation. Flux measurements suggest that frozen plateaus may intermittently (order of years to decades) act as CO2 sources depending on temperature and net ecosystem respiration rates, but modeling results suggest that{\textemdash}despite brief periods of net C loss to the atmosphere at the initiation of thaw{\textemdash}integrated over millennia, these sites have acted as net C sinks via peat accumulation. In greenhouse gas terms, the transition from frozen permafrost to thawed wetland is accompanied by increasing CO2 uptake that is partially offset by increasing CH4 emissions. In the short-term (decadal time scale) the net effect of this transition is likely enhanced warming via increased radiative C emissions, while in the long-term (centuries) net C deposition provides a negative feedback to climate warming.},
	doi = {10.1002/jgrg.v122.210.1002/2016JG003600},
	url = {onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/2016JG003600/fullpdf},
	author = {Wilson, R. M. and Fitzhugh, L. and Whiting, G. J. and Frolking, S. and Harrison, M. D. and Dimova, N. and Burnett, W. C. and Chanton, J. P.}
}
@article {2580,
	title = {Grounding line proximal sediment characteristics at a marine-based, late-stage ice stream margin},
	journal = {Journal of Quaternary Science},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-05-2017},
	pages = {463 - 474},
	abstract = {Geomorphological evidence suggests that ice streams undergo frequent dynamic changes towards the end of their life cycles, but the associated sedimentary characteristics and processes remain poorly understood. Here, we present new sedimentological data from a Late Weichselian marine-based ice stream in upper Bj{\o}rn{\o}yrenna, northern Barents Sea, which experienced accelerated flow, intense calving of large icebergs, ice stream stagnation, ice shelf formation and disintegration. Observed till characteristics support the idea of spatially and temporally variable basal drag underneath ice streams. In addition, fast flow may have been accommodated in dilatant deforming till as well as through basal sliding over sticky spots of stiffer till. The grounding zone is shown to be highly transient and spatially variable during the final ice stream readvances, thus making the categories subglacial/proglacial of little value. In line with previous radiocarbon dates, we find that uppermost Bj{\o}rn{\o}yrenna was deglaciated before \~{}11.3{\textendash}12.0k cal a BP. Finally, the provenances for the latest ice stream advance and an older ice flow event are inferred based on a novel way of using element geochemistry, helping define ice dome configuration in the northern Barents Sea.},
	doi = {10.1002/jqs.v32.410.1002/jqs.2939},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jqs.2939},
	author = {R?ther, Denise Christina and Winsborrow, Monica and Andreassen, Karin and Forwick, Matthias}
}
@article {2450,
	title = {The Growth Stop Phenomenon Of Baobabs (Adansonia Spp.) Identified By Radiocarbon DatingAbstract},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {59504754164661},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-04-2017},
	pages = {435 - 448},
	abstract = {The article reports the growth stop phenomenon, which was documented only for baobabs, i.e. for trees belonging to the Adansonia genus. The identification of growth stop was enabled by radiocarbon dating, which allows a complex investigation of samples collected from the trunk/stems of baobabs. In several cases, the outermost rings of baobabs, which were close to the bark, were found to be old, with ages of several hundreds of years, instead of being very young. Dating results of samples collected from six baobabs are presented. For multistemmed baobabs, the growth stop may occur only for one or several stems. We identified four factors that may induce the growth stop: (i) stress determined by severe climate conditions, (ii) old age, (iii) the need to keep a stable internal architecture, and (iv) the collapse of stems that survive this trauma. Baobabs and their stems affected by growth stop may survive for several centuries, by continuing to produce leaves, flowers, and fruits. This phenomenon was associated with the capacity of baobabs to store large amounts of water in their trunks/stems in the rainy season. This reservoir of water is used during the dry season and allows the trees to survive prolonged drought periods.},
	keywords = {Age determination, AMS, growth stop, Radiocarbon dating, tropical trees},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	doi = {10.1017/RDC.2016.92},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033822216000928/type/journal_articlehttps://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0033822216000928},
	author = {Patrut, Adrian and Woodborne, Stephan and von Reden, Karl F and Hall, Grant and Patrut, Roxana T and Rakosy, Laszlo and Danthu, Pascal and Pock-Tsy, Jean-Michel Leong and Lowy, Daniel A and Margineanu, Dragos}
}
@article {LeCount2016453,
	title = {Geochemical characterization of inorganic residues on plaster floors from a Maya palace complex at Actuncan, Belize},
	journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {453 - 464},
	abstract = {Abstract This report describes the results of a geochemical analysis using a mild acid extraction and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy of 198 samples from plaster surfaces at the palace complex at Actuncan, a prehispanic Maya city located in a karst landscape of western Belize. Archeologists working in the Maya region of Central America often refer to many different kinds of building complexes as {\textquotedblleft}palaces{\textquotedblright} without a clear understanding of how they functioned. Often, the rooms inside these structures are devoid of features and artifacts, making it difficult to infer how they were used. Geochemical characterization of inorganic residues on plaster floors as a means of prospecting for activity areas is therefore critical for studying the function and meaning of ancient Maya palaces. At Actuncan, due to the high degree of preservation of many of the floors, overlying plaster surfaces were able to be sampled, thus informing not only how the buildings were used, but how their uses changed over time. Multivariate quantitative modeling and spatial interpolation of the chemical data demonstrate that a variety of domestic, ritual, and possibly administrative activities took place in the palace complex, a finding that challenges previous assessments of palaces as primarily royal residential compounds.},
	keywords = {Belize},
	issn = {2352-409X},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.12.022},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X15302261},
	author = {Lisa J. LeCount and E. Christian Wells and Thomas R. Jamison and David W. Mixter}
}
@article {12,
	title = {Geochemical Conditions and the Occurrence of Selected Trace Elements in Groundwater Basins Used for Public Drinking-Water Supply, Desert and Basin and Range Hydrogeologic Provinces, 2006{\textendash}11: California GAMA Priority Basin Project},
	volume = {2014{\textendash}5173},
	year = {2015},
	institution = {U.S. Department of the Interior: U.S. Geological Survey},
	issn = {9781411338692},
	doi = {10.3133/sir201451},
	author = {Wright, M. T. and Fram, M. S. and Belitz, K.}
}
@article {2569,
	title = {Glacial-interglacial changes in central tropical Pacific surface seawater property gradients},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2015},
	month = {Jan-05-2015},
	pages = {423 - 438},
	abstract = {Much uncertainty exists about the state of the oceanic and atmospheric circulation in the tropical Pacific over the last glacial cycle. Studies have been hampered by the fact that sediment cores suitable for study were concentrated in the western and eastern parts of the tropical Pacific, with little information from the central tropical Pacific. Here we present information from a suite of sediment cores collected from the Line Islands Ridge in the central tropical Pacific, which show sedimentation rates and stratigraphies suitable for paleoceanographic investigations. Based on the radiocarbon and oxygen isotope measurements on the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber, we construct preliminary age models for selected cores and show that the gradient in the oxygen isotope ratio of G. ruber between the equator and 8{\textdegree}N is enhanced during glacial stages relative to interglacial stages. This stronger gradient could reflect enhanced equatorial cooling (perhaps reflecting a stronger Walker circulation) or an enhanced salinity gradient (perhaps reflecting increased rainfall in the central tropical Pacific).},
	doi = {10.1002/2014PA002746},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2014PA002746},
	author = {Lynch-Stieglitz, Jean and Polissar, Pratigya J. and Jacobel, Allison W. and Hovan, Steven A. and Pockalny, Robert A. and Lyle, Mitchell and Murray, Richard W. and Ravelo, A. Christina and Bova, Samantha C. and Dunlea, Ann G. and Ford, Heather L. and Hertzberg, Jennifer E. and Wertman, Christina A. and Maloney, Ashley E. and Shackford, Julia K. and Wejnert, Katherine and Xie, Ruifang C.}
}
@article {2454,
	title = {Growth rate determinations from radiocarbon in bamboo corals (genus  Keratoisis )},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2015},
	month = {Jan-11-2015},
	pages = {26 - 40},
	abstract = {Radiocarbon (14C) measurements are an important tool for determining growth rates of bamboo corals, a cosmopolitan group of calcitic deep-sea corals. Published growth rate estimates for bamboo corals are highly variable, with potential environmental or ecological drivers of this variability poorly constrained. Here we systematically investigate the application of 14C for growth rate determinations in bamboo corals using 55 14C dates on the calcite and organic fractions of six bamboo corals (identified as Keratoisis sp.) from the western North Atlantic Ocean. Calcite 14C measurements on the distal surface of these corals and five previously published bamboo corals exhibit a strong one-to-one relationship with the 14C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DI14C) in ambient seawater (r2=0.98), confirming the use of Keratoisis sp. calcite 14C as a proxy for seawater 14C activity. Radial growth rates determined from 14C age-depth regressions, 14C plateau tuning and bomb 14C reference chronologies range from 12 to 78 {\textmu}m y-1, in general agreement with previously published radiometric growth rates. We document potential biases to 14C growth rate determinations resulting from water mass variability, bomb radiocarbon, secondary infilling (ontogeny), and growth rate nonlinearity. Radial growth rates for Keratoisis sp. specimens do not correlate with ambient temperature, suggesting that additional biological and/or environmental factors may influence bamboo coral growth rates.},
	keywords = {Bamboo coral, Deep-sea coral, Growth rates, radiocarbon},
	issn = {09670637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2015.08.004},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0967063715001405http://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0967063715001405?httpAccept=text/xmlhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0967063715001405?httpAccept=text/plain},
	author = {Farmer, Jesse R. and Robinson, Laura F. and {\"o}nisch, {\"a}rbel}
}
@article {553,
	title = {Gas hydrate destabilization and methane release events in the Krishna{\textendash}Godavari Basin, Bay of Bengal},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {58},
	year = {2014},
	note = {AAy4wyTimes Cited:2Cited References Count:97},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {476-489},
	abstract = {Methane release events have been linked to global warming, alteration of the carbon cycle and influence on biota. However, unequivocal evidence of paleomethane release events are limited. We report several negative carbon stable isotope excursions in planktic and benthic foraminifera in a core (MD161-8) from the Krishna-Godavari (K{\textendash}G) Basin, Bay of Bengal. The most negative δ13C spikes are recorded during the marine isotope stages MIS-4 and at the transition of MIS-5 to 4. Occurrence of highly 13C depleted (average δ13C = -48 {\textpm} 2.4{\textperthousand} VPDB) authigenic high magnesian calcite are also reported within this time window from the core MD161-8. In the present work an unequivocal explanation for the observed 13C depletion in the marine planktic and benthic foraminifera is difficult to achieve solely from the optical/electron microscopy or C{\textendash}O stable isotope ratio analyses due to possible influence of diagenetic alteration. We attribute the observed episodic methane expulsion events, as inferred from the negative δ13C excursions and earlier reports on the occurrence chemosynthetic bivalves and Mo concentration anomaly to the destabilization of the base of gas hydrate stability zone (BGHSZ). Sea level drop and shale tectonics induced focused fluid flow are the two possible causes of hydrate destabilization discussed here. Shale tectonics were possibly responsible for creating fault systems which acted as the conduit for gas flow through the sediment column and subsequent seepage. Shale and salt tectonics in the passive continental margins being a globally observed phenomenon, its role as an important driving force for enhanced methane emission needs detailed investigation to understand the climatic perturbations through geologic time. Additional evidence of methane emission from site MD161-15 further supports the link between shale tectonics and methane emission.},
	issn = {0264-8172},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.08.013},
	author = {Joshi, R. K. and Mazumdar, A. and Peketi, A. and Ramamurty, P. B. and Naik, B. G. and Kocherla, M. and Carvalho, Mary Ann and Mahalakshmi, P. and Dewangan, P. and Ramana, M. V.}
}
@article {70,
	title = {A Geochemical Approach to Determine Sources and Movement of Saline Groundwater in a Coastal Aquifer},
	journal = {Groundwater},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {756-768},
	abstract = {Geochemical evaluation of the sources and movement of saline groundwater in coastal aquifers can aid in the initial mapping of the subsurface when geological information is unavailable. Chloride concentrations of groundwater in a coastal aquifer near San Diego, California, range from about 57 to 39,400 mg/L. On the basis of relative proportions of major-ions, the chemical composition is classified as Na-Ca-Cl-SO4, Na-Cl, or Na-Ca-Cl type water. ?2H and ?18O values range from ?47.7? to ?12.8? and from ?7.0? to ?1.2?, respectively. The isotopically depleted groundwater occurs in the deeper part of the coastal aquifer, and the isotopically enriched groundwater occurs in zones of sea water intrusion. 87Sr/86Sr ratios range from about 0.7050 to 0.7090, and differ between shallower and deeper flow paths in the coastal aquifer. 3H and 14C analyses indicate that most of the groundwater was recharged many thousands of years ago. The analysis of multiple chemical and isotopic tracers indicates that the sources and movement of saline groundwater in the San Diego coastal aquifer are dominated by: (1) recharge of local precipitation in relatively shallow parts of the flow system; (2) regional flow of recharge of higher-elevation precipitation along deep flow paths that freshen a previously saline aquifer; and (3) intrusion of sea water that entered the aquifer primarily during premodern times. Two northwest-to-southeast trending sections show the spatial distribution of the different geochemical groups and suggest the subsurface in the coastal aquifer can be separated into two predominant hydrostratigraphic layers.},
	issn = {1745-6584},
	doi = {10.1111/gwat.12108},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12108},
	author = {Anders, Robert and Mendez, Gregory O. and Futa, Kiyoto and Danskin, Wesley R.}
}
@article {562,
	title = {The geochemistry of deep-sea coral skeletons: A review of vital effects and applications for palaeoceanography},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
	volume = {99},
	year = {2014},
	note = {id: 2340},
	pages = {184-198},
	abstract = {Deep-sea corals were discovered over a century ago, but it is only over recent years that focused efforts have been made to explore the history of the oceans using the geochemistry of their skeletal remains. They offer a promising archive of past oceanic environments given their global distribution, layered growth patterns, longevity and preservation as well as our ability to date them using radiometric techniques. This paper provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art in terms of geochemical approaches to using deep-sea coral skeletons to explore the history of the ocean. Deep-sea coral skeletons have a wide array of morphologies (e.g., solitary cup corals, branching colonial corals) and materials (calcite, aragonite and proteins). As such their biomineralization strategies are diverse, leading to complex geochemistry within coral skeletons. Notwithstanding these complications, progress has been made on developing methods for reconstructing the oceanographic environment in the past using trace elements and isotopic methods. Promising approaches within certain coral groups include clumped isotopes and Mg/Li for temperature reconstructions, boron isotopes and radiocarbon for carbon cycling, Nd, and radiocarbon for circulation studies and δ15N, P/Ca and Ba/Ca for nutrient tracer studies. Likewise there is now a range of techniques for dating deep-sea corals skeletons (e.g., U-series, radiocarbon), and determining their growth rates (e.g., radiocarbon and 210Pb). Dating studies on historic coral populations in the Atlantic, Southern Ocean and Pacific point to climate and environmental changes being dominant controls on coral populations over millennial and orbital timescales. This paper provides a review of a range of successes and promising approaches. It also highlights areas in which further research would likely provide new insights into biomineralization, palaeoceanography and distribution of past coral populations.},
	issn = {0967-0645},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.06.005},
	author = {Robinson, Laura F. and Adkins, Jess F. and Frank, Norbert and Alexander, C. and Prouty, Nancy and Brendan Roark, E. and de Flierdt, Tina van}
}
@article {2537,
	title = {Glacial to deglacial ventilation and productivity changes in the southern Okhotsk Sea},
	journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
	volume = {395},
	year = {2014},
	month = {Jan-02-2014},
	pages = {53 - 66},
	abstract = {As a source region of North Pacific Intermediate Water, the Okhotsk Sea plays an important role in the ventilation of the North Pacific. To understand the detailed oceanographic changes in this marginal sea since the last glaciation, we studied decadal to centennial scale proxy records from new sediment cores from the southwestern Okhotsk Sea. Glacial to Holocene Δ14C records of benthic foraminiferal shells suggested enhanced ventilation in the Okhotsk Sea during the early deglacial period between 18 and 15 ka, corresponding to Heinrich Event 1. Although the Δ14C reconstruction has considerable uncertainties, the Okhotsk Sea may have acted as a source for vigorous ventilation of the subarctic Pacific during this period. CaCO3 preservation events appear to be better explained by the ventilation history of the Okhotsk Sea than by coccolithophores and foraminifera production. CaCO3 preservation started to improve during 18 to 15 ka, and pronounced peaks in the CaCO3 content corresponded to the B{\o}lling{\textendash}Aller{\o}d (15 to 13 ka) and Preboreal (11.5 to 10 ka) warm periods. Diatom and coccolithophore productivity remained low in the Okhotsk Sea throughout the glacial to deglacial periods, different from the situation in the open subarctic Pacific, where high productivity was observed during the B{\o}lling{\textendash}Aller{\o}d period. After the Preboreal period, biogenic opal gradually increased and δ15N decreased in the southern Okhotsk Sea, suggesting that productivity was enhanced by a relaxation of the nitrate limitation.},
	keywords = {Glacial{\textendash}deglacial change, Okhotsk Sea, productivity, ventilation},
	issn = {00310182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.12.013},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.12.013},
	author = {Okazaki, Yusuke and Kimoto, Katsunori and Asahi, Hirofumi and Sato, Miyako and Nakamura, Yuriko and Harada, Naomi}
}
@article {551,
	title = {A gas-accepting ion source for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: Progress and applications},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {294},
	year = {2013},
	note = {id: 2161},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {296-299},
	abstract = {The National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) facility at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has developed an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) system designed specifically for the analysis of 14C in a continuously flowing stream of carrier gas. A key part of the system is a gas-accepting microwave ion source. Recently, substantial progress has been made in the development of this source, having achieved ion currents rivaling that of a traditional graphite source (albeit at relatively low efficiency). Details and present performance of the gas source are given. Additionally, representative results obtained from coupling the source to both a gas chromatograph and gas bench are presented.},
	issn = {0168-583X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2011.10.016},
	author = {Roberts, M. L. and von Reden, K. F. and Burton, J. R. and McIntyre, C. P. and Beaupre, S. R.}
}
@article {2579,
	title = {Great longevity of speckled hind ( Epinephelus drummondhayi), a deep-water grouper, with novel use of postbomb radiocarbon dating in the Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2013},
	month = {Jan-08-2013},
	pages = {1131 - 1140},
	abstract = {Growth characteristics are poorly understood for speckled hind (Epinephelus drummondhayi), a tropical deep-water grouper of economic importance that is considered overfished. Age has been validated for early growth, but the validity of adult age estimates is unknown. A few studies of growth zones in otoliths have revealed maximum age estimates of 15{\textendash}35 years, which have been uncritically assumed as longevity. To answer questions about adult age, bomb radiocarbon dating was used to provide validated age estimates. A novel aspect of this study was use of the postbomb radiocarbon decline period (ca. 1980{\textendash}2004) to age younger fish, an approach that was validated with known-age otoliths. Bomb radiocarbon dating provided valid length-at-age estimates ranging from \~{}5 years to more than 45 years. Age was unexpectedly greater than previous estimates for more than half the fish used in this study, and longevity may approach 60{\textendash}80 years. This study extends the utility of bomb radiocarbon dating by more than 20 years and adds to the growing perspective that deep-water tropical fishes can be long-lived},
	issn = {0706-652X},
	doi = {10.1139/cjfas-2012-0537},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfas-2012-0537},
	author = {Andrews, Allen H. and Barnett, Beverly K. and Allman, Robert J. and Moyer, Ryan P. and Trowbridge, Hannah D. and Gillanders, Bronwyn}
}
@article {146,
	title = {Geochemical and geological constraints on the composition of marine sediment pore fluid: Possible link to gas hydrate deposits},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2306},
	pages = {35-52},
	abstract = {Pore water sulfate consumption in marine sediments is controlled by microbially driven sulfate reduction via organo-clastic and methane oxidation processes. In this work, we present sediment pore fluid compositions of 10 long sediment cores and high resolution seismic data from the Krishna{\textendash}Godavari (K{\textendash}G) basin, Bay of Bengal. Our results show occurrence of transient (S and kink types) and steady state (quasi-linear) sulfate concentration profiles which are attributed partly to the anaerobic oxidation of methane ( δ 13 C CH 4 : -84.8 to -100.1{\textperthousand} VPDB) and organo-clastic sulfate reduction. Influence of AOM on alkalinity is evident from the presence of authigenic carbonate layers with highly depleted carbon isotope ratios in core MD161-8. The authigenic carbonates represent the paleo-SMTZs and suggest marked fluctuation in vertical methane flux. Our geophysical data show the acoustic signatures of upward fluid migration from shallow sub-surface, whereas, coring during NGHP expedition-01 confirms the presence of sub-surface gas hydrate deposits in K{\textendash}G basin which can be linked to deep methane sources. The geochemical analysis suggests that shallow methane source can be attributed to high burial flux of labile organic matter due to high sedimentation rate. Sampling sites with high methane flux from the shallow gas source are characterized by quasi-linear sulfate concentration profile and a shallow sulfate methane transition zone (SMTZ) and may not be necessarily linked to deeper gas hydrate deposits. In contrast, the deep methane source results in a transient kink type sulfate profile and a deeper SMTZ. We have observed a close link between the occurrence of gas hydrate and the S/kink type sulfate profile. We interpret the short lived {\textquoteleft}kink{\textquoteright} in the sulfate profiles as a result of recent enhancement in vertical methane flux possibly driven by reactivation of fault-fractures systems which provide the conduits for fluid flow.},
	issn = {0264-8172},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.07.004},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264817212001808},
	author = {Mazumdar, A. and Joao, H. M. and Peketi, A. and Dewangan, P. and Kocherla, M. and Joshi, R. K. and Ramprasad, T.}
}
@article {2488,
	title = {Geologic methane seeps along boundaries of Arctic permafrost thaw and melting glaciers},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Aug-05-2013},
	pages = {419 - 426},
	abstract = {Methane, a potent greenhouse gas, accumulates in subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs, such as coal beds and natural gas deposits. In the Arctic, permafrost and glaciers form a {\textquoteleft}cryosphere cap{\textquoteright} that traps gas leaking from these reservoirs, restricting flow to the atmosphere. With a carbon store of over 1,200 Pg, the Arctic geologic methane reservoir is large when compared with the global atmospheric methane pool of around 5 Pg. As such, the Earth{\textquoteright}s climate is sensitive to the escape of even a small fraction of this methane. Here, we document the release of 14C-depleted methane to the atmosphere from abundant gas seeps concentrated along boundaries of permafrost thaw and receding glaciers in Alaska and Greenland, using aerial and ground surface survey data and in situ measurements of methane isotopes and flux. We mapped over 150,000 seeps, which we identified as bubble-induced open holes in lake ice. These seeps were characterized by anomalously high methane fluxes, and in Alaska by ancient radiocarbon ages and stable isotope values that matched those of coal bed and thermogenic methane accumulations. Younger seeps in Greenland were associated with zones of ice-sheet retreat since the Little Ice Age. Our findings imply that in a warming climate, disintegration of permafrost, glaciers and parts of the polar ice sheets could facilitate the transient expulsion of 14C-depleted methane trapped by the cryosphere cap.},
	keywords = {Biogeochemistry, Cryospheric science},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo1480},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ngeo1480},
	author = {Walter Anthony, Katey M. and Anthony, Peter and Grosse, Guido and Chanton, Jeffrey}
}
@article {127,
	title = {Geological interpretation of a low-backscatter anomaly found on the New Jersey continental margin},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {326{\textendash}328},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2328},
	pages = {46-54},
	abstract = {An enigmatic low-backscatter, acoustic anomaly occurs on the New Jersey continental margin between Hudson and Wilmington Canyon channels. The presence of the low-backscatter anomaly, as seen with 6.5- and 12-kHz data, indicates a change in the physical properties of the seafloor or near sub-surface. Analyses of seafloor and sub-surface acoustic data with previously collected sediment cores suggest the low-backscatter feature corresponds to an outcrop of older strata uncovered by erosion and non-deposition by the Western Boundary Undercurrent (WBUC). The decrease in backscatter strength is enhanced by the presence of gas in the sub-surface sediments found in the buried Chesapeake Drift.},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2012.08.007},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322712001831},
	author = {Sweeney, Edward M. and Gardner, James V. and Johnson, Joel E. and Mayer, Larry A.}
}
@article {220,
	title = {Geological legacy of storm erosion along a high-energy indented coastline: northern Santa Catarina, Brazil},
	journal = {Journal of Coastal Research},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2125},
	pages = {1840-1844},
	abstract = {Along moderate to high-energy sandy coasts of the world, periods of accretion are often punctuated by episodes of erosion and retreat. However documenting the legacy of such events in sand-dominated sequences remains a challenge. The present-day moderate-relief coastlines of Cambori{\'u} Peninsula (CP) and the adjacent Navegantes coastal plain in Santa Catarina, Brazil, exhibit a variety of geological features related to recent intense storms, such as the Santa Catarina cyclone of record (March 2004) and subsequent events. These systems offer an opportunity to assess the use of modern indicators of storm erosion as a guide to reconstructing their counterparts from the sedimentary record. The 0.5-2.0-km-long, headland-segmented, coarse-grained, reflective beaches of the Cambori{\'u} Peninsula contrast with a 10-km-long, fine-grained, dissipative beach of the Navegantes plain. Morphological indicators of erosion include steep dune and berm scarps, as well as ephemeral washout channels produced by rainfall-induced runoff. Where modified by subsequent deposition, these features can still be identified by their diagnostic reflection geometries and variable-angle truncations (disconformities) in highresolution ground-penetrating radar (GPR) images. In addition to morphological indicators of erosion, coastal sedimentary sequences contain distinct lithological anomalies. Heavy-mineral concentrations (HMCs) are easily identifiable in sediment cores and trenches and produce strong reflections on GPR images. Along Estaleiro Beach (CP), a buried disconformity was identified in GPR images beneath a road, approximately 25 m landward of the November 2004 storm scarp. Its geometry is similar to the recent scarp and its strong geophysical signal return is due to a magnetite-enriched horizon at a depth of 2.6 m. At the Navegantes strandplain, patchy thin layers enriched in fine-grained heavy minerals are common on a gently sloping intertidal beach and near the base of foredunes. Moreover, in the landward portion of the plain that developed during the past 2,000 years, the presence of truncated tangential-oblique reflections in GPR records and HMCs reaching 10-30 cm in thickness indicates past reworking of beach and dune sediments by a series of intense erosional episodes. Low-field magnetic susceptibility measurements of vibracores indicate values from thick HMC layers exceeding 1,000 (*10-5 SI) in contrast to 0-15 (*10-5 SI) for background quartz-rich sands. Given the relatively constant background fraction of heavy minerals in beach sands, the thickness and degree of concentration in HMCs can be used as proxies for the relative impact of high-energy events, including their duration and magnitude. Despite the apparent low preservation potential of these features on high-energy coasts, post-storm accretion and rapid progradation increase their chances of being removed from wave action.},
	issn = {0749-0208},
	author = {Buynevich, I. V. and Klein, A. H. F. and FitzGerald, D. M. and Cleary, W. J. and Hein, C. and Veiga, F. A. and Angulo, R. J. and Asp, N. E. and Petermann, R.}
}
@article {211,
	title = {Geological slip rates along the North Anatolian Fault in the Marmara region},
	journal = {Tectonics},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2112; PT: J; TC: 0; J9: TECTONICS; UT: WOS:000296619700001},
	pages = {TC6001-TC6001},
	abstract = {Reliable piercing points on both sides of the Sea of Marmara enabled us to obtain an estimate of the slip-rate over time scales of 10-15 ka on different fault strands of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) system. We analyzed geomorphic features in the gulfs of Izmit, Gemlik (Sea of Marmara) and Saros (NE Aegean Sea), which were passively displaced by the NAF strands after their abandonment related to the post-glacial sea level rise. Results for the main northern strand, consistently similar on both sides of the Marmara pull-apart, are in the order of 10 mm/yr, about one half of that expected from geodetic measurements and accepted plate-tectonic models. In the southern branch of the NAF, the estimated rate of similar to 4 mm/yr is only slightly higher than that given by geodetic models. Our findings have implications for both neo-tectonic reconstructions of the submerged portion of the NAF system, and fault interactions and seismic hazard estimates in the Marmara region. They suggest that, either the total Anatolia/Eurasia plate motion is more diffuse than previously reported, or geodetic data are not representative of the geological time-scale deformations. Moreover, they suggest that a significant amount of stress is accommodated along the southern strand of the NAF system, on which the last large (M approximate to 7) earthquakes dates back to 1419, 1855 and 1863 AD.},
	issn = {0278-7407},
	doi = {10.1029/2011TC002906},
	author = {Gasperini, Luca and Polonia, Alina and {\c C}a{\u g}atay, M. Namik and Bortoluzzi, Giovanni and Ferrante, Valentina}
}
@book {2453,
	title = {Geological Society of America Special PapersGeology and Geoarchaeology of the Black Sea Region: Beyond the Flood HypothesisPontic-Baltic pathways for invasive aquatic species: Geoarchaeological implications},
	volume = {473},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {189 - 196},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America},
	organization = {Geological Society of America},
	abstract = {An accurate chronology for the exchange of aquatic species between water basins is important for paleoenvironmental reconstruction on both regional and continental scales. During the early Holocene, the range of zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, was limited to the Black, Azov, Caspian, and Aral Seas, as well as the estuaries and lower and middle reaches of the Pontic-Caspian rivers. We present new fi ndings that challenge the currently held view that this species migrated into the Baltic Sea watershed during the early 1800s through the canals joining the tributaries of rivers that drain into the Black and Baltic Sea basins. Geological investigations along the southeast Baltic Sea coast (Curonian and Vistula spits and lagoons) have uncovered shells of D. polymorpha that yielded radiocarbon ages older than 1000 radiocarbon yr B.P. We propose two scenarios to explain the new radiocarbon dates for D. polymorpha. The fi rst scenario involves an anomalously large reservoir effect{\textemdash}as large as 600{\textendash} 800 yr{\textemdash}however, several lines of evidence cast doubt upon the validity of such a large reservoir correction. The second scenario that might explain the old zebra mussel ages is the earlier arrival of Dreissena polymorpha into the Baltic region. Natural exchange may have been facilitated by the proximity of the tributaries draining thePontic and Baltic watersheds. Human-mediated transport is also considered in association with Viking voyages from the Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas between A.D. 800 and 1000, and the riverine trade exchange during the Lithuanian expansion into the Pontic steppe in subsequent centuries. It is likely that both scenarios played a role, with implications for late Holocene biogeography and paleoecology of the Pontic-Caspian and Baltic basins. 

Pontic-Baltic pathways for invasive aquatic species: Geoarchaeological implications (PDF Download Available). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256375044_Pontic-Baltic_pathways_for_invasive_aquatic_species_Geoarchaeological_implications [accessed May 25, 2017].},
	doi = {10.1130/978081372473710.1130/2011.2473(12)},
	url = {http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org//content/473http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/lookup/doi/10.1130/2011.2473(12)},
	author = {Buynevich, Ilya V. and {\v s}yte, Aldona and Bitinas, Albertas and Olenin, Sergej and {\v z}eika, Jonas and {\v s}ius, Rimantas}
}
@book {1370,
	title = {Geology and Geoarchaeology of the Black Sea Region: Beyond the Flood Hypothesis},
	series = {Special papers (Geological Society of America)},
	volume = {473},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2127},
	month = {2011},
	pages = {196},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America},
	organization = {Geological Society of America},
	isbn = {9780813724737},
	author = {Buynevich, I. V. and Yanko-Hombach, V. V. and Gilbert, A. S. and and Martin, R. E.}
}
@article {196,
	title = {Glacial to Holocene swings of the Australian-Indonesian monsoon},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2012; PT: J; UT: WOS:000293277100016},
	pages = {540-544},
	abstract = {The Australian-Indonesian monsoon is an important component of the climate system in the tropical Indo-Pacific region(1). However, its past variability, relation with northern and southern high-latitude climate and connection to the other Asian monsoon systems are poorly understood. Here we present high-resolution records of monsoon-controlled austral winter upwelling during the past 22,000 years, based on planktic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes and faunal composition in a sedimentary archive collected offshore southern Java. We show that glacial-interglacial variations in the Australian-Indonesian winter monsoon were in phase with the Indian summer monsoon system, consistent with their modern linkage through cross-equatorial surface winds. Likewise, millennial-scale variability of upwelling shares similar sign and timing with upwelling variability in the Arabian Sea. On the basis of element composition and grain-size distribution as precipitation-sensitive proxies in the same archive, we infer that (austral) summer monsoon rainfall was highest during the Bolling-Allerod period and the past 2,500 years. Our results indicate drier conditions during Heinrich Stadial 1 due to a southward shift of summer rainfall and a relatively weak Hadley cell south of the Equator. We suggest that the Australian-Indonesian summer and winter monsoon variability were closely linked to summer insolation and abrupt climate changes in the northern hemisphere.},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/NGEO1209},
	author = {Mohtadi, Mahyar and Oppo, Delia W. and Steinke, Stephan and Stuut, Jan-Berend W. and De Pol-Holz, Ricardo and Hebbeln, Dierk and Lueckge, Andreas}
}
@article {215,
	title = {Gualas Glacier sedimentary record of climate and environmental change, Golfo Elefantes, Western Patagonia (46.5{\textdegree}S)},
	journal = {The Holocene},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2118},
	abstract = {Gualas Glacier is an outlet glacier of the Northern Patagonian Icefield, one of the largest temperate ice bodies on Earth. Golfo Elefantes, the depositional basin of Gualas Glacier, has a sedimentary record that spans, with some hiatuses, at least the last ~11.3{\textpm}3.0 ka. During this period the gulf remained free of ice, as suggested by the absence of proximal glacimarine sediment and till in the sedimentary section. This implies that the arcuate terminal moraines that occur along the edges of Golfo Elefantes were formed during the waning stages of the local glacial maxima (Late Pleistocene) or the early Holocene. Between ~11.3{\textpm}3.0 ka and ~4.2{\textpm}0.3{\textendash}1.4 ka, the basin received low sediment input consisting of fine-grained sediments in the form of low concentration density currents that filled bathymetric lows. Sediment discharge increased several times in the late Holocene (~},
	doi = {10.1177/0959683611425545},
	url = {http://hol.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/11/22/0959683611425545.abstract},
	author = {Fernandez, Rodrigo and Anderson, John and Bertrand, S{\'e}bastien and Wellner, Julia}
}
@article {170,
	title = {Gulf of Maine shells reveal changes in seawater temperature seasonality during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age},
	journal = {Reconstructing mid- to high-latitude marine climate and ocean variability using bivalves, coralline algae, and marine sediment cores from the Northern Hemisphere},
	volume = {302},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2193},
	pages = {43-51},
	abstract = {In this study, we use subannually resolved oxygen isotope values of fossil (dead-collected) and modern (live-caught) bivalve shells (Arctica islandica L.) from the northwestern Atlantic (Gulf of Maine, USA) to reconstruct past seasonal changes in seawater temperature. Our results indicate decreased seasonal temperature amplitude of about 1.6 {\textdegree}C (or \~{} 21\%) during Medieval times (ca. AD 1033{\textendash}1062) compared to shells from the early Little Ice Age (ca. AD 1321{\textendash}1391) and during the late 19th century (AD 1864{\textendash}1886). Additionally, seasonal oxygen isotope data suggest that summers were cooler and winters were warmer in the Gulf of Maine during the 11th century compared to summers and winters in the 14th century and the late 19th century. The inferred decreased seasonality during Medieval times likely resulted from increased stratification of the coastal waters due to warmer seawater temperatures. As seawater cooled during the Little Ice Age, we suggest that increased vertical mixing of the coastal surface waters was a major driving factor for the observed increase in the amplitude of the seasonal seawater temperature cycle.},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.06.005},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018210003378},
	author = {Wanamaker Jr, Alan D. and Kreutz, Karl J. and Sch{\"o}ne, Bernd R. and Introne, Douglas S.}
}
@article {325,
	title = {Geology of Lonar Crater, India},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin},
	volume = {122},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 1846; 539YI Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:100Y},
	pages = {109-126},
	abstract = {Lonar Crater, India, is one of the youngest and best preserved impact structures on Earth. The 1.88-km-diameter simple crater formed entirely within the Deccan traps, making it a useful analogue for small craters on the basaltic surfaces of the other terrestrial planets and the Moon. In this study, we present a meter-scale-resolution digital elevation model, geological map of Lonar Crater and the surrounding area, and radiocarbon ages for histosols beneath the distal ejecta. Impact-related deformation of the target rock consists of upturned basalt flows in the upper crater walls and recumbent folding around rim concentric, subhorizontal, non-cylindrical fold axes at the crater rim. The rim-fold hinge is preserved around 10\%-15\% of the crater. Although tearing in the rim-fold is inferred from field and palcomagnetic observations, no tear faults are identified, indicating that large displacements in the crater walls are not characteristic of small craters in basalt. One significant normal fault structure is observed in the crater wall that offsets slightly older layer-parallel slip faults. There is little fluvial erosion of the continuous ejecta blanket. Portions of the ejecta blanket are overlain by aerodynamically and rotationally sculpted glassy impact spherules, in particular in the eastern and western rim, as well as in the depression north of the crater known as Little Lonar. The emplacement of the continuous ejecta blanket can be likened to a radial ground-hugging debris flow, based on the preserved thickness distribution of the ejecta, the efficient exchange of clasts between the ejecta flow and the underlying histosol, and the lack of sorting and stratification in the bulk of the ejecta. The ejecta profile is thickened at the distal edge and similar to fluidized ejecta structures observed on Mars.},
	issn = {0016-7606},
	doi = {10.1130/B26474.1},
	author = {Maloof, A. C. and Stewart, S. T. and Weiss, B. P. and Soule, S. A. and Swanson-Hysell, N. L. and Louzada, K. L. and Garrick-Bethell, I. and Poussart, P. M.}
}
@article {380,
	title = {Growth rates, stable oxygen isotopes (delta(18)O), and strontium (Sr/Ca) composition in two species of Pacific sclerosponges (Acanthocheatetes wellsi and Astrosclera willeyana) with delta(18)O calibration and application to paleoceanography},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans},
	volume = {115},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 1962; PT: J; UT: WOS:000278735700001},
	pages = {C06008-C06008},
	abstract = {The isotopic and elemental composition of sclerosponge skeletons is used to reconstruct paleoceanographic records. Yet few studies have systematically examined the natural variability in sclerosponge skeletal delta(18)O, growth, and Sr/Ca, and how that may influence the interpretation of sclerosponge proxy records. Here, we analyzed short records in seven specimens of Acanthocheatetes wellsi (high-Mg calcite, 21 mol\% Mg) from Palau, four A. wellsi (high-Mg calcite, 21 mol\% Mg) from Saipan, and three Astrosclera willeyana (aragonite) sclerosponges from Saipan, as well as one long record in an A. wellsi specimen from Palau spanning 1945-2001.5. In Saipan, species-specific and mineralogical effects appear to have a negligible effect on sclerosponge delta(18)O, facilitating the direct comparison of delta(18)O records between species at a given location. At both sites, A. wellsi delta(18)O and growth rates were sensitive to environmental conditions, but Sr/Ca was not sensitive to the same conditions. High-resolution delta(18)O analyses confirmed this finding as both A. wellsi and A. willeyana deposited their skeleton in accordance with the trends in isotopic equilibrium with seawater, though with a 0.27\% offset in the case of A. willeyana. In the high-Mg-calcite species A. wellsi, Mg may be interfering with Sr incorporation into the skeleton. On multidecadal timescales, A. wellsi sclerosponge delta(18)O in Palau tracked the Southern Oscillation Index variability post-1977, but not pre-1977, coincident with the switch in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) at similar to 1976. This suggests that water mass circulation in the region is influenced by El Nino-Southern Oscillation variability during positive PDO phases, but not during negative ones.},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2009JC005586},
	author = {Grottoli, Andrea G. and Adkins, Jess F. and Panero, Wendy R. and Reaman, Daniel M. and Moots, Kate}
}
@mastersthesis {1300,
	title = {A Gendered Model of Prehistoric Resource Depression: A Case Study on the Northwest Coast of North America},
	volume = {Dissertation/Thesis},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	school = {University of Washington},
	address = {Seattle},
	author = {Daniels, Phoebe}
}
@article {530,
	title = {Growth and sexual maturity of the northern propellerclam (Cyrtodaria siliqua) in Eastern Canada, with bomb radiocarbon age validation},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	volume = {156},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 803; 413YA Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:45Y},
	pages = {1029-1037},
	abstract = {The northern propellerclam Cyrtodaria siliqua is a common bycatch in the Arctic surfclam, Mactromeris polynyma fishery on Banquereau Bank in Eastern Canada. Samples of the propellerclam from this exploited fishery were used to determine the life history characteristics of the population. The age structure of the population is dominated by old animals to ages exceeding 100 years. We validated the age estimates for the propellerclam through analysis of bomb-produced radiocarbon in the shell growth increments deposited before, during and after the atmospheric atomic bomb testing periods of the 1950s and 1960s. Radiocarbon from shells with presumed birth dates between the late 1950s and 1970s clearly reflected the sharp increase in oceanic radiocarbon attributable to previous nuclear testing, indicating that age estimates based on shell increment counts are accurate. Estimates of von Bertalanffy growth parameters revealed that the growth rate of the population was relatively rapid for the first 20 years of life, slowing down to very low growth rates thereafter. Sexual maturity was estimated as being reached at 28.6 mm in length and 4.7 years in age. Size-weight morphometric relationships were also calculated.},
	issn = {0025-3162},
	doi = {10.1007/s00227-009-1146-9},
	author = {Kilada, R. W. and Campana, S. E. and Roddick, D.}
}
@article {1871,
	title = {The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) in the NGRIP ice core RID B-5560-2008 RID F-1111-2011},
	journal = {Episodes},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 1988; PT: J; CT: 17th Congress of the International-Union-for-Quaternary-Research; CY: JUL 28-AUG 03, 2007; CL: Cairns, AUSTRALIA; SP: Int Union Quaternary Res; UT: WOS:000258669100017},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {264-267},
	abstract = {The Greenland ice core from NorthGRIP (NGRIP) contains a proxy climate record across the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary of unprecedented clarity and resolution. Analysis of an array of physical and chemical parameters within the ice enables the base of the Holocene, as reflected in the first signs of climatic warming at the end of the Younger Dryas/Greenland Stadial 1 cold phase, to be located with a high degree of precision. This climatic event is most clearly reflected in an. abrupt shaft in deuterium excess values, accompanied by more gradual changes in delta(18)O, dust concentration, a range of chemical species, and annual layer thickness. A timescale based on multi-parameter annual layer counting provides an age of 11,700 yr b2k (before AD2000) for the base of the Holocene, with, an estimated 2 sigma uncertainty of 99 yr: It is proposed that an archived core from this unique sequence should constitute the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period).},
	isbn = {0705-3797},
	author = {Walker, Mike and Johnsen, Sigfu{\textquoteright}s and Rasmussen, Sune Olander and Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder and Popp, Trevor and Gibbard, Philip and Hoek, Wim and Lowe, John and Andrews, John and Bjorck, Svante and Cwynar, Les and Hughen, Konrad and Kershaw, Peter and Kromer, Bernd and Litt, Thomas and Lowe, David J. and Nakagawa, Takeshi and Newnham, Rewi and Schwander, Jakob}
}
@article {311,
	title = {Growth analysis and age validation of a deepwater Arctic fish, the Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides)},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 806; 322ER Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:56Y},
	pages = {1047-1059},
	abstract = {The accuracy of age interpretations on a deep-sea, Arctic fish species, the Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) was tested using several age validation methods. Consistent annual growth increments were either not formed or not visible in either whole or sectioned otoliths from three fish marked with oxytetracyline and recaptured after 2-4 years at liberty. Bomb radiocarbon assays based on a local reference chronology indicated that both whole and sectioned otoliths underestimated age by 1-15 years, with an average of 6 years. Growth rates estimated using the tag recapture model GROTAG were consistent with growth rates based on the radiocarbon assays and were less than half that of previously reported growth rates. The failure of otolith sections to provide an accurate age is unusual, but may be symptomatic of very slow-growing species with unusually shaped otoliths. Greenland halibut living in the deep-sea, Arctic environment are slower growing and longer lived than previously suspected, suggesting that the age-structured basis for current fisheries management warrants careful examination. Our results highlight the importance of using rigorous tests of ageing accuracy for exploited species and confirm that such age validation methods can be applied successfully in challenging environments such as the deep sea or the Arctic.},
	issn = {0706-652X},
	doi = {10.1139/F08-030},
	author = {Treble, M. A. and Campana, S. E. and Wastle, R. J. and Jones, C. M. and Boje, J.}
}
@inbook {1423,
	title = {The Geographic, Geological and Oceanographic Setting of the Indus River},
	booktitle = {Large Rivers},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 867; Y},
	month = {2007},
	publisher = {Wiley Press},
	organization = {Wiley Press},
	author = {Inam, A. and Clift, P. D. and Giosan, L.},
	editor = {Gupta, A.}
}
@article {487,
	title = {Global human impacts or climate change? : explaining the Sooty Shearwater decline at the Minard site, Washington State, USA},
	journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 445; 170KG Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:104},
	pages = {1087-1097},
	abstract = {Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) remains decrease throughout the occupation (AD 1000-1600) of the Minard site (45-GH-15) on the southern Washington coast, USA. Given that New Zealand is one of the major breeding locations for this long-distant migrant, the decline at the Minard site may be due to human impacts on a global scale. In particular, the Maori practice of muttonbirding, the killing and preparation of fledgling shearwaters for storage, may have affected the number of summer migrants reaching the Pacific Northwest Coast. A second hypothesis attributes the decline in Sooty Shearwaters at the site to increasing sea surface temperatures and/or increased frequency of ENSO events during this period. Understanding how Sooty Shearwaters responded to human hunting and/or climate events in the past may be useful for the current management of this species, which has faced dramatic declines in recent decades. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0305-4403},
	doi = {10.1016/J.Jas.2006.10.001},
	author = {Bovy, K. M.}
}
@article {932,
	title = {Geomorphologic controls on the age of particulate organic carbon from small mountainous and upland rivers},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2006},
	note = {082xbTimes Cited:78Cited References Count:77},
	month = {Sep 9},
	pages = {1-11},
	abstract = {To assess the role that erosion processes play in governing the character of particulate organic carbon (POC) discharged from small mountainous and upland rivers, a suite of watersheds from Oregon, California, and New Zealand was investigated. The rivers share similar geology, tectonic setting, and climate, but have sediment yields that range over 3 orders of magnitude. The (14)C age of the POC loads is highly correlated with sediment yield. Carbon isotope mass balances reveal that the rivers carry bimodal mixtures of modern-plant-and ancient-rock-derived OC. At lower yields, modern plant OC dominates the material delivered to the river by sheetwash and shallow landsliding. With increasing yield, a progressively larger part of the POC is contributed directly from bedrock erosion via deep gully incision. Our results support the inference that active margin watersheds are important sources of aged POC to the ocean.},
	keywords = {14C, kerogen recycling, particulate organic carbon},
	issn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2005GB002677},
	author = {Leithold, E. L. and Blair, N. E. and Perkey, D. W.}
}
@conference {1638,
	title = {A geostatistical approach to watershed sources of aged riverine organic matter to the Hudson-Mohawk River system},
	booktitle = {American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 483},
	month = {2006},
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	author = {Longworth, B. E. and Petsch, S. T. and Raymond, P. A. and Bauer, J. E.}
}
@article {652,
	title = {Great earthquakes of variable magnitude at the Cascadia subduction zone},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2006},
	note = {046pgTimes Cited:70Cited References Count:66},
	month = {May},
	pages = {354-365},
	abstract = {Comparison of histories of great earthquakes and accompanying tsunamis at eight coastal sites suggests plate-boundary ruptures of varying length, implying great earthquakes of variable magnitude at the Cascadia subduction zone. Inference of rupture length relies on degree of overlap on radiocarbon age ranges for earthquakes and tsunamis, and relative amounts of coseismic subsidence and heights of tsunamis. Written records of a tsunami in Japan provide the most conclusive evidence for rupture of much of the plate boundary during the earthquake of 26 January 1700. Cascadia stratigraphic evidence dating from about 1600 cal yr B.P., similar to that for the 1700 earthquake, implies a similarly long rupture with substantial subsidence and a high tsunami. Correlations are consistent with other long ruptures about 1350 cal yr B.P., 2500 cal yr B.P., 3400 cal yr B.P., 3800 cal yr B.P., 4400 cal yr B.P., and 4900 cal yr B.P. A rupture about 700-1100 cal yr B.P. was limited to the northern and central parts of the subduction zone, and a northern rupture about 2900 cal yr B.P. may have been similarly limited. Times of probable short ruptures in southern Cascadia include about I 100 cal yr B.P., 1700 cal yr B.P., 3200 cal yr B.P., 4200 cal yr B.P., 4600 cal yr B.P., and 4700 cal yr B.P. Rupture patterns suggest that the plate boundary in northern Cascadia usually breaks in long ruptures during the greatest earthquakes. Ruptures in southernmost Cascadia vary in length and recurrence intervals more than ruptures in northern Cascadia. Published by University of Washington.},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yqres.2006.02.009},
	author = {Nelson, A. R. and Kelsey, H. M. and Witter, R. C.}
}
@article {624,
	title = {Gulf Stream density structure and transport during the past millennium},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {444},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Lund, David CLynch-Stieglitz, JeanCurry, William BengResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.England2006/12/01 09:00Nature. 2006 Nov 30;444(7119):601-4.},
	month = {Nov 30},
	pages = {601-4},
	abstract = {The Gulf Stream transports approximately 31 Sv (1 Sv = 10(6) m(3) s(-1)) of water and 1.3 x 10(15) W of heat into the North Atlantic ocean. The possibility of abrupt changes in Gulf Stream heat transport is one of the key uncertainties in predictions of climate change for the coming centuries. Given the limited length of the instrumental record, our knowledge of Gulf Stream behaviour on long timescales must rely heavily on information from geologic archives. Here we use foraminifera from a suite of high-resolution sediment cores in the Florida Straits to show that the cross-current density gradient and vertical current shear of the Gulf Stream were systematically lower during the Little Ice Age (ad approximately 1200 to 1850). We also estimate that Little Ice Age volume transport was ten per cent weaker than today{\textquoteright}s. The timing of reduced flow is consistent with temperature minima in several palaeoclimate records, implying that diminished oceanic heat transport may have contributed to Little Ice Age cooling in the North Atlantic. The interval of low flow also coincides with anomalously high Gulf Stream surface salinity, suggesting a tight linkage between the Atlantic Ocean circulation and hydrologic cycle during the past millennium.},
	issn = {0028-0836 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1038/nature05277},
	author = {Lund, D. C. and Lynch-Stieglitz, J. and Curry, W. B.}
}
@article {671,
	title = {A geoarchaeological chronology of Holocene dune building on San Miguel Island, California},
	journal = {Holocene},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2005},
	note = {992ziTimes Cited:23Cited References Count:31},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1227-1235},
	abstract = {A data base of 114 C-14 dates from 40 archaeological sites in San Miguel Island sand dunes provides a general chronology for Holocene dune building. Although rising seas have probably submerged earlier evidence, postglacial dune building on San Miguel began as early as 10 000 years ago. More intensive dune building dates to the middle and late Holocene, including large parabolic dunes that traverse the island and climb some of the highest landforms. Native American peoples lived on and altered island sand dunes for nearly 10 000 years, and native burning and other landscape alterations may have contributed to periodic destabilization of island dunefields. Accumulation of cultural debris also facilitated anthropogenic soil formation in many coastal localities, however, and over the millennia midden debris protected large expanses of the island{\textquoteright}s coastal perimeter from wind erosion. With the introduction of sheep c. AD 1850, destabilization and erosion of dune soils caused by overgrazing and other human impacts reached unprecedented levels, devastating the island{\textquoteright}s natural ecology. In recent decades, with the removal of sheep and other exotic animals from the island, the dunes have begun to restabilize.},
	issn = {0959-6836},
	doi = {10.1191/0959683605hl893rp},
	author = {Erlandson, J. M. and Rick, T. C. and Peterson, C.}
}
@article {493,
	title = {Geochemical and hydrogeological contrasts between shallow and deeper aquifers in two villages of Araihazar, Bangladesh: Implications for deeper aquifers as drinking water sources},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 604; 999UZ Times Cited:59 Cited References Count:49},
	pages = {5203-5218},
	abstract = {Sediment and groundwater profiles were compared in two villages of Bangladesh to understand the geochemical and hydrogeological factors that regulate dissolved As concentrations in groundwater. In both villages, fine-grained sediment layers separate shallow aquifers ( 50 ka ago and a groundwater age of thousands of years. In the other village (Bay), the sediment is},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/J.Gca.2005.06.001},
	author = {Zheng, Y. and van Geen, A. and Stute, M. and Dhar, R. and Mo, Z. and Cheng, Z. and Horneman, A. and Gavrieli, I. and Simpson, H. J. and Versteeg, R. and Steckler, M. and Grazioli-Venier, A. and Goodbred, S. and Shahnewaz, M. and Shamsudduha, M. and Hoque, M. A. and Ahmed, K. M.}
}
@article {914,
	title = {Geochemical characteristics of recent 2 ka mud on the inner shelf of the East China Sea},
	journal = {GEOCHIMICA},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 570},
	month = {11/2005},
	pages = {595-604},
	abstract = {The particle size of DD2 in the northern part of the muddy area along the continental margin of the East China Sea was analyzed. AMS 14 C age test and the main elements, trace elements
The relationship between the content of each element and the particle size was discussed and analyzed. The relationship between them was discussed by R factor analysis. Studies have shown that nearly 2 ka to DD2
The majority of the main elements and trace elements in the pores are stable; the content of most of the elements with the grain size becomes increasing, while the content of Sr and SiO 2
The decreasing tendency of CaO, Na 2 O, Hf, Zr and Ti is poor in particle size. The results of factor analysis show that the chemical composition of DD2 pore can be
It is divided into four kinds of combination types: the main characteristics of the distribution of elements in sediments are reflected, and the samples are not treated by salt beforehand to cause the combination of main elements and trace elements
The Zr, Hf and Nb elements are enriched in the specific particle size components (silt), and the addition of calcareous biological components and the redistribution of elements during early diagenesis
Wait. The results show that Rb, Cu, Ni, V, P, Sc, Fe 2 O 3 , Cr, K 2 O, Nb, Co, Th, Ti and Al 2 O 3 are relatively inactive elements in DD 2 pores,
They can be compared with the modern Yangtze River, the Yellow River sediments, for genetic analysis. The Ti J Zr and Cr J Th ratios indicate that the pore deposits are mainly derived from the granitic
Source area. },
	keywords = {East China Sea continental shelf, factor analysis, geochemical characteristics, particle size},
	author = {Xiao, S. B. and Li, A. C. and Jiang, F. and Xu, F. J. and Zheng, F. and Chen, Z.}
}
@article {1987,
	title = {Geologic implications of Late Quaternary isostatic adjustment in the Penobscot/Kennebec River system, Maine},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 1173},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {24},
	author = {Kelley, Alice R. and Kelly, Joseph T. and Belknap, Daniel F. and Gontz, Allen M.}
}
@article {2006,
	title = {Glacial water mass geometry and the distribution of d 13 C of SCO 2 in the western Atlantic Ocean},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 416},
	month = {2005},
	author = {Curry, W. B. and Oppo, D. W.}
}
@article {616,
	title = {Global methane emission through mud volcanoes and its past and present impact on the Earth{\textquoteright}s climate-a comment},
	journal = {International Journal of Earth Sciences},
	volume = {94},
	year = {2005},
	note = {940vyTimes Cited:11Cited References Count:15},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {490-492},
	issn = {1437-3254},
	doi = {10.1007/s00531-005-0480-5},
	author = {Milkov, A. V. and Etiope, G.}
}
@article {1525,
	title = {Global ocean data analysis project (GLODAP): Results and data, ORNL/CDIAC-145, NDP-145},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 529},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {81 pp.},
	author = {Sabine, C. L. and Key, R. M. and Kozyr, A. and Feely, R. A. and Wanninkhof, R. and Millero, F. J. and Peng, T. H. and Bullister, J. L. and Lee, K.}
}
@article {464,
	title = {A gas ion source for continuous-flow AMS},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry},
	volume = {223-224},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 2104},
	pages = {149-154},
	abstract = {The first gas-fed ion source for radiocarbon AMS applications (without sputtering) has been operated at the Woods Hole NOSAMS Facility. A three-year, off-line test program resulted in positive carbon ion currents up to 1 mA and negative ion currents up to 80 μA. Recently, the compact, permanent-magnet microwave plasma ion source and magnesium vapor charge-exchange canal were coupled to the recombinator injector of the 2.5 MV Tandetron. When the ion source was operated on CO2 at a flow rate of about 200 μl per minute, negative carbon ion beams up to 20 μA were obtained, at an energy of 35 keV. Radiocarbon measurements were performed on standard reference gases and the dynamic response to square-wave pulses of gas was determined. Time constants in the ion source are less than 1 s, which should allow analysis of chromatographic peaks of CO2 with very little broadening. A combustion device has been constructed to generate CO2 for direct injection into the source. Argon carrier gas is used to buffer the pressure at one atmosphere in the sample gas injector. A dedicated ion-beam injector, with higher angular acceptance and higher transmitted currents, is being constructed for the AMS system.},
	issn = {0168-583X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.031},
	author = {Schneider, R. J. and Kim, S. W. and von Reden, K. F. and Hayes, J. M. and Wills, J. S. C. and Griffin, V. S. and Sessions, A. L. and Sylva, S.}
}
@article {568,
	title = {Glacial intermediate water ventilation in the northwestern Pacific based on AMS radiocarbon dating},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments \& Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {223},
	year = {2004},
	note = {852jtTimes Cited:7Cited References Count:13},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {460-465},
	abstract = {C-14 ages of benthic foraminifera and planktonic foraminifera in sediment core PC4 (41degrees07.10{\textquoteright}N, 142degrees24.17{\textquoteright}E) collected from the northwestern Pacific were measured by accelerator mass spectrometry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in intermediate water ventilation in the northwestern Pacific during the last glacial period. We used age differences between benthic foraminifera and planktonic foraminifera from the same sediment horizons to estimate the ventilation time of intermediate water. Planktonic C-14 ages show that the core recorded paleoenvironmental changes during the last 35 kyr. Glacial benthic-planktonic age differences were smaller in the early deglacial period (15000-17000 cal yr BP) than in the period (19000-30000 cal yr BP) before and during the last glacial maximum. The results at intermediate depths are consistent with those from a Pacific deep-water site. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0168-583x},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.087},
	author = {Ohkushi, K. and Uchida, M. and Ahagon, N. and Mishima, T. and Kanematsu, T.}
}
@article {2045,
	title = {A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from global data analysis project (GLODAP)},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 527},
	month = {2004},
	author = {Kay, R. M. and Kozyr, A. and Sabine, C. L. and Lee, K. and Wanninkhof, R. and Bullister, J. L. and Feely, R. A. and Millero, F. J. and Mordy, C. and Peng, T. H.}
}
@article {724,
	title = {Great earthquakes and tsunamis of the past 2000 years at the Salmon River estuary, central Oregon coast, USA},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
	volume = {94},
	year = {2004},
	note = {855anTimes Cited:18Cited References Count:80},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {1276-1292},
	abstract = {Four buried tidal marsh soils at a protected inlet near the mouth of the Salmon River yield definitive to equivocal evidence for coseismic subsidence and burial by tsunami-deposited sand during great earthquakes at the Cascadia subduction zone. An extensive, landward-tapering sheet of sand overlies a peaty tidal-marsh soil over much of the lower estuary. Limited pollen and macrofossil data suggest that the soil suddenly subsided 0.3-1.0 m shortly before burial. Regional correlation of similar soils at tens of estuaries to the north and south and precise C-14 ages from one Salmon River site imply that the youngest soil subsided during the great earthquake of 26 January A.D. 1700. Evidence for sudden subsidence of three older soils during great earthquakes is more equivocal because older-soil stratigraphy can be explained by local hydrographic changes in the estuary. Regional C-14 correlation of two of the three older soils with soils at sites that better meet criteria for a great-earthquake origin is consistent with the older soils recording subsidence and tsunamis during at least two great earthquakes. Pollen evidence of sudden coseismic subsidence from the older soils is inconclusive, probably because the amount of subsidence was small (<0.5 m). The shallow depths of the older soils yield rates of relative sea-level rise substantially less than rates previously calculated for Oregon estuaries.},
	issn = {0037-1106},
	doi = {10.1785/012003210},
	author = {Nelson, A. R. and Asquith, A. C. and Grants, W. C.}
}
@article {884,
	title = {Geochemistry of hydrothermally altered oceanic crust: DSDP/ODP Hole 504B - Implications for seawater-crust exchange budgets and Sr- and Pb-isotopic evolution of the mantle},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems G3},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1536},
	pages = {1-29},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GC000419},
	author = {Bach, Wolfgang and Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Bernhard and Hart, STanly R. and Blusztajn, Jerzy S.}
}
@article {951,
	title = {Glacial-interglacial dynamics of the eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue Intertropical Convergence Zone system reconstructed from oxygen isotope records},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2003},
	note = {756nfTimes Cited:56Cited References Count:100},
	month = {Dec 4},
	abstract = {We use planktonic oxygen isotope (delta(18)O) records spanning the last 30,000 years (kyr) to constrain the magnitude and spatial pattern of glacial cooling in the upwelling environment of the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP). Fourteen new downcore delta(18)O records were obtained from surface-dwelling planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides sacculifer and Globigerinoides ruber in eight cores from the upwelling tongue of the EEP. All sites have sedimentation rates exceeding 5 cm/kyr and, with one exception, lie above the modern depth of the foraminiferal lysocline. Sites directly underlying the cool band of upwelling immediately south of the equator record mean late Holocene (LH)-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) delta(18)O amplitudes ranging between 1.0 and 1.3parts per thousand. We estimate that mean sea surface temperatures (SST) in this region during the LGM were on average 1.5 +/- 0.5degreesC lower than the LH. Larger delta(18)O amplitudes are observed in sites north of the equator, indicating a spatial pattern of reduced meridional SST gradient across the equator during the LGM. This result is supported by comparison of Mg/Ca SST reconstructions from two sites straddling the equator. We interpret the reduction of this gradient during the LGM as evidence for a less intense cold tongue-Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) frontal system, a more southerly position of the ITCZ, and weaker southeast equatorial trades in the EEP.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2003PA000894},
	author = {Koutavas, A. and Lynch-Stieglitz, J.}
}
@article {2063,
	title = {Global MORB chemistry compilation at the segment scale},
	journal = {Database available at http://www.petdb.org.},
	year = {2003},
	note = {id: 1600},
	month = {2003},
	author = {Su, Y. and Langmuir, C. H.}
}
@article {413,
	title = {Geometry, numerical models and revised slip rates for the Reelfoot blind thrust and truishear fault-propagation fold, New Medrid Seismic zone},
	journal = {Engineering Geology},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1381},
	pages = {31-49},
	abstract = {The geometry and structural relief of late Holocene sediments folded across the Reelfoot scarp are characterized with trench excavations, shallow borings, a digital elevation model (DEM) of topography and Reelfoot Lake (RL) bathymetry. Results suggest the scarp forms by heterogeneous shear in the forelimb of a fault-propagation fold. Seismic data and the accompanying structural analysis support the argument that the Reelfoot fault does not offset the surface, and that the Reelfoot scarp is a fold limb. Structural relief measured across the Reelfoot scarp is slightly higher than previous determinations and varies from 7 to 11 m along the western shoreline of RL. Numerical models based on trishear kinematics constrain growth of the Reelfoot monocline and indicate that the underlying Reelfoot thrust fault is steeply dipping. The shallowest portion of the central Reelfoot thrust segment dips 75{\textdegree} where the fault tip has propagated upward from 911 m to its current location 465 m beneath the surface. The models indicate that the shallowest section of the southern thrust segment in the Reelfoot thrust system dips even more steeply at 80{\textdegree} but has propagated upward only a few tens of meters to its present location 1016 m beneath the surface. The thrust is flatter at deeper levels based on the location of earthquake hypocenters. Strain across the Reelfoot scarp is partitioned into two or three separate fold scarps that collectively record a late Holocene fault slip rate of 3.9{\textpm}0.1 mm/yr. The slip rate is based on 9 m of structural relief, the 2290{\textpm}60 ybp age of folded sediment and a 75{\textdegree} dip for the fault. This implies a rate of horizontal contraction in the seismic zone of \~{}1.0 mm/yr. This rate is strongly dependent on the dip of the thrust calculated by the structural analysis. The numerical models argue for reactivation of faults that previously offset Paleozoic strata.},
	doi = {10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00048-5},
	author = {Champion, J. and Mueller, K. and Tate, A. and Guccione, M. J.}
}
@conference {1640,
	title = {Greenhouse warming and the impact of sea level rise on water resources on the coastal plain of the gulf coast, U.S.A},
	booktitle = {Annual PIs meeting of the DOE National Institute for Global Environmental Change Southeast Regional Center},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 344},
	month = {2001},
	address = {Duke, University},
	author = {Carey, Anne}
}
@mastersthesis {1318,
	title = {Geochemical and Lithological Records of the Hypsithermal and Nipissing Flood Event from Lake Erie--Thesis},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	school = {University of Akron},
	address = {Akron, Ohio},
	author = {Kempthorne, Rebecca}
}
@article {817,
	title = {A giant vampire (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in the Late Holocene from the Argentinean pampas: paleoenvironmental significance},
	journal = {Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology},
	volume = {160},
	year = {2000},
	note = {330jhTimes Cited:12Cited References Count:40},
	month = {Jul 15},
	pages = {213-221},
	abstract = {The first fossil desmodontine record and the only well documented chiropteran fossil record from Argentina is described. A complete left upper canine was collected at Centinela del Mar (38 degrees 21{\textquoteright}S58 degrees W, General Alvarado County, Buenos Aires Province) from fossil-bearing sediments referred to the Late Holocene. The tooth size is 25\% larger than that of the modern vampire bat. Desmodus rotundus. We assign this tooth to Desmodus cf. D. draculae, an extinct species recorded in the Pleistocene-Holocene of South America (Brazil and Venezuela). The southernmost distribution of present-day Desmodus extends to northeast Buenos Aires province (35 degrees S). The presence of Desmodus some 600 km south of this present-day limit (July minimal isotherm of 10 degrees C) indicates that around 300 years BP the southeastern Buenos Aires province was at least 2 degrees C higher than modern July isotherm. The Desmodus tooth is associated with sigmodontine rodents characteristic of subtropical and temperate-warm areas (e.g., Pseudoryzomys simplex, Bibimys cf. B. torresi), and provides additional evidence to support this hypothesis. A correlation with a global warming phase is discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00067-5},
	author = {Pardinas, U. F. J. and Tonni, E. P.}
}
@article {2179,
	title = {Glacial deep water geometry: South Atlantic Benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca and delta13C evidence},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 13050883-8305/00/1999PA000436
},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {147-160},
	author = {Oppo, Delia W. and Horowitz, Michael}
}
@conference {1639,
	title = {Glacial-Interglacial variations in the accumulation rates of major biogenic components in the Southern Pacific Ocean sediments--Abstract},
	booktitle = {Third International SO-JGOFS Symposium},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 287},
	month = {2000},
	address = {Brest},
	author = {Giglio, F. and Langone, L. and Ravaioli, M. and Frignani, M. and Mangini, A. and Fonti, P.}
}
@article {1492,
	title = {Global Distribution of Total Inorganic Carbon and Total Alkalinity Below the Deepest Winter Mixed Layer Depths},
	volume = {ORNIJCDIAC-127 NDP-076},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 1970},
	month = {2000},
	institution = {Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory},
	address = {Oak Ridge, Temessee},
	abstract = {Modeling the global ocean-atmosphere carbon dioxide system is becoming increasingly important to greenhouse gas policy. These models require initialization with realistic three- dimensional (3-D) oceanic carbon fields. This report presents an approach to establishing these initial conditions from an extensive global database of ocean carbon dioxide (CO2) system measurements and well-developed interpolation methods. These methods are limited to waters below the deepest mixed layer. The data used for these interpolations include the recent high-quality data sets from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), and Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study (OACES) programs. Prior to analysis, all carbon data were adjusted to established reference material listed in http://andrew.ucsd.edu/co2qc/. The interpolation methodology employs correlation between CO2 system properties and other more widely measured properties: potential temperature, salinity, and apparent oxygen utilization. The correlations are computed for each profile, and the coefficients are interpolated to the 1{\textdegree}{\texttimes}1{\textdegree}{\texttimes}32 vertical-layer grid at a monthly temporal resolution. Finally, the gridded coefficients are applied to a global monthly climatology of ocean temperature, salinity, and oxygen to compute total CO2 (TCO2) and total alkalinity (TALK) for the 3-D grid. This approach offers advantages over spin up of a single profile in defining spatial variation in CO2 system properties because it reduces initialization time and provides a more accurate carbon field. The results provide an unprecedented "view" of the global distribution of TALK and TCO2 in the ocean. These results as well as those from the monthly mixed layer depths can be used in diagnostic and prognostic global ocean models. The data set of the gridded climatological fields of TCO2, TALK, and mixed layer depths is available free of charge as a numeric data package from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC). The interpolated data set includes seasonal TCO2 and TALK fields as well as the coefficients used to estimate these concentrations and the monthly mixed layer depths.},
	author = {Goyet, C. and Healy, R. and Ryan, J.}
}
@article {1486,
	title = {Gulf of Mexico Intraslope Basins (BIB) Phase 1 Project Atlas},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 354},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {110},
	institution = {Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Texas at Arlington},
	author = {Damuth, J. E. and Olson, H. C. and Moss, G.}
}
@article {823,
	title = {The geochemistry of redox sensitive trace metals in sediments},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {63},
	year = {1999},
	note = {227ktTimes Cited:455Cited References Count:92},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {1735-1750},
	abstract = {We analyzed the redox sensitive elements V, Mo, U, Re and Cd in surface sediments from the Northwest African margin, the U.S. Northwest margin and the Arabian Sea to determine their response under a range of redox conditions. Where oxygen penetrates 1 cm or less into the sediments, Mo and V diffuse to the overlying water as Mn is reduced and remobilized. Authigenic enrichments of U, Re and Cd are evident under these redox conditions. With the onset of sulfate reduction, all of the metals accumulate authigenically with Re being by far the most enriched. General trends in authigenic metal accumulation are described by calculating authigenic fluxes for the 3 main redox regimes: oxic, reducing where oxygen penetrates less than or equal to 1 cm, and anoxic conditions. Using a simple diagenesis model and global estimates of organic carbon rain rate and bottom water oxygen concentrations, we calculate the area of sediments below 1000 m water depth in which oxygen penetration is less than or equal to 1 cm to be 4\% of the ocean floor. We conclude that sediments where oxygen penetrates less than or equal to 1 cm release Mn, V and Mo to seawater at rates of 140\%-260\%, 60\%-150\% and 5\%-10\% of their respective riverine fluxes, using the authigenic metal concentrations and accumulation rates from this work and other literature. These sediments are sinks for Re, Cd and U, with burial fluxes of 70\%-140\%, 30\%-80\% and 20\%-40\%, respectively, of their dissolved riverine inputs. We modeled the sensitivity of the response of seawater Re, Cd and V concentrations to changes in the area of reducing sediments where oxygen penetrates less than or equal to 1 cm. Our analysis suggests a negligible change in seawater Re concentration, whereas seawater concentrations of Cd and V could have decreased and increased, respectively, by 5\%-10\% over 20 kyr if the area of reducing sediments increased by a factor of 2 and by 10\%-20\% if the area increased by a factor of 3. The concentration variations for a factor of 2 increase in the area of reducing sediments are at about the level of uncertainty of Cd/Ca and V/Ca ratios observed in foraminifera shells over the last 40 kyr. This implies that the area of reducing sediments in the ocean deeper than 1000 m (4\%) has not been greater than twice the present value in the recent past. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00126-X},
	author = {Morford, J. L. and Emerson, S.}
}
@mastersthesis {1200,
	title = {The Geochemistry of Redox Sensitive Trace Metals: Thesis},
	volume = {PhD},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	school = {University of Washington},
	author = {Morford, J. L.}
}
@article {772,
	title = {A geostrophic transport estimate for the Florida Current from the oxygen isotope composition of benthic foraminifera},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1999},
	note = {198xcTimes Cited:81Cited References Count:45},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {360-373},
	abstract = {We present a new method for the quantitative reconstruction of upper ocean flows for during times in the past. For the warm (T>5 degrees C) surface ocean, density can be accurately reconstructed from calcite precipitated in equilibrium with seawater, as both of these properties increase with decreasing temperature and increasing salinity. Vertical density profiles can be reconstructed from the oxygen isotopic composition of benthic foraminifera. The net volume transport between two vertical density profiles can be calculated using the geostrophic method. Using benthic foraminifera from surface sediment samples from either side of the Florida Straits (Florida Keys and Little Bahama Bank), we reconstruct two vertical density profiles and calculate a volume transport of 32 Sv using this method. This agrees well with estimates from physical oceanographic methods of 30-32 Sv for the mean annual volume transport. We explore the sensitivity of this technique to various changes in the relationship between temperature and salinity as well as salinity and the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/1999pa900001},
	author = {Lynch-Stieglitz, J. and Curry, W. B. and Slowey, N.}
}
@article {2223,
	title = {Glacial modulation of rapid climate change during the last 0.5 million years},
	journal = {PAGES newsletter},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 168},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {12-13},
	author = {McManus, J. F. and Oppo, D. W. and Cullen, J. L.}
}
@inbook {1466,
	title = {Geoforma Ediciones, Logrono, Barcelona},
	booktitle = {Investigaciones recientes de la Geomorfologia esponola},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 384},
	month = {1998},
	author = {Valero-Garces, B. L. and Matri Bono, C. and Kelts, K.},
	editor = {Ortiz, A. G.}
}
@article {775,
	title = {Glacial-age hydrography of the far northwest Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1998},
	note = {105bqTimes Cited:192Cited References Count:61},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {323-339},
	abstract = {Stable isotope data on benthic foraminifera from more than 30 cores on the northern Emperor Seamounts and in the Okhotsk Sea are synthesized in paleohydrographic profiles spanning the depth range 1000-4000 m. Holocene (core-top) benthic foraminiferal delta(18)O and delta(13)C data are calibrated to modern hydrographic properties through measurements of delta(13)C of Sigma CO2 and delta(18)O of seawater. Cibicidoides stable isotope ratios are close to the delta(13)C and equilibrium delta(18)O of seawater, whereas Uvigerina delta(18)O and delta(13)C are variably offset from Cibicidoides. Glacial maximum delta(13)C of Cibicidoides displays a different vertical profile than that of the Holocene. When results are adjusted by +0.32 parts per thousand to account for the secular change in delta(13)C during the last glacial maximum, the data coincide with the modern seawater and foraminiferal curves deeper than similar to 2 km. However, at shallower depths delta(13)C gradually increases by as much as 1 parts per thousand above the modern value. Furthermore, above 2 km the benthic delta(18)O decreases by similar to 0.5 parts per thousand. These results are consistent with a benthic front at similar to 2 km in the North Pacific [see Herguera et al., 1992], but they differ from interpretations based on trace metal data which indicate a source of nutrient-depleted deep water during glaciation. The isotopic data suggest that during glaciation there was a better ventilated watermass at intermediate depths in the far northwestern Pacific, it was relatively fresher than deep waters there, and deep waters were as nutrient-rich as today.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/98pa00874},
	author = {Keigwin, L. D.}
}
@article {872,
	title = {Glacioisostasy and lake-level change at Moosehead lake, Maine},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Zm315Times Cited:9Cited References Count:46},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {157-170},
	abstract = {Reconstructions of glacioisostatic rebound based on relative sea level in Maine and adjacent Canada do not agree well with existing geophysical models. In order to understand these discrepancies better, we investigated the lake-level history of 40-km-long Moosehead Lake in northwestern Maine. Glacioisostasy has affected the level of Moosehead Lake since deglaciation ca. 12,500 C-14 yr B.P. Lowstand features at the southeastern end and an abandoned outlet at the northwestern end of the lake indicate that the lake basin was tilted down to the northwest, toward the retreating ice sheet, by 0.7 m/km at 10,000 C-14 yr B.P. Water level then rose rapidly in the southeastern end of the lake, and the northwestern outlet was abandoned, indicating rapid relaxation of landscape tilt. Lowstand features at the northwestern end of the lake suggest that the lake basin was tilted to the southeast at ca. 8750 C-14 yr B.P., possibly as the result of a migrating isostatic forebulge. After 8000 C-14 yr B.P., water level at the southeastern end was again below present lake level and rose gradually thereafter. We found no evidence suggesting that postglacial climate change significantly affected lake level. The rebound history inferred from lake-level data is consistent with previous interpretations of nearby relative sealevel data, which indicate a significantly steeper and faster-moving ice-proximal depression and ice-distal forebulge than geophysical models predict. (C) 1998 University of Washington.},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1006/qres.1998.1962},
	author = {Balco, G. and Belknap, D. F. and Kelley, J. T.}
}
@article {639,
	title = {Gas chromatographic isolation of individual compounds from complex matrices for radiocarbon dating},
	journal = {Anal Chem},
	volume = {68},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Eglinton, T IAluwihare, L IBauer, J EDruffel, E RMcNichol, A Peng1996/03/01 00:00Anal Chem. 1996 Mar 1;68(5):904-12. doi: 10.1021/ac9508513.},
	month = {Mar 01},
	pages = {904-12},
	abstract = {This paper describes the application of a novel, practical approach for isolation of individual compounds from complex organic matrices for natural abundance radiocarbon measurement. This is achieved through the use of automated preparative capillary gas chromatography (PCGC) to separate and recover sufficient quantities of individual target compounds for (14)C analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). We developed and tested this approach using a suite of samples (plant lipids, petroleums) whose ages spanned the (14)C time scale and which contained a variety of compound types (fatty acids, sterols, hydrocarbons). Comparison of individual compound and bulk radiocarbon signatures for the isotopically homogeneous samples studied revealed that Delta(14)C values generally agreed well (+/-10\%). Background contamination was assessed at each stage of the isolation procedure, and incomplete solvent removal prior to combustion was the only significant source of additional carbon. Isotope fractionation was addressed through compound-specific stable carbon isotopic analyses. Fractionation of isotopes during isolation of individual compounds was minimal (<5 per thousand for delta(13)C), provided the entire peak was collected during PCGC. Trapping of partially coeluting peaks did cause errors, and these results highlight the importance of conducting stable carbon isotopic measurements of each trapped compound in concert with AMS for reliable radiocarbon measurements. The addition of carbon accompanying derivatization of functionalized compounds (e.g., fatty acids and sterols) prior to chromatographic separation represents a further source of potential error. This contribution can be removed using a simple isotopic mass balance approach. Based on these preliminary results, the PCGC-based approach holds promise for accurately determining (14)C ages on compounds specific to a given source within complex, heterogeneous samples.},
	issn = {0003-2700 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1021/ac9508513},
	author = {Eglinton, T. I. and Aluwihare, L. I. and Bauer, J. E. and Druffel, E. R. and McNichol, A. P.}
}
@article {852,
	title = {Gas venting and late Quaternary sedimentation in the Persian (Arabian) Gulf},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {129},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Tv774Times Cited:49Cited References Count:82},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {237-269},
	abstract = {High resolution 3.5 kHz echo sounding profiles and piston cores were used to reconstruct the microtopography and late Quaternary depositional history of the Persian Gulf. Perversive throughout the seafloor of the Gulf is an extensive network of pockmarks formed by seepages of thermogenic gas. These gas seeps and bottom water exiting the Gulf via the Strait of Hormuz are the most significant processes controlling present-day sedimentation in the region. Erosion by these seeps has been so intense in the Baiban Shelf in the Strait of Hormuz as to create a {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}hoodoo{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} like terrain on the outer shelf. The surfical geology of the Gulf documents a short lived transgression 29,400 to 22,800 years ago during the Wisconsin regression which began 125,000 years ago, the Wisconsin regressive maxima when sea level dropped to -120/-130 m about 21,000/20,000 years ago and the climate was dry and eolian and paralic sedimentation characterized the Gulf, the Holocene transgression 18,000 to 12,000 years ago when the climate was more humid than during the climax of the Wisconsin regression, a dry phase 12,000 to 9000 years ago when the Persian Gulf was a site of eolian and carbonate deposition, and the present sediment cycle during the last 9000 years under a more humid regime. It was during the present cycle that southeast trending marl lobes were deposited off Iran, Arabia acquired its hyper-arid climate about 3000 years ago and the Gulf attained its present configuration about 1000 years ago as a result of the construction of the Tigris Euphrates Delta at its head and tectonism and aggradation along its Arabian and Iranian flanks.},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/0025-3227(96)83347-0},
	author = {Uchupi, E. and Swift, S. A. and Ross, D. A.}
}
@article {2346,
	title = {Geological framework, processes, and rates of subsidence in the Mississippi River delta plain},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {79},
	year = {1995},
	note = {id: 65},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {1565-1566},
	author = {Penland, P. Shea and Jeffress, Williams S. and Roberts, Harry H. and Bailey, Alan and Kuecher, Gerald J. and Suhayda, Joseph N. and Ramsey, Karen E.}
}
@article {785,
	title = {Glacial-Interglacial Differences in Circulation and Carbon Cycling within the Upper Western North-Atlantic},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Rm032Times Cited:80Cited References Count:86},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {715-732},
	abstract = {We investigated glacial-interglacial changes in the circulation and carbon cycling in the western North Atlantic subtropical gyre using hydrographic data and downcore records of the stable isotopic compositions of individual shells of Bahamian benthic foraminifera. Potential temperature-salinity-depth relations show that modern thermocline (similar to 200-1000 m) and deep (similar to 1000-2000 m) waters in the Providence Channels, Bahamas, originate in the Sargasso Sea and are typical of the subtropical gyre. Gradients in the stable isotopic compositions of late Holocene Planulina and Cibicidoides species from the bank margins (similar to 400 to 1500 m depth) reflect temperature, nutrient, and isotopic gradients of modern subtropical gyre waters. The difference between the delta(18)O of glacial maximum and late Holocene foraminifera is similar to 2.1 parts per thousand for the upper 900 m of the water column and similar to 1.6 parts per thousand for deeper waters, indicating that these waters were similar to 4 degrees C and similar to 2 degrees C cooler, respectively, during glacial time. The glacial temperature gradient (dT/dz) was similar to today, while the base of the thermocline was similar to 100 m shallower. These results differ significantly from our earlier results from multiple shell delta(18)O analyses, which implied upper thermocline waters were only similar to 1 degrees C cooler and dT/dz was greater during the glacial maximum. The difference occurs because bioturbation adversely affects multiple shell analyses of glacial-aged samples from shallow water depths. At all depths above 1500 m, foraminiferal delta(13)C are greater during the glacial maximum than the late Holocene by at least 0.1 to 0.2 parts per thousand (as much as 0.6 parts per thousand in the lower thermocline), indicating that nutrient concentrations throughout the thermocline were reduced and there was no oxygen minimum zone during the glacial maximum. This suggests greater, more uniform ventilation of the thermocline. Results of single and multiple shell delta(13)C analyses of glacial age foraminifera compare favorably because samples most affected by mixing correspond to water depths where the glacial-interglacial change of delta(13)C was small. Cooler upper ocean waters during the glacial maximum reflect cooler temperatures at the ocean surface where isopycnal surfaces outcrop, including large areas of the subtropical ocean. A shallower thermocline base is consistent with southward migration of the northern edge of the subtropical gyre or increased mode water production. Enhanced thermocline ventilation is consistent with more vigorous winds and all isopycnal surfaces outcropping in the area of Ekman downwelling.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/95pa01166},
	author = {Slowey, N. C. and Curry, W. B.}
}
@inbook {1474,
	title = {Glacial geology of the Penobscot River basin between Millinocket and Medway (Book Section)},
	booktitle = {New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference Guidebook for Field Trips in North Central Maine},
	year = {1994},
	note = {id: 19},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {193-212},
	author = {Weddle, T. K. and Lowell, T. V. and Dorion, C. C.},
	editor = {Hanson, L. S.}
}
@article {2385,
	title = {Glacial/interglacial slope sedimentation changes on the Pleistocene NJ margin, ODP Site 904A},
	journal = {Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {75},
	year = {1994},
	note = {id: 54},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {205},
	author = {Christensen, B. A. and Thunell, R. and Miller, K. G. and Smith, N. and Cockrell, K.}
}
@inbook {1412,
	title = {Global methanotrophy at the Archean-Proterozoic transition},
	booktitle = {Early Life on Earth. Nobel Symposium},
	volume = {84},
	year = {1994},
	note = {id: 1565},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {220-236},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press, New York},
	organization = {Columbia University Press, New York},
	author = {Hayes, J. M.},
	editor = {Bengston, S.}
}
@article {2398,
	title = {Geochemistry of Precambrian carbonates: IV. Early Paleoproterozoic (2.25 +/-0.25 Ga) seawater},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1992},
	note = {id: 1602},
	month = {1992},
	pages = {875-885},
	author = {Veizer, J. and Clayton, K. R. N. and Hinton, R. W.}
}
