@article {broek_improving_2024,
	title = {Improving Ionplus MICADAS performance with recessed graphite},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Place: EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND Publisher: CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS Type: Article; Early Access},
	month = {04/2024},
	abstract = {Cathodes with recessed sample surfaces have several benefits in cesium sputter ion sources, including higher output, more efficient use of sample material, and improved focusing of the extracted ion beam. However, the Ionplus MICADAS uses cathodes with a graphite surface that is essentially flush with the sample holder. To evaluate the performance of recessed graphite with the MICADAS and determine the optimal surface depth, we tested four different depths, including the standard (flush) pressing method, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, and 1.5 mm. We found that recessed depths of 1.0 and 1.5 mm resulted in 20\% higher ion beam current compared to the standard method under the same source conditions. The results are consistent with the beam produced from the recessed targets being more narrowly focused with a lower emittance, resulting in better transmission through the accelerator. Small graphite samples (200 mu g C) with recessed surfaces produced higher currents for longer, leading to a 2-3x increase in sample ionization efficiency. Additionally, there was some evidence that isotopic ratio measurements of recessed samples were more stable over time. Overall, samples recessed to 1 mm depth offered numerous advantages over the standard pressing method and we have subsequently started pressing all MICADAS graphite using this approach.},
	keywords = {AMS, MICADAS, radiocarbon},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	doi = {10.1017/RDC.2024.36},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/abs/improving-ionplus-micadas-performance-with-recessed-graphite/F8B44939DDC06FBFD1ED93D5DB7C8456},
	author = {Broek, Taylor A. B. and Roberts, Mark L.}
}
@article {miles_interactions_2024,
	title = {Interactions between local glaciers and adjacent grounded Ross Sea ice in the Royal Society Range, Antarctica},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {329},
	year = {2024},
	month = {04/2024},
	pages = {108591},
	abstract = {The Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) has the potential to exert a major control on future global sea level. Here, we gain insight into the response of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) to changing climate through assessment of ice-sheet behavior during and since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) along the western coast of McMurdo Sound. We examine whether expansion of grounded ice in this sector of the Ross Embayment during the last glaciation was caused by increased flux from East Antarctic outlets and local glaciers or was produced by marine influences, such as lowered sea level or reduced melting of submarine grounded ice. During the LGM, grounded ice derived from the Ross Sea deposited a well-defined drift sheet along the Royal Society headlands on the western coast of McMurdo Sound. Twenty-six new radiocarbon dates of subfossil algae within this drift sheet suggest that the ice sheet was at its maximum extent by at least \~{}18.4 ka and maintained this position for about five thousand years. Cross-cutting relationships show that local alpine glaciers did not contribute to the grounded ice but rather fluctuated asynchronously. This same relationship held true during the penultimate glaciation, dated to roughly 137{\textendash}191 ka with 10Be exposure ages. An explanation for this out-of-phase relationship is that different mechanisms controlled their respective extents. Because they lack significant surface melting ablation zones, the local alpine glaciers, which largely terminate on land, were driven by changes in accumulation. These glaciers likely expanded during warmer times when accumulation was higher. In contrast, marine factors, such as global sea-level change and/or subglacial melting, controlled ice fluctuations in the Ross Embayment, including McMurdo Sound, leading to advance during the LGM.},
	keywords = {Alpine glaciers, Antarctica, Be exposure age dating, Last glacial maximum, radiocarbon, Ross Sea},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108591},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379124000921},
	author = {Miles, Maraina and Hall, Brenda and Denton, George}
}
@article {pigati_independent_2023,
	title = {Independent age estimates resolve the controversy of ancient human footprints at White Sands},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {382},
	number = {6666},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	month = {10/2023},
	pages = {73{\textendash}75},
	abstract = {Human footprints at White Sands National Park, New Mexico, USA, reportedly date to between \textasciitilde23,000 and 21,000 years ago according to radiocarbon dating of seeds from the aquatic plant Ruppia cirrhosa. These ages remain controversial because of potential old carbon reservoir effects that could compromise their accuracy. We present new calibrated 14C ages of terrestrial pollen collected from the same stratigraphic horizons as those of the Ruppia seeds, along with optically stimulated luminescence ages of sediments from within the human footprint{\textendash}bearing sequence, to evaluate the veracity of the seed ages. The results show that the chronologic framework originally established for the White Sands footprints is robust and reaffirm that humans were present in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum.},
	doi = {10.1126/science.adh5007},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh5007},
	author = {Pigati, Jeffrey S. and Springer, Kathleen B. and Honke, Jeffrey S. and Wahl, David and Champagne, Marie R. and ZIMMERMAN, SUSAN R. H. and Gray, Harrison J. and Santucci, Vincent L. and Odess, Daniel and Bustos, David and Bennett, Matthew R.}
}
@article {thatcher_iberian_2022,
	title = {Iberian hydroclimate variability and the Azores High during the last 1200 years: evidence from proxy records and climate model simulations},
	journal = {Climate Dynamics},
	year = {2022},
	month = {08/2022},
	pages = {1{\textendash}23},
	abstract = {The state of the atmospheric circulation and the associated hydroclimate in the North Atlantic during the last millennium remain the subject of considerable debate in both proxy- and model-based studies. Of particular interest in the Iberian region is the Azores High (AH) system, the southern node of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), an atmospheric dipole closely tied to regional hydroclimate. Hydroclimate-sensitive proxy reconstructions from this region offer some insights into atmospheric dynamics, but large spatiotemporal gaps in these data inhibit a robust evaluation of hydroclimate variability. In this study, we present a continuous, sub-decadally-resolved composite stalagmite carbon isotopic record from three partially overlapping stalagmites from Buraca Gloriosa (BG) cave, western Portugal, situated within the center of the AH, that preserves evidence of regional hydroclimate variability from approximately 800 CE to the present. Chronologies are derived from U/Th dating and annual laminae. Stalagmite carbon isotopic values primarily reflect the amount of effective moisture and reveal generally dry conditions during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA; 850{\textendash}1250 CE) and Modern Climate/Industrial Era (1850 CE-present), and wetter conditions during the Little Ice Age (LIA; 1400{\textendash}1850 CE). Multidecadal to centennial variability in the BG record and state-of-the-art last millennium climate model simulations show considerable coherence with precipitation-sensitive records from Spain and Morocco that, like BG, are strongly influenced by the intensity, size, and location of the AH. Model-proxy synthesis suggests that western Portugal was persistently dry during much of the MCA consistent with other NAO reconstructions; however, even considering age uncertainties, the apparent timing in the transition from a relatively dry MCA to a wetter LIA is spatially variable and confirms the non-stationary behavior of the AH system indicated by model output.},
	keywords = {Azores High, Hydroclimate, last millennium, Last Millennium Ensemble, Paleoclimate, Stalagmite},
	doi = {10.1007/s00382-022-06427-6},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1150271437},
	author = {Thatcher, Diana L. and Wanamaker, A. D. and Denniston, R. F. and Ummenhofer, C. C. and Asmerom, Y. and Polyak, V. J. and Cresswell-Clay, N. and Hasiuk, F. and Haws, J. and Gillikin, D. P.}
}
@article {2964,
	title = {Ice-sheet expansion from the Ross Sea into McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, during the last two glaciations},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {278},
	year = {2022},
	month = {Jan-02-2022},
	pages = {107379},
	abstract = {An understanding of Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) behavior is important for future sea-level predictions. Here, we examine past ice-sheet history in the McMurdo Sound region of the western Ross Sea over the last two glacial-interglacial cycles in order to gain insight into the drivers of ice-sheet change. Surficial mapping, along with radiocarbon dates of lacustrine algae and uranium-thorium disequilibrium dates of lacustrine carbonates from ice-dammed lakes, allow reconstruction of the timing and origin of grounded ice in McMurdo Sound during the last glacial maximum (LGM) and penultimate glaciation. During the LGM, ice-surface elevation profiles and distribution of erratics indicate ice flow into southern McMurdo Sound from the Ross Sea, rather than seaward expansion of local glaciers from the Royal Society Range. The grounded ice in McMurdo Sound flowed westward to block the mouths of valleys in the Royal Society Range and to dam proglacial lakes. In Marshall Valley, maximum ice extent during what is termed the Ross Sea glaciation, was achieved by 18 ka and remained close to this position until after 14 ka. The pattern of surficial deposits suggests that ice during the penultimate glaciation, locally named the Marshall glaciation, was slightly more extensive than that of the LGM but had a similar Ross Sea origin. Maximum ice extent in Marshall Valley occurred at \~{}145{\textendash}150 ka; the grounded ice may have receded from the valley mouth shortly after 138 ka. Both ice expansions occurred broadly during times of low Antarctic air temperatures, which have been linked to insolation minima. However, the lack of widespread surface melting ablation zones on the AIS indicates that the link between ice expansion and orbital forcing is likely to be indirect and possibly driven through the ocean. Closer examination of the precise timing of the glacial maxima in Marshall Valley shows that the Marshall glaciation occurred synchronously with the penultimate global maximum; ice recession took place during Termination II. In contrast, maximum ice extent during the Ross Sea glaciation along the Royal Society Range occurred after the global LGM, during Termination I. Deglaciation was primarily an early Holocene event. We attribute this delayed maximum and deglaciation (relative to global events) to the effect of rising accumulation on ice-sheet mass balance.},
	issn = {02773791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107379},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379122000105},
	author = {Heath, Stephanie and Hall, Brenda L. and Denton, George H. and Henderson, Gideon M. and Hendy, Chris H.}
}
@article {2968,
	title = {Impact of Indian Ocean surface temperature gradient reversals on the Indian Summer Monsoon},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {578},
	year = {2022},
	month = {Jan-01-2022},
	pages = {117327},
	abstract = {Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) precipitation is the main determinant of livelihood in a densely populated world region. The interannual variability of the ISM is influenced by several modes of climate variability, including anomalous seasonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient reversals between the eastern, western, and northeastern Indian Ocean. With global warming, the frequency of zonal and meridional Indian Ocean{\textquoteright}s SST gradient changes is projected to increase but its impact on the ISM is debated. Here we present a 25,000-year proxy record of SST and inferred Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) River runoff that provides a spatially integrated measure of ISM precipitation changes. This record indicates a monotonic deglacial strengthening of the ISM system when the SST gradient between the Bay of Bengal surface water and the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean was reversed. We posit that the reversal in the meridional SST gradient reduced the impact of Heinrich Event 1 and Younger Dryas on the low elevation part of the ISM domain. Furthermore, the proxy record shows that the strongest Holocene ISM strengthening occurred between 7900{\textpm}470 and 5700{\textpm}360 years before present, coinciding with and causally linked to the reversal of the Indian Ocean zonal SST gradient and ensuing changes in the wind fields, a sequence of events that is inferred from and supported by the results of our climate simulation. Our study demonstrates that changes in the Indian Ocean{\textquoteright}s zonal and meridional thermal gradient strongly shaped the timing of Holocene monsoon strengthening and the response of ISM to the last deglacial freshwater forcing.},
	issn = {0012821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117327},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012821X21005835},
	author = {Weldeab, Syee and R{\"u}hlemann, Carsten and Ding, Qinghua and Khon, Vyacheslav and Schneider, Birgit and Gray, William R.}
}
@article {3004,
	title = {Implications of Single-Step Graphitization For Reconstructing Late Holocene Relative Sea-Level Using Radiocarbon-Dated Organic Coastal Sediment},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	year = {2022},
	month = {08/2022},
	pages = {1 - 20},
	abstract = {Late Holocene relative sea-level reconstructions are commonly generated using proxies preserved in salt-marsh and mangrove sediment. These depositional environments provide abundant material for radiocarbon dating in the form of identifiable macrofossils (salt marshes) and bulk organic sediment (mangroves). We explore if single-step graphitization of these samples in preparation for radiocarbon dating can increase the number and temporal resolution of relative sea-level reconstructions without a corresponding increase in cost. Dating of salt-marsh macrofossils from the northeastern United States and bulk mangrove sediment from the Federated States of Micronesia indicates that single-step graphitization generates radiocarbon ages that are indistinguishable from replicates prepared using traditional graphitization, but with a modest increase in error (mean/maximum of 6.25/15 additional 14C yr for salt-marsh macrofossils). Low 12C currents measured on bulk mangrove sediment following single-step graphitization likely render them unreliable despite their apparent accuracy. Simulated chronologies for six salt-marsh cores indicate that having twice as many radiocarbon dates (since single-step graphitization costs \~{}50\% of traditional graphitization) results in narrower confidence intervals for sample age estimated by age-depth models when the additional error from the single-step method is less than \~{}50 14C yr (\~{}30 14C yr if the chronology also utilizes historical age markers). Since these thresholds are greater than our empirical estimates of the additional error, we conclude that adopting single-step graphitization for radiocarbon measurements on plant macrofossils is likely to increase precision of age-depth models by more than 20/10\% (without/with historical age markers). This improvement can be implemented without additional cost.},
	keywords = {age-depth model, mangrove, Massachusetts, Micronesia, Salt marsh},
	isbn = {0033-8222, 1945-5755},
	doi = {10.1017/RDC.2022.55},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/implications-of-singlestep-graphitization-for-reconstructing-late-holocene-relative-sealevel-using-radiocarbondated-organic-coastal-sediment/41F75E6A0679F0E659C96F438452D64C},
	author = {Sefton, Juliet P. and Kemp, Andrew C. and Elder, Kathryn L. and Hansman, Roberta L. and Roberts, Mark L.}
}
@article {2963,
	title = {Indian monsoon variability during the past \~{}8.5~cal~kyr as recorded in the sediments of the northeastern Arabian Sea},
	journal = {Quaternary International},
	year = {2022},
	month = {Jan-04-2022},
	abstract = {We analyzed benthic and planktic foraminifera, total organic carbon and stable isotopes ratios of carbon and oxygen from 100 samples of marine sediment Core ABP, 25/03, off Gujarat in the northeastern Arabian Sea. Factor and cluster analyses of thirty highest-ranked benthic foraminifer species enabled to identify seven biofacies in the study sequence characterizing major changes in deep-sea environments during the past \~{}8.5 cal kyr. The benthic foraminiferal data has been combined with population abundances of upwelling indicator planktic foraminifer Globigerina bulloides and mixed layer species from Core ABP, 25/03 and compared with that from ODP Hole 723A and Core ABP, 25/02, western and eastern Arabian Sea, respectively. A major change in benthic foraminifera occurs during \~{}8.5 to 6 cal kyr BP, when the summer monsoon was stronger whereas during 6 to 2 cal kyr BP, the data suggest a weak summer monsoon. Planktic foraminifer Globigerina bulloides does not show any significant trend in the study core, but deep thermocline species Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and mixed layer species show significant trend with an inverse correlation with the TOC. This core records high TOC from \~{}6.5 to 4 cal kyr BP and during the last 2 cal kyr and low TOC during \~{}8.5 to 6.5 cal kyr BP and 4 to 2 cal kyr BP. It is interesting to note intervals of high mixed layer species coincide with high Neogloboquadrina dutertrei percentages and low TOC values at Core ABP, 25/03 during 8.5 to 6.5 cal kyr BP.The faunal data is supported by carbon and oxygen isotope ratios (δ13C and δ18O) of shells of benthic foraminifer Cibicides spp. to strengthen our understanding of changes in the eastern Arabian Sea since \~{}8.5 cal kyr BP.},
	issn = {10406182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quaint.2022.03.016},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S104061822200115X},
	author = {Ravichandran, M. and Gupta, Anil K. and Mohan, K. and Tiwari, Sameer K. and Lakshumanan, C. and Panigrahi, M.K.}
}
@article {2965,
	title = {In-phase millennial-scale glacier changes in the tropics and North Atlantic regions during the HoloceneAbstract},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2022},
	month = {Jan-12-2022},
	abstract = {Based on new and published cosmic-ray exposure chronologies, we show that glacier extent in the tropical Andes and the north Atlantic regions (TANAR) varied in-phase on millennial timescales during the Holocene, distinct from other regions. Glaciers experienced an early Holocene maximum extent, followed by a strong mid-Holocene retreat and a re-advance in the late Holocene. We further explore the potential forcing of TANAR glacier variations using transient climate simulations. Since the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) evolution is poorly represented in these transient simulations, we develop a semi-empirical model to estimate the {\textquotedblleft}AMOC-corrected{\textquotedblright} temperature and precipitation footprint at regional scales. We show that variations in the AMOC strength during the Holocene are consistent with the observed glacier changes. Our findings highlight the need to better constrain past AMOC behavior, as it may be an important driver of TANAR glacier variations during the Holocene, superimposed on other forcing mechanisms.},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-022-28939-9},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28939-9},
	author = {Jomelli, V. and Swingedouw, D. and Vuille, M. and Favier, V. and Goehring, B. and Shakun, J. and Braucher, R. and Schimmelpfennig, I. and Menviel, L. and Rabatel, A. and Martin, L. C. P. and Blard, P.-H. and Condom, T. and Lupker, M. and Christl, M. and He, Z. and Verfaillie, D. and Gorin, A. and Auma{\^\i}tre, G. and Bourles, D. L. and Keddadouche, K.}
}
@article {2940,
	title = {Inverted channel variations identified on a distal portion of a bajada in the central Atacama Desert, Chile},
	journal = {Geomorphology},
	volume = {393},
	year = {2021},
	month = {Jan-11-2021},
	pages = {107925},
	abstract = {In deserts, the interplay between occasional fluvial events and persistent aeolian erosion can form composite modern and relict surfaces, especially on the distal portion of alluvial fans. There, relief inversion of alluvial deposits by differential erosion can form longitudinal ridges. We identified two distinct ridge types formed by relief inversion on converging alluvial fans in the hyperarid Chilean Atacama Desert. Although they are co-located and similar in scale, the ridge types have different ages and formation histories that apparently correspond to minor paleoclimate variations. Gravel-armored ridges are remnants of deflated alluvial deposits with a bimodal sediment distribution (gravel and sand) dated to a minor pluvial phase at the end of the Late Pleistocene (similar to 12 kyr). In contrast, younger (similar to 9 kyr) sulfate-capped ridges formed during a minor arid phase with evaporite deposition in a pre-existing channel that armored the underlying deposits. Collectively, inverted channels at Salar de Llamara resulted from multiple episodes of surface overland flow and standing water spanning several thousand years. Based on ridge relief and age, the minimum long-term deflation rate is 0.1-0.2 m/kyr, driven primarily by wind erosion. This case study is an example of the equifinality concept whereby different processes lead to similar landforms. The complex history of the two ridge types can only be generally constrained in remotely sensed data. In situ observations are required to discern the specifics of the aqueous history, including the flow type, magnitude, sequence, and paleoenvironment. These findings have relevance for interpreting similar landforms on Mars.},
	issn = {0169555X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107925},
	url = {https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/WOS:000702871000005?AlertId=4d48b20a-7d27-4fa2-a6a8-37f0daa89864\&SID=5CCv4BEH6pVsodTqSwx},
	author = {Williams, Rebecca M.E. and Irwin, Rossman P. and Noe Dobrea, Eldar Z. and Howard, Alan D. and Dietrich, William E. and Cawley, J.C.}
}
@article {2776,
	title = {Identifying the Greatest Earthquakes of the Past 2000 Years at the Nehalem River Estuary, Northern Oregon Coast, USA},
	journal = {Open Quaternary},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Feb-01-2021},
	abstract = {We infer a history of three great megathrust earthquakes during the past 2000 years at the Nehalem River estuary based on the lateral extent of sharp (<=3 mm) peat-mud stratigraphic contacts in cores and outcrops, coseismic subsidence as interpreted from fossil diatom assemblages and reconstructed with foraminiferal assemblages using a Bayesian transfer function, and regional correlation of 14C-modeled ages for the times of subsidence. A subsidence contact from 1700 CE (contact A), sometimes overlain by tsunami-deposited sand, can be traced over distances of 7 km. Contacts B and D, which record subsidence during two earlier megathrust earthquakes, are much less extensive but are traced across a 700-m by 270-m tidal marsh. Although some other Cascadia studies report evidence for an earthquake between contacts B and D, our lack of extensive evidence for such an earthquake may result from the complexities of preserving identifiable evidence of it in the rapidly shifting shoreline environments of the lower river and bay. Ages (95\% intervals) and subsidence for contacts are: A, 1700 CE (1.1 {\textpm} 0.5 m); B, 942{\textendash}764 cal a BP (0.7 {\textpm} 0.4 m and 1.0 m {\textpm} 0.4 m); and D, 1568{\textendash}1361 cal a BP (1.0 m {\textpm} 0.4 m). Comparisons of contact subsidence and the degree of overlap of their modeled ages with ages for other Cascadia sites are consistent with megathrust ruptures many hundreds of kilometers long. But these data cannot conclusively distinguish among different types or lengths of ruptures recorded by the three great earthquake contacts at the Nehalem River estuary.},
	keywords = {Bayesian transfer function, Cascadia subduction zone, Coseismic subsidence, earthquake hazards, Paleoseismology, salt-marsh stratigraphy, Sea-level changes, tidal foraminifera and diatoms},
	doi = {10.5334/oq.70},
	url = {http://www.openquaternary.com/articles/10.5334/oq.70/},
	author = {Nelson, Alan R. and Hawkes, Andrea D. and Sawai, Yuki and Engelhart, Simon E. and Witter, Rob and Grant-Walter, Wendy C. and Bradley, Lee-Ann and Dura, Tina and Cahill, Niamh and Horton, Ben}
}
@booklet {2943,
	title = {Inferring life history characteristics of the oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus from vertebral bomb radiocarbon [Poster]},
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.1575/1912/27806},
	url = {https://hdl.handle.net/1912/27806},
	author = {Passerotti, Michelle S. and Andrews, Allen H. and Natanson, Lisa J.}
}
@article {2917,
	title = {Inferring Life History Characteristics of the Oceanic Whitetip Shark Carcharhinus longimanus From Vertebral Bomb Radiocarbon},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Dec-11-2020},
	abstract = {Oceanic whitetip sharks Carcharhinus longimanus are a cosmopolitan epipelagic species that was once prolific throughout the tropics and subtropics but was recently listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and as Threatened under the United States Endangered Species Act. Although historically conspicuous in oceanic fisheries catches, relatively little is known about their habitat use, movement, and life history during migration. Given the paucity of data on migratory patterns and lack of age estimate validation available for this species, we evaluated vertebral growth bands for bomb radiocarbon (C-14) patterns to derive additional information on these metrics. Individual growth bands (n = 62) were milled from vertebrae of eight individuals caught in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Age estimates based on vertebral growth bands ranged 1-13 years, with capture dates spanning 1978-2004. Plots of vertebral Delta C-14 relative to regional coral, shark, and fish otolith reference curves suggest age estimates based on presumed annual growth bands were accurate, although specimens were not old enough to capture the most informative portion of the bomb radiocarbon reference period. The magnitude of Delta C-14 varied among individuals, and individual chronologies demonstrated semi-cyclic patterns of Delta C-14 depletion and subsequent enrichment, which may be indicative of changes to diet as a function of annual migratory patterns and is supported by recently published telemetry, diet, and stable isotope studies. Although these data are preliminary in nature, they provide some evidence that Delta C-14 patterns in vertebrae can serve as a multi-purpose tool for life history studies of oceanic sharks.},
	keywords = {Age validation, Carbon-14, diet, family Carcharhinidae, migration, Vertebrae},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2020.581775},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.581775/fullhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.581775/full},
	author = {Passerotti, Michelle S. and Andrews, Allen H. and Natanson, Lisa J.}
}
@article {2684,
	title = {Influences of upper Floridan aquifer waters on radiocarbon in the otoliths of gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) in the Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jun-05-2020},
	pages = {1 - 20},
	abstract = {The otoliths (ear stones) of fishes are commonly used to describe the age and growth of marine and freshwater fishes. These non-skeletal structures are fortuitous in their utility by being composed of mostly inorganic carbonate that is inert through the life of the fish. This conserved record functions like an environmental chronometer and bomb-produced radiocarbon {\textemdash} a 14C signal created by atmospheric testing of thermonuclear devices {\textemdash} can be used as a time-specific marker in validating fish age. However, complications from the hydrogeology of nearshore marine environments can complicate 14C levels, as was the case with gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) along the Gulf of Mexico coast of Florida. Radiocarbon of these nearshore waters is influenced by freshwater input from the karst topography of the Upper Floridan Aquifer-estuarine waters that are 14C-depleted from surface and groundwater inputs. Some gray snapper likely recruited to this kind of environment where 14C levels were depleted in the earliest otolith growth, although age was validated for individuals that were not exposed to 14C-depleted waters to an age of at least 25 years with support for a 30-year lifespan.},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	doi = {10.1017/RDC.2020.29},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341180789_INFLUENCES_OF_UPPER_FLORIDAN_AQUIFER_WATERS_ON_RADIOCARBON_IN_THE_OTOLITHS_OF_GRAY_SNAPPER_Lutjanus_griseus_IN_THE_GULF_OF_MEXICO},
	author = {Andrews, Allen H and Barnett, Beverly K and Chanton, Jeffrey P and Thornton, Laura A and Allman, Robert J}
}
@article {2913,
	title = {Insolation and greenhouse gases drove Holocene winter and spring warming in Arctic Alaska},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {242},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Jan-08-2020},
	pages = {106438},
	abstract = {Global surface temperature changes and their drivers during the Holocene Epoch remain controversial. Syntheses of proxy data indicate that global mean annual temperature declined from the mid-Holocene until the Pre-industrial Era, a trend linked to decreasing Northern Hemisphere summer insolation. In contrast, global climate models simulate increasing mean annual temperatures driven by retreating ice sheets and increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. This proxy-model disagreement may originate from a warm season bias in Northern Hemisphere proxy reconstructions, highlighting the need for new proxies that quantify cold season temperature, especially in Arctic regions that were devoid of continental ice sheets during the Holocene. Here, we present a new 16,000-year winter-spring temperature reconstruction derived from the unsaturation ratio of alkenones (U-3(7)K) in a continuous sedimentary sequence from Lake E5, northern Alaska. We employ a thermodynamic lake model to convert alkenone-inferred lake temperatures into winter-spring air temperature anomalies and we contextualize our proxy reconstruction with climate model output from the region. Our reconstruction shows that winter-spring temperatures warmed rapidly during the deglaciation at 16 and 14 thousand years before present and continued to warm gradually throughout the middle and late Holocene (0.12-0.28 degrees C/thousand years) in concert with regional sea surface temperature and sea ice records. Our results are consistent with climate model simulations and we attribute Holocene warming to rising winter-spring insolation, radiative forcing from rising greenhouse gas concentrations and regional feedbacks. Our reconstructed cold season warming equaled or exceeded summer cooling according to a regional synthesis of temperature records, suggesting that seasonal biases in temperature reconstructions may account for proxy-model disagreements in Holocene temperature trends from Eastern Beringia. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Alkenone, Beringia, Continental biomarkers, Holocene, North America, paleoclimatology, paleolimnology, Proxy data-model comparison, seasonality, Temperature reconstruction},
	issn = {02773791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106438},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379120304005},
	author = {Longo, William M. and Huang, Yongsong and Russell, James M. and Morrill, Carrie and Daniels, William C. and Giblin, Anne E. and Crowther, Josue}
}
@article {2664,
	title = {Illuminating microbial species-specific effects on organic matter remineralization in marine sediments},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Oct-12-2019},
	issn = {1462-2912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14871},
	url = {https://apps.webofknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&Func=Frame\&DestFail=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.webofknowledge.com\&SrcApp=search\&SrcAuth=Alerting\&SID=7Bytr67Z6qAbafBcvVL\&customersID=Alerting\&mode=FullRecord\&IsProductCode=Yes\&AlertId=ab9062f8-b111-4f95-},
	author = {Mahmoudi, Nagissa and Enke, Tim N. and Beaupr{\'e}, Steven R. and Teske, Andreas P. and Cordero, Otto X. and Pearson, Ann}
}
@article {2761,
	title = {Implications of radiocarbon ages of organic and inorganic carbon in coastal lakes in Florida for establishing a reliable chronology for sediment-based paleoclimate reconstructionAbstract},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {91},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-03-2019},
	pages = {638 - 649},
	abstract = {Coastal lake sediments are valuable paleoclimate archives provided that they can be accurately dated. Here, we report radiocarbon ages of bulk sediment organic matter (OM), plants, shells, particulate OM, and dissolved OM from coastal lakes in Florida. Bulk sediment OM yielded ages that are consistently older than contemporaneous plants and shells, indicating significant radiocarbon deficiencies in sedimentary OM in these lakes. The data show that the OM radiocarbon deficiency varies over time and with location, making it impossible to determine a proper correction factor for radiocarbon ages of bulk sediments from these lakes. As a result, we consider ages obtained from bulk sediment OM from these lakes unreliable. The age reversals in bulk sediment OM observed in the sediment cores are likely caused by rapid increases in erosion and sedimentation resulting from large storm events. The data also show that sedimentation rate can vary considerably within a given lake, implying that an age-depth model established for one core cannot be directly applied to other cores despite their close proximity. Analyses of shells from one of the lakes suggest that fresh/brackish-water shells may serve as a good substrate for radiocarbon dating owing to a small reservoir effect on inorganic carbon.},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1017/qua.2018.96},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589418000960/type/journal_article},
	author = {Wang, Yang and Das, Oindrila and Xu, Xiaomei and Liu, Jin and Jahan, Shakura and Means, Guy H. and Donoghue, Joseph and Jiang, Shijun}
}
@article {2632,
	title = {Improved C- efficiency and ion beam currents by modifying SNICS cathode material},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {439},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-01-2019},
	pages = {90 - 93},
	abstract = {We investigated the possibility of increasing the C-14 AMS efficiency and maximizing C- beam currents by modifying sample cathode geometry and material. Previously, we reported results which showed an increase in C- beam current and improved ionization efficiency when reducing the cathode sample well diameter from 1 mm to 0.75 mm and using zinc inserts, pressed into the aluminum cathode holder [4]. In this study we expand that effort by using cathodes with inserts made of Fe, Mo, Ni, Ti, Cu, and Zn. We pressed cathodes with 100 mu g of Oxalic Acid I (OX-I) and ran them to exhaustion. C-12 beam currents, C-14 counts, and graphite weight were used to determine ion source efficiency.},
	keywords = {Cathode, Efficiency, Ion source, SNICS},
	issn = {0168583X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2018.11.015},
	url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2\&SrcAuth=Alerting\&SrcApp=Alerting\&DestApp=WOS_CPL\&DestLinkType=FullRecord\&UT=WOS:000455693100015},
	author = {Hlavenka, Joshua D. and Abrams, Henry and Roberts, Mark L. and Longworth, Brett E. and Fallon, Stewart}
}
@article {2712,
	title = {In situ cosmogenic 3He and 36Cl and radiocarbon dating of volcanic deposits refine the Pleistocene and Holocene eruption chronology of SW Peru},
	journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-11-2019},
	abstract = {Constraining the age of young lavas, which generally fall outside the effective range of traditional geochronology methods, remains a key challenge in volcanology, limiting the development of high-resolution eruption chronologies. We present an in situ cosmogenic 3He and 36Cl surface-exposure chronology, alongside new minimum-limiting 14C ages, documenting young eruptions at five sites in the Western Cordillera, southern Peru. Four 3He-dated lavas on the Nevado Coropuna volcanic complex (hitherto thought to be dormant) indicate that the central dome cluster is young and potentially active; two Holocene lavas on the easternmost dome are the youngest directly dated lavas in Peru to date. East of Coropuna, lava domes and block-lava flows represent the most extensive output to date of Nevado Sabancaya, one of Peru{\textquoteright}s most active volcanoes. Two 3He measurements confirm the Holocene age of these deposits and expand the chronology for one of the youngest major lava fields in Peru. 36Cl surface-exposure ages from the Purupurini dome cluster and Nevado Casiri document middle-late-Holocene episodes of effusive activity, while basal 14C ages from a lava-dammed wetland constrain an effusive eruption at Mina Arcata, north of Coropuna, to the late-glacial period. These new data advance the recent Western Cordillera volcanic record whilst demonstrating both the considerable potential and fundamental limitations of cosmogenic surface-exposure methods for such applications.},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	doi = {10.1007/s00445-019-1325-6},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00445-019-1325-6},
	author = {Bromley, Gordon R. M. and Thouret, Jean-Claude and Schimmelpfennig, Irene and Mari{\~n}o, Jersy and Valdivia, David and Rademaker, Kurt and del Pilar Vivanco Lopez, Socorro and Team, ASTER and Auma{\^\i}tre, Georges and Bourl{\`e}s, Didier and Keddadouche, Karim}
}
@article {2643,
	title = {Influence of Different Acid Treatments on the Radiocarbon Content Spectrum of Sedimentary Organic Matter Determined by RPO/Accelerator Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-04-2019},
	pages = {395 - 413},
	abstract = {In practice, obtaining radiocarbon (C-14) composition of organic matter (OM) in sediments requires first removing inorganic carbon (IC) by acid-treatment. Two common treatments are acid rinsing and fumigation. Resulting C-14 content obtained by different methods can differ, but underlying causes of these differences remain elusive. To assess the influence of different acid-treatments on C-14 content of sedimentary OM, we examine the variability in C-14 content for a range of marine and river sediments. By comparing results for unacidified and acidified sediments [HCl rinsing (Rinse(HCl)) and HCl fumigation (Fume(HCl))], we demonstrate that the two acid-treatments can affect C-14 content differentially. Our findings suggest that, for low-carbonate samples, Rinse(HCl) affects the Fm values due to loss of young labile organic carbon (OC). Fume(HCl) makes the Fm values for labile OC decrease, leaving the residual OC older. High-carbonate samples can lose relatively old organic components during Rinse(HCl), causing the Fm values of remaining OC to increase. Fume(HCl) can remove thermally labile, usually young, OC and reduce the Fm values. We suggest three factors should be taken into account when using acid to remove carbonate from sediments: IC abundance, proportions of labile and refractory OC, and environmental matrix.},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	doi = {10.1017/RDC.2018.125},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328913959_Influence_of_different_acid_treatments_on_the_radiocarbon_content_spectrum_of_sedimentary_organic_matter_determined_by_RPOAccelerator_Mass_Spectrometry},
	author = {Bao, Rui and McNichol, Ann P and Hemingway, Jordon D and Lardie Gaylord, Mary C and Eglinton, Timothy I}
}
@article { ISI:000461424500002,
	title = {INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT ACID TREATMENTS ON THE RADIOCARBON CONTENT SPECTRUM OF SEDIMENTARY ORGANIC MATTER DETERMINED BY RPO/ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY},
	journal = {RADIOCARBON},
	volume = {61},
	number = {2},
	year = {2019},
	month = {APR},
	pages = {395-413},
	abstract = {In practice, obtaining radiocarbon (C-14) composition of organic matter (OM) in sediments requires first removing inorganic carbon (IC) by acid-treatment. Two common treatments are acid rinsing and fumigation. Resulting C-14 content obtained by different methods can differ, but underlying causes of these differences remain elusive. To assess the influence of different acid-treatments on C-14 content of sedimentary OM, we examine the variability in C-14 content for a range of marine and river sediments. By comparing results for unacidified and acidified sediments [HCl rinsing (Rinse(HCl)) and HCl fumigation (Fume(HCl))], we demonstrate that the two acid-treatments can affect C-14 content differentially. Our findings suggest that, for low-carbonate samples, Rinse(HCl) affects the Fm values due to loss of young labile organic carbon (OC). Fume(HCl) makes the Fm values for labile OC decrease, leaving the residual OC older. High-carbonate samples can lose relatively old organic components during Rinse(HCl), causing the Fm values of remaining OC to increase. Fume(HCl) can remove thermally labile, usually young, OC and reduce the Fm values. We suggest three factors should be taken into account when using acid to remove carbonate from sediments: IC abundance, proportions of labile and refractory OC, and environmental matrix.},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	doi = {10.1017/RDC.2018.125},
	author = {Bao, Rui and McNichol, Ann P. and Hemingway, Jordon D. and Gaylord, Mary C. Lardie and Eglinton, I, Timothy}
}
@article {2756,
	title = {Intense Hurricane Activity Over the Past 1500 Years at South Andros Island, The Bahamas},
	journal = {Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2019},
	month = {May-11-2021},
	pages = {1761 - 1783},
	abstract = {Hurricanes cause substantial loss of life and resources in coastal areas. Unfortunately, historical hurricane records are too short and incomplete to capture hurricane-climate interactions on multi-decadal and longer timescales. Coarse-grained, hurricane-induced deposits preserved in blue holes in the Caribbean can provide records of past hurricane activity extending back thousands of years. Here we present a high resolution record of intense hurricane events over the past 1500 years from a blue hole on South Andros Island on the Great Bahama Bank. This record is corroborated by shorter reconstructions from cores collected at two nearby blue holes. The record contains coarse-grained event deposits attributable to known historical hurricane strikes within age uncertainties. Over the past 1500 years, South Andros shows evidence of four active periods of hurricane activity. None of these active intervals occurred in the past 163 years. We suggest that Intertropical Convergence Zone position modulates hurricane activity on the island based on a correlation with Cariaco Basin titanium concentrations. An anomalous gap in activity on South Andros Island in the early 13th century corresponds to a period of increased volcanism. The patterns of hurricane activity reconstructed from South Andros Island closely match those from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico but are anti-phased with records from New England. We suggest that either changes in local environmental conditions (e.g., SSTs) or a northeastward shift in storm tracks can account for the increased activity in the western North Atlantic when the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern Caribbean are less active.},
	issn = {2572-4517},
	doi = {10.1029/2019PA003665},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019PA003665},
	author = {Wallace, E. J. and Donnelly, J. P. and Hengstum, P. J. and Wiman, C. and Sullivan, R. M. and Winkler, T. S. and d{\textquoteright}Entremont, N. E. and Toomey, M. and Albury, N.}
}
@article {2890,
	title = {Investigating environmental changes as the driving force of agricultural intensification in the lower reaches of the Yellow River: A case study at the Sanyangzhuang site},
	journal = {Quaternary International},
	volume = {521},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-06-2019},
	pages = {25 - 34},
	abstract = {In many different societies around the world, people transitioned from slash-and-burn agriculture to an intensive mode of agricultural production. However, why agriculture was increasingly intensified by early farmers remains less understood. This study investigates the driving forces of agricultural intensification from an environmental perspective. Based on our fieldwork at the Sanyangzhuang site and previous paleoclimatic studies, we reconstruct the depositional processes and climatic changes at Sanyangzhuang and its surrounding area between 5000 yr BP and 2000 yr BP. Data suggest that farmers in the lower reaches of the Yellow River were confronted with increasingly severe Yellow River flooding and drier and colder climate during this time period. The environmental changes increase risks of crop failure and famine, disrupt the equilibrium of the social system and induce a process that brings about initial agricultural intensification. This environmental pressure is aggravated by social/political factors and results in the further development of agricultural intensification.},
	keywords = {Agricultural intensification, Environmental changes, Sanyangzhuang, The Yellow River},
	issn = {10406182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quaint.2019.06.033},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618219300655},
	author = {Qin, Zhen and Storozum, Michael and Liu, Haiwang and Zhang, Xiaohu and Kidder, Tristram R.}
}
@article {2792,
	title = {Isolation of quartz for cosmogenic in situ 14C analysis},
	journal = {Geochronology},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-01-2019},
	pages = {43 - 52},
	abstract = {Froth flotation is a commonly used procedure for separating feldspars and micas from quartz for the preparation of quartz mineral separates to carry out cosmogenic nuclide analysis. Whilst extracting carbon from quartz we observed in situ carbon-14 (14C) concentrations which were anomalously high and in excess of theoretical geological maximum concentrations. Further etching of sample material reduced carbon yields and 14C concentrations, yet the latter remained unrealistically high. When quartz from the original whole rock sample was isolated in our laboratory, we observed even lower carbon yields and geologically plausible in situ 14C concentrations. After ruling out unlikely geological scenarios and systematic measurement issues, we decided to investigate the quartz isolation procedure as a potential source of 14C contamination. We hypothesised that laurylamine (dodecylamine), an organic compound used as part of the froth flotation procedure, elevates 14C concentrations if residual laurylamine is present. We demonstrate that laurylamine has a 14C modern carbon source and thus has the potential to influence in situ 14C measurements if present in minute but measurable quantities. Furthermore, we show that insufficient sample etching results in contaminant 14C persisting through the step heating of quartz that is subsequently collected with the in situ component released at 1100 oC. We demonstrate that froth flotation contaminates in situ 14C measurements. We provide guidelines for the preparation of quartz based on methods developed in our laboratory and demonstrate that all froth-flotation-derived carbon and 14C is removed when applied. We recommend that the procedures presented be used at a minimum when using froth flotation to isolate quartz for in situ 14C measurements.},
	doi = {10.5194/gchron-1-43-2019},
	url = {https://gchron.copernicus.org/articles/1/43/2019/},
	author = {Nichols, Keir A. and Goehring, Brent M.}
}
@article {2767,
	title = {The Impact of Aquifer Flushing on Groundwater Arsenic Across a 35-km Transect Perpendicular to the Upper Brahmaputra River in Assam, India},
	journal = {Water Resources Research},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jun-10-2019},
	pages = {8160 - 8173},
	abstract = {Well testing in the floodplain of the Brahmaputra River in Golaghat and Jorhat districts of Assam, India, shows that groundwater arsenic (As) concentrations increase with distance from the river. To establish the origin of this pattern, an additional 900 wells <60-m deep were tested for As and nine sites were drilled along a 35-km transect perpendicular to the river. The field data show no relation between groundwater As concentrations ranging from <1 to 660 μg/L along the transect and (a) As concentrations of <1{\textendash}5 mg/kg in cuttings of aquifer sand recovered while drilling or (b) the degree of reduction of iron oxides in these cuttings. The drilling indicates, however, a marked increase in the thickness of a clay layer capping the aquifer starting from <1{\textendash}5 m near the river to over 60 m at the most distant site toward the base of the Naga foothills. Organic radiocarbon ages of 18{\textendash}46 kyr obtained from all but one of 13 clay samples indicate pre-Holocene deposition of the underlying sands across the entire transect. Radiocarbon ages of dissolved inorganic carbon of 0.2, 4.7, and 17.8 kyr were measured in groundwater from three monitoring wells installed to 30{\textendash}60-m depth at distances of 10, 20, and 40 km from the river, respectively. A conceptual groundwater flow model consistent with monitored heads and groundwater ages suggests that thick clay layers capping the aquifer further from the river inhibited flushing of the aquifer and, as a result, preserved higher As levels in groundwater.},
	keywords = {aquifer flushing, Arsenic, groundwater, South Asia},
	issn = {0043-1397},
	doi = {10.1029/2017WR022485},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2017WR022485},
	author = {Choudhury, R. and Nath, B. and Khan, M. R. and Mahanta, C. and Ellis, T. and Geen, A.}
}
@article {2711,
	title = {Interstadial Rise and Younger Dryas Demise of Scotland{\textquoteright}s Last Ice Fields},
	journal = {Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-04-2018},
	pages = {412 - 429},
	abstract = {Establishing the atmospheric expression of abrupt climate change during the last glacial termination is key to understanding driving mechanisms. In this paper, we present a new 14C chronology of glacier behavior during late-glacial time from the Scottish Highlands, located close to the overturning region of the North Atlantic Ocean. Our results indicate that the last pulse of glaciation culminated between ~12.8 and ~12.6 ka, during the earliest part of the Younger Dryas stadial and as much as a millennium earlier than several recent estimates. Comparison of our results with existing minimum-limiting 14C data also suggests that the subsequent deglaciation of Scotland was rapid and occurred during full stadial conditions in the North Atlantic. We attribute this pattern of ice recession to enhanced summertime melting, despite severely cool winters, and propose that relatively warm summers are a fundamental characteristic of North Atlantic stadials.},
	keywords = {late glacial, Loch Lomond Readvance, marine reservoir effect, moraine chronology, radiocarbon, seasonality},
	doi = {10.1002/palo.v33.410.1002/2018PA003341},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2018PA003341},
	author = {Bromley, G. and Putnam, A. and Borns, H. and Lowell, T. and Sandford, T. and Barrell, D.}
}
@article {2630,
	title = {An Investigation of Gas Exchange and Water Circulation in the Amundsen Sea Based On Dissolved Inorganic Radiocarbon},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {453},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Apr-11-2020},
	pages = {12,368 - 12,375},
	abstract = {We used radiocarbon isotope ratios in dissolved inorganic carbon to assess gas exchange and water circulation in the western Amundsen Sea. Radiocarbon isotope ratios indicate that Circumpolar Deep Water enters the basin along the seafloor and that the upper layer is formed through modification of this water mass. In the Amundsen Sea Polynya, radiocarbon isotope ratios of surface water are higher than those of underlying Winter Water, implying rapid absorption of atmospheric CO2. A CO2 absorption rate of 45mmol m(-2) d(-1) calculated for a site in the central polynya is higher than that near the Dotson Ice Shelf (28mmolm(-2) d(-1)). The turnover time of water in the Dotson Trough region of the western Amundsen Sea is estimated to be 10-30years, based on results from a box model and radiocarbon mass balance.

Plain Language Summary The western Amundsen Sea is experiencing raid physical changes including rapid glacial melting and declining sea ice cover. The suggested heat source is the intrusion of warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) along the seafloor of the Amundsen Shelf. Therefore, understanding the behavior of the intruded CDW, especially how long it stays on the shelf, is important. Physical oceanographic studies have examined the flux of CDW onto and out of the Amundsen Shelf. However, the turnover time of water in the Amundsen Sea is still poorly understood. In this paper, we use radiocarbon isotope signature from dissolved inorganic carbon to examine how rapidly atmospheric CO2 is absorbed into the Amundsen Sea Polynya and how long the water should stay in the western Amundsen Shelf to have the observed radiocarbon isotope signature. Based on our results and the current understanding of the water circulation in the western Amundsen Sea, we found that the water sits on the Amundsen Shelf for a few decades before it moves off shelf.},
	keywords = {Amundsen sea, dissolved inorganic carbon, gas exchange, radiocarbon, water circulation},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2018GL079464},
	url = {http://apps.webofknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&Func=Frame\&DestFail=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.webofknowledge.com\%3FDestParams\%3DUT\%253DWOS\%25253A000453250000030\%2526customersID\%253DAlerting\%2526smartRedirect\%253Dyes\%2526action\%253Dretrieve\%2526mode\%25},
	author = {Kim, Bumsoo and Lee, SangHoon and Kim, Minkyoung and Hahm, Doshik and Rhee, Tae Siek and Hwang, Jeomshik}
}
@article {2723,
	title = {Isotopic composition of sinking particles: Oil effects, recovery andbaselines in the Gulf of Mexico, 2010{\textendash}2015},
	journal = {Elem Sci Anth},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Sep-01-2018},
	pages = {43},
	abstract = {The extensive release of oil during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill in the northern Gulf of Mexico perturbed the pelagic ecosystem and associated sinking material. To gauge the recovery and post-spill baseline sources, we measured Δ14C, δ13C and δ34S of sinking particles near the spill site and at a reference site and natural seep site. Particulates were collected August 2010{\textendash}April 2016 in sediment traps moored at sites with depths of 1160{\textendash}1660 m. Near the spill site, changes in Δ14C indicated a 3-year recovery period, while δ34S indicated 1{\textendash}2 years, which agreed with estimates of 1{\textendash}2 years based on hydrocarbon composition. Under post-spill baseline conditions, carbon inputs to sinking particulates in the northern Gulf were dominated by surface marine production (80{\textendash}85\%) and riverine inputs (15{\textendash}20\%). Near the spill site, Δ14C values were depleted in October 2010 ({\textendash}140 to {\textendash}80{\textperthousand}), increasing systematically by 0.07 {\textpm} 0.02{\textperthousand} day{\textendash}1 until July 2013 when values reached {\textendash}3.2 {\textpm} 31.0{\textperthousand}. This Δ14C baseline was similar to particulates at the reference site (3.8 {\textpm} 31.1{\textperthousand}). At both sites, δ13C values stayed constant throughout the study period ({\textendash}21.9 {\textpm} 0.5{\textperthousand} and {\textendash}21.9 {\textpm} 0.9{\textperthousand}, respectively). δ34S near the spill site was depleted (7.4 {\textpm} 3.1{\textperthousand}) during October 2010{\textendash}September 2011, but enriched (16.9 {\textpm} 2.0{\textperthousand}) and similar to the reference site (16.2 {\textpm} 3.1{\textperthousand}) during November 2012{\textendash}April 2015. At the seep site, Δ14C values were {\textendash}21.7 {\textpm} 45.7{\textperthousand} except during August 2012{\textendash}January 2013 when a significant Δ14C depletion of {\textendash}109.0 {\textpm} 29.1{\textperthousand} was observed. We interpret this depletion period, also observed in δ13C data, as caused by the incorporation of naturally seeped oil into sinking particles. Determination of post-spill baselines for these isotopic signatures allows for evaluation of anthropogenic inputs in future.},
	keywords = {Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico, isotopes, radiocarbon, sediment trap, sinking particulates},
	doi = {10.1525/elementa.298},
	url = {https://www.elementascience.org/article/10.1525/elementa.298},
	author = {Chanton, Jeffrey P. and Giering, Sarah L. C. and Bosman, Samantha H. and Rogers, Kelsey L. and Sweet, Julia and Asper, Vernon L. and Diercks, Arne R. and Passow, Uta}
}
@article {Flores2017137,
	title = {Importance of small-scale paleo-oceanographic conditions to interpret changes in size of California mussel (Mytilus californianus). Late Holocene, Santa Cruz island, California},
	journal = {Quaternary International},
	volume = {427, Part A},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {137 - 150},
	abstract = {Abstract Several authors have highlighted the difficulties in disentangling human from natural effects when studying shellfish foraging strategies and archeo-malacogical records. In coastal settings, one of the reasons for this difficulty is the lack of understanding of small-scale oceanographic conditions and their influence on coastal and marine species used by people in the past. The present study evaluated the influence of environmental conditions on shellfish harvesting during the Late Holocene around Santa Cruz Island (Southern California) considering small-scale nearshore oceanographic variability around the Island and its effect on M.~californianus (main shellfish species exploited through prehistory along the coast of California). Fluctuations in size and abundance of M.~californianus shells through time and local past sea surface temperature (SST) values from oxygen isotope analysis of mussel shells are correlated throughout the stratigraphy of two shell midden sites (2200{\textendash}500~cal~B.P.) nearby coasts with different paleo-oceanographic characteristics. Despite the fact that human harvesting seems to have been the main force shaping length and availability of M.~californianus, no clear evidence of human pressure was found on archaeological mussel assemblages. Results also show that fluctuations in regional \{SST\} records (Santa Barbara Basin marine core) do not represent local \{SST\} variations (oxygen isotope analyses on mussel shells), especially if the archaeological site is located on a coast exposed to strong and consistent upwelling activity. By re-evaluating human impact on mussel beds during the Late Holocene around Santa Cruz Island, the research presented here demonstrates the importance of considering small-scale nearshore oceanography for understanding the archaeological evidence of prehistoric human foraging on important intertidal shellfish species.},
	keywords = {California},
	issn = {1040-6182},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.036},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618216000665},
	author = {Carola Flores}
}
@article {2748,
	title = {Influence of the megathrust earthquake cycle on upper-plate deformation in the Cascadia forearc of Washington State, USA},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-11-2017},
	pages = {1051 - 1054},
	abstract = {The influence of subduction zone earthquake cycle processes on permanent forearc deformation is poorly understood. In the Cascadia subduction zone forearc of Washington State, USA, deformed and incised fluvial terraces serve as archives of longer-term (103{\textendash}104 yr) strain manifest as both fluvial incision and slip on upper-plate faults. We focus on comparing these geomorphic records in the Wynoochee River valley in the southern Olympic Mountains with short-term (101 yr) deformation driven by interseismic subduction zone coupling. We use optically stimulated luminescence dating and high-resolution elevation data to characterize strath terrace incision and differential uplift across the Canyon River fault, which cuts Wynoochee River terraces. This analysis demonstrates reverse slip rates of \~{}0.1{\textendash}0.3 mm/yr over the past \~{}12{\textendash}37 k.y., which agree with rates predicted by a GPS-constrained boundary element model of interseismic stress from Cascadia subduction zone coupling. Similarly, model-predicted patterns of interseismic uplift mimic the overall pattern of incision in the lower Wynoochee River valley, as revealed by strath elevations dated at 14.1 {\textpm} 1.2 ka. Agreement between modeled short-term and observed long-term records of forearc strain suggests that interseismic stress drives slip on upper-plate faults and fluvial incision in Cascadia. Consistency over multiple time scales may indicate relative stability in spatial patterns of subduction zone coupling over at least \~{}104 yr intervals.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G39070.110.1130/2017323},
	url = {https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/geology_facpub/523/},
	author = {Delano, Jaime E. and Amos, Colin B. and Loveless, John P. and Rittenour, Tammy M. and Sherrod, Brian L. and Lynch, Emerson M.}
}
@article {MilHomens2017473,
	title = {Insights of Pb isotopic signature into the historical evolution and sources of Pb contamination in a sediment core of the southwestern Iberian Atlantic shelf},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	volume = {586},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {473 - 484},
	abstract = {Abstract Stable Pb isotopic ratios and concentrations of Al, Cu and Pb were measured in a 5 m long sediment core (VC2B) retrieved at 96 m water depth in the southwestern Iberian Atlantic shelf. Five phases during the last 9.5 kyrs were identified, two of them (Roman Period and modern mining) marked by a decrease of 206Pb/207Pb ratios reflecting additional inputs of Pb derived from mining activities. The Roman Period was also characterized by high 208Pb/206Pb ratios suggesting the exploitation of the outcropping portion of the orebody intensely weathered when compared with the other formations later mined. The shift of 208Pb/206Pb ratios towards linearity took approximately 1.0 kyrs, which may mirror the time of environmental recovery from the impact of Roman mining activities. The application of a mixing model allowed the quantification of the contribution associated with anthropogenic mining activities to the shelf sediments. The maximum values of Pb contamination occurred in the 20th century. This study gives direct evidence of Pb and Cu exploitation over the last 2000 years. The stable Pb isotopic signatures point to legacy of mining activities that are still the prevailing metal source recorded in the southwestern Iberian Atlantic shelf sediments.},
	keywords = {Environment recovery},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.204},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717302218},
	author = {M{\'a}rio Mil-Homens and Carlos Vale and Pedro Brito and Filipa Naughton and Teresa Drago and Joana Raimundo and B{\'a}rbara Anes and Sabine Schmidt and Miguel Caetano}
}
@article {2449,
	title = {Insights of Pb isotopic signature into the historical evolution and sources of Pb contamination in a sediment core of the southwestern Iberian Atlantic shelf},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	volume = {586},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-05-2017},
	pages = {473 - 484},
	abstract = {Stable Pb isotopic ratios and concentrations of Al, Cu and Pb were measured in a 5 m long sediment core (VC2B) retrieved at 96 m water depth in the southwestern Iberian Atlantic shelf. Five phases during the last 9.5 kyrs were identified, two of them (Roman Period and modern mining) marked by a decrease of Pb-206/Pb-207 ratios reflecting additional inputs of Pb derived from mining activities. The Roman Period was also characterized by high Pb-208/Pb-206 ratios suggesting the exploitation of the outcropping portion of the orebody intensely weathered when compared with the other formations later mined. The shift of Pb-208/Pb-206 ratios towards linearity took approximately 1.0 kyrs, which may mirror the time of environmental recovery from the impact of Roman mining activities. The application of a mixing model allowed the quantification of the contribution associated with anthropogenic mining activities to the shelf sediments. The maximum values of Pb contamination occurred in the 20th century. This study gives direct evidence of Pb and Cu exploitation over the last 2000 years. The stable Pb isotopic signatures point to legacy of mining activities that are still the prevailing metal source recorded in the southwestern Iberian Atlantic shelf sediments.},
	keywords = {Environment recovery, Marine sediments, Pb isotopes, Roman and modem mining activities, Southwestern Iberian shelf, Temporal evolution},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.204},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969717302218http://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0048969717302218?httpAccept=text/plainhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0048969717302218?httpAccept=text/xml},
	author = {Mil-Homens, {\'a}rio and Vale, Carlos and Brito, Pedro and Naughton, Filipa and Drago, Teresa and Raimundo, Joana and Anes, {\'a}rbara and Schmidt, Sabine and Caetano, Miguel}
}
@article {2852,
	title = {Investigation of Late Pleistocene and Holocene Activity in the San Gregorio Fault Zone on the Continental Slope North of Monterey Canyon, Offshore Central California},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
	volume = {107},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jun-06-2019},
	pages = {1094 - 1106},
	abstract = {We provide an extensive high-resolution geophysical, sediment core, and radiocarbon dataset to address late Pleistocene and Holocene fault activity of the San Gregorio fault zone (SGFZ), offshore central California. The SGFZ occurs primarily offshore in the San Andreas fault system and has been accommodating dextral strike-slip motion between the Pacific and North American plates since the mid-Miocene. Our study focuses on the SGFZ where it has been mapped through the continental slope north of Monterey Canyon. From 2009 to 2015, the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute collected high-resolution multibeam bathymetry and chirp sub-bottom profiles using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). Targeted samples were collected using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to provide radiocarbon age constraints. We integrate the high-resolution geophysical data with radiocarbon dates to reveal Pleistocene seismic horizons vertically offset less than 5 m on nearly vertical faults. These faults are buried by continuous reflections deposited after \~{}17.5  ka and likely following erosion during the last sea-level lowstand \~{}21  ka⁠, bracketing the age of faulting to \~{}32{\textendash}21  ka⁠. Clearly faulted horizons are only detected in a small area where mass wasting exhumed older strata to within \~{}25  m of the seafloor. The lack of clearly faulted Holocene deposits and possible highly distributed faulting in the study area are consistent with previous interpretations that late Pleistocene and Holocene activity along the SGFZ may decrease to the south. This study illustrates the complexity of the SGFZ, offshore central California, and demonstrates the utility of very high-resolution data from combined AUV (geophysical){\textendash}ROV (seabed sampling) surveys in offshore studies of fault activity.},
	issn = {0037-1106},
	doi = {10.1785/0120160261},
	url = {https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/bssa/article/107/3/1094-1106/354203},
	author = {Maier, Katherine L. and Paull, Charles K. and Brothers, Daniel S. and Caress, David W. and McGann, Mary and Lundsten, Eve M. and Anderson, Krystle and Gwiazda, Roberto}
}
@article {2583,
	title = {<i>Alutiiq</i>               Subsistence Economy at <i>Igvak</i>               , a Russian-American <i>Artel</i>               in the Kodiak Archipelago},
	journal = {Arctic Anthropology},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Jun-02-2017},
	pages = {52 - 68},
	abstract = {Igvak was a Russian-American Company fur-hunting outpost (artel) on the south end of Afognak Island that was occupied from the 1790s to about 1830. Midden samples were recovered from deposits adjacent to the Alutiiq workers{\textquoteright} barracks as part of the Dig Afognak program. Although small amounts of European domesticates were identified, the bulk of the diet focused on traditional local foods. The dominant species included cod, harbor seals, and puffins, with a mix of intertidal invertebrates such as mussels, butter clams, and periwinkles. Also common were salmon, cormorants, sea otters, and sea lions. A single species of whale barnacle was identified. The high number of puffin remains may be related to the production of puffin-skin parkas for the Russian-American Company. The site was likely occupied year-round, but the presence of the bones of harbor seal pups and puffin and cormorant chicks confirms a summer occupation. },
	issn = {0066-6939},
	doi = {10.3368/aa.53.2.52},
	url = {http://aa.uwpress.org/lookup/doi/10.3368/aa.53.2.52},
	author = {Etnier, Michael A. and Partlow, Megan A. and Foster, Nora R.}
}
@article {Feranec2016262,
	title = {Implications of a Bayesian radiocarbon calibration of colonization ages for mammalian megafauna in glaciated New York State after the Last Glacial Maximum},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {85},
	number = {2},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {262 - 270},
	abstract = {Abstract To understand what factors control species colonization and extirpation within specific paleoecosystems, we analyzed radiocarbon dates of megafaunal mammal species from New York State after the Last Glacial Maximum. We hypothesized that the timing of colonization and extirpation were both driven by access to preferred habitat types. Bayesian calibration of a database of 39 radiocarbon dates shows that caribou (Rangifer tarandus) were the first colonizers, then mammoth (Mammuthus sp.), and finally American mastodon (Mammut americanum). The timing of colonization cannot reject the hypothesis that colonizing megafauna tracked preferred habitats, as caribou and mammoth arrived when tundra was present, while mastodon arrived after boreal forest was prominent in the state. The timing of caribou colonization implies that ecosystems were developed in the state prior to 16,000 cal yr BP. The contemporaneous arrival of American mastodon with Sporormiella spore decline suggests the dung fungus spore is not an adequate indicator of American mastodon population size. The pattern in the timing of extirpation is opposite to that of colonization. The lack of environmental changes suspected to be ecologically detrimental to American mastodon and mammoth coupled with the arrival of humans shortly before extirpation suggests an anthropogenic cause in the loss of the analyzed species.},
	keywords = {New York},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2016.01.003},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033589416000041},
	author = {Robert S. Feranec and Andrew L. Kozlowski}
}
@article {10,
	title = {Incorporation of bomb-produced 14C into fish otoliths: A novel approach for evaluating age validation and bias with an application to yellowfin sole and northern rockfish},
	journal = {Ecological Modelling},
	volume = {320},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {79-91},
	abstract = {Fish age validation with bomb-produced radiocarbon (14C) requires a known-age Δ14C reference chronology spanning the era of a marine increase in bomb-produced 14C (1950s to 1960s). Concordance between otolith Δ14C in a validation sample and the reference chronology indicates accurate test ages. Here, we present an information-theoretic approach to hypothesis testing and use Bayesian data analysis with Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation as a probabilistic framework to quantitatively estimate age determination bias and its uncertainty. Using this approach, we compare a new Δ14C reference chronology from the eastern Bering Sea and a previously established reference from the Gulf of Alaska with otolith Δ14C in two validation species, eastern Bering Sea yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera) and Gulf of Alaska northern rockfish (Sebastes polyspinis). Our goals were twofold: (i) to validate the age determination methods for northern rockfish and yellowfin sole using comparisons within oceanic basins, and (ii) to explore the outcome of making na{\"\i}ve comparisons of these validation data sets to reference chronologies across oceanic basins. Based on within-basin comparisons we concluded that estimated ages for eastern Bering Sea yellowfin sole and Gulf of Alaska northern rockfish were accurate. We further concluded that there were important differences in otolith 14C uptake between fish from the two ocean basins.},
	issn = {0304-3800},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.09.013},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380015004354},
	author = {Kastelle, Craig R. and Helser, Thomas E. and Wischniowski, Stephen G. and Loher, Timothy and Goetz, Betty J. and Kautzi, Lisa A.}
}
@article {Alizai201629,
	title = {Indus Basin sediment provenance constrained using garnet geochemistry},
	journal = {Journal of Asian Earth Sciences},
	volume = {126},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {29 - 57},
	abstract = {Abstract The chemical and mineralogical diversity of western Himalayan rivers is the result of each of them draining different tectonic and lithologic units, whose character is partly transferred to the sediments carried by those rivers. Garnet geochemistry was employed to discriminate provenance in the Indus River system. We characterized the geochemistry of garnet sediment grains from the modern Indus and all its major tributaries, as well as the related but ephemeral Ghaggar-Hakra River and dune sand from the Thar Desert. Garnet geochemistry displays a unique signature for the Himalayan rivers on the east of the Indus drainage compared to those in the western drainage. The trunk Indus remains distinct because of the dominant arc-type pyrope-garnet derived from Kohistan and the Karakoram. The Jhellum, which lies just east of the modern Indus has modest concentrations of arc-type pyrope garnets, which are more depleted in the other eastern tributaries. Their presence in the Jhellum reflects recycling of trunk Indus garnets through the Miocene Siwalik Group foreland sedimentary rocks. The Thar Desert dune sample contains significant numbers of grains similar to those in the trunk Indus, likely reworked by monsoon winds from the SW. Our data further indicate the presence of a Himalayan river channel east of the present Indus, close to the delta, in the Nara River valley during the middle Holocene. Sands from this channel cannot be distinguished from the Indus on the basis of their garnet geochemistry alone but we favour their sedimentation from an Indus channel rather than reworking of desert sands by another stream. The garnet geochemistry shows some potential as a provenance tool, but cannot be used alone to uniquely discriminate Indus Basin provenance.},
	keywords = {Provenance},
	issn = {1367-9120},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.05.023},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367912016301481},
	author = {Anwar Alizai and Peter D. Clift and John Still}
}
@article { ISI:000371470800004,
	title = {Inferring skeletal production from time-averaged assemblages: skeletal loss pulls the timing of production pulses towards the modern period},
	journal = {PALEOBIOLOGY},
	volume = {42},
	number = {{1}},
	year = {2016},
	month = {FEB},
	pages = {54-76},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Age-frequency distributions of dead skeletal material on the landscape or seabed-information on the time that has elapsed since the death of individuals-provide decadal- to millennial-scale perspectives both on the history of production and on the processes that lead to skeletal disintegration and burial. So far, however, models quantifying the dynamics of skeletal loss have assumed that skeletal production is constant during time-averaged accumulation. Here, to improve inferences in conservation paleobiology and historical ecology, we evaluate the joint effects of temporally variable production and skeletal loss on postmortem age-frequency distributions (AFDs) to determine how to detect fluctuations in production over the recent past from AFDs. We show that, relative to the true timing of past production pulses, the modes of AFDs will be shifted to younger age cohorts, causing the true age of past pulses to be underestimated. This shift in the apparent timing of a past pulse in production will be stronger where loss rates are high and/or the rate of decline in production is slow; also, a single pulse coupled with a declining loss rate can, under some circumstances, generate a bimodal distribution. We apply these models to death assemblages of the bivalve Nuculana taphria from the Southern California continental shelf, finding that: (1) an onshore-offshore gradient in time averaging is dominated by a gradient in the timing of production, reflecting the tracking of shallow-water habitats under a sea-level rise, rather than by a gradient in disintegration and sequestration rates, which remain constant with water depth; and (2) loss-corrected model-based estimates of the timing of past production are in good agreement with likely past changes in local production based on an independent sea-level curve.},
	issn = {0094-8373},
	doi = {10.1017/pab.2015.30},
	author = {Tomasovych, Adam and Kidwell, Susan M. and Barber, Rina Foygel}
}
@article {2491,
	title = {The intertropical convergence zone modulates intense hurricane strikes on the western North Atlantic margin},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Jan-04-2016},
	abstract = {Most Atlantic hurricanes form in the Main Development Region between 9{\textdegree}N to 20{\textdegree}N along the northern edge of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Previous research has suggested that meridional shifts in the ITCZ position on geologic timescales can modulate hurricane activity, but continuous and long-term storm records are needed from multiple sites to assess this hypothesis. Here we present a 3000 year record of intense hurricane strikes in the northern Bahamas (Abaco Island) based on overwash deposits in a coastal sinkhole, which indicates that the ITCZ has likely helped modulate intense hurricane strikes on the western North Atlantic margin on millennial to centennial-scales. The new reconstruction closely matches a previous reconstruction from Puerto Rico, and documents a period of elevated intense hurricane activity on the western North Atlantic margin from 2500 to 1000 years ago when paleo precipitation proxies suggest that the ITCZ occupied a more northern position. Considering that anthropogenic warming is predicted to be focused in the northern hemisphere in the coming century, these results provide a prehistoric analog that an attendant northern ITCZ shift in the future may again return the western North Atlantic margin to an active hurricane interval.},
	keywords = {Climate-change impacts, Forest ecology, Ocean sciences, Palaeoclimate},
	doi = {10.1038/srep21728},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/srep21728http://www.nature.com/articles/srep21728.pdfhttp://www.nature.com/articles/srep21728.pdfhttp://www.nature.com/articles/srep21728},
	author = {van Hengstum, Peter J. and Donnelly, Jeffrey P. and Fall, Patricia L. and Toomey, Michael R. and Albury, Nancy A. and Kakuk, Brian}
}
@article { ISI:000386966700005,
	title = {IsoCaRB: A novel bioreactor system to characterize the lability and natural carbon isotopic (C-14, C-13) signatures of microbially respired organic matter},
	journal = {LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY-METHODS},
	volume = {14},
	number = {{10}},
	year = {2016},
	month = {OCT},
	pages = {668-681},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Organic matter is the dominant pool of reduced carbon in marine and freshwater systems. Mineralization of organic matter is largely attributed to complex and diverse microbial communities that mediate degradation and ultimately yield the terminal respiratory product, carbon dioxide (CO2). The factors that constrain the lability and degradation of organic matter remain unclear, but they involve a complex interplay between structural and chemical properties of the compounds, physical properties of the matrices, and the functional potential of the microorganisms that are present. To investigate these relationships, we developed a novel bioreactor system-called Isotopic Carbon Respirometer-Bioreactor (IsoCaRB)-that permits real-time monitoring of microbial CO2 production rates and collects sequential samples of this CO2 for off-line isotopic analyses (C-13, C-14). Application of this system to organic-rich sediments from Salt Pond, MA reveals that organic matter is oxidized both abiotically and microbially, and that the pattern of microbial respiration by the native sediment community is complex, accessing different carbon substrates over the course of incubation. Isotopic measurements show modern organic matter of progressively older ages (<= ca. 50 yr) is consumed, and this material has variable origins (salt marsh grasses, terrestrial, and marine organic matter). Collectively, the IsoCaRB system provides coupled insights into the sources, ages, and inherent biological and abiotic reactivity of natural organic matter.},
	issn = {1541-5856},
	doi = {10.1002/lom3.10121},
	author = {Beaupr{\'e}, Steven R. and Mahmoudi, Nagissa and Pearson, Ann}
}
@article {13,
	title = {Incorporation of bomb-produced 14C into fish otoliths. An example of basin-specific rates from the North Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {879-892},
	issn = {0706-652X},
	doi = {10.1139/cjfas-2014-0225},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0225},
	author = {Wischniowski, Stephen G. and Kastelle, Craig R. and Loher, Timothy and Helser, Thomas E.}
}
@article {2518,
	title = {The influence of ice marginal setting on early Holocene retreat rates in central West Greenland},
	journal = {Journal of Quaternary Science},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2015},
	month = {Jan-04-2015},
	pages = {271 - 280},
	abstract = {Ice sheet reconstructions from diverse ice margin settings, spanning multiple millennia, are needed to assess the reaction of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) to millennial-scale climatic forcing and to place historical records in a longer-term context. Here we present 18 new cosmogenic 10Be exposure ages and five new radiocarbon ages that constrain the early Holocene retreat of the GrIS in the Disko Bugt region in both a marine and a land-based setting. Results indicate similar rates of early Holocene retreat of \~{}40{\textendash}50 m a-1 from transects in Torsukattak fjord (marine setting) and the Naternaq area (land-based setting). We compile seven previously published chronologies of deglaciation from West Greenland, which yield early Holocene retreat rates ranging from 10 to 65 m a-1, similar to those determined for our two study areas. This work demonstrates that when averaged on millennial timescales, retreat rates were remarkably similar along the western GrIS margin. Furthermore, the retreat rates calculated here demonstrate that terrestrial sectors of ice sheets can retreat at net rates comparable to their marine counterparts.},
	doi = {10.1002/jqs.v30.310.1002/jqs.2778},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jqs.2778},
	author = {KELLEY, SAMUEL E. and Briner, Jason P. and ZIMMERMAN, SUSAN R. H.}
}
@article {2469,
	title = {Isotope-Based Source Apportionment of EC Aerosol Particles during Winter High-Pollution Events at the Zeppelin Observatory, Svalbard},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2015},
	month = {Jun-10-2015},
	pages = {11959 - 11966},
	abstract = {Black carbon (BC) aerosol particles contribute to climate warming of the Arctic, yet both the sources and the source-related effects are currently poorly constrained. Bottom-up emission inventory (EI) approaches are challenged for BC in general and the Arctic in particular. For example, estimates from three different EI models on the fractional contribution to BC from biomass burning (north of 60{\textdegree} N) vary between 11\% and 68\%, each acknowledging large uncertainties. Here we present the first dual-carbon isotope-based (Δ14C and δ13C) source apportionment of elemental carbon (EC), the mass-based correspondent to optically defined BC, in the Arctic atmosphere. It targeted 14 high-loading and high-pollution events during January through March of 2009 at the Zeppelin Observatory (79{\textdegree} N; Svalbard, Norway), with these representing one-third of the total sampling period that was yet responsible for three-quarters of the total EC loading. The top-down source-diagnostic 14C fingerprint constrained that 52 {\textpm} 15\% (n = 12) of the EC stemmed from biomass burning. Including also two samples with 95\% and 98\% biomass contribution yield 57 {\textpm} 21\% of EC from biomass burning. Significant variability in the stable carbon isotope signature indicated temporally shifting emissions between different fossil sources, likely including liquid fossil and gas flaring. Improved source constraints of Arctic BC both aids better understanding of effects and guides policy actions to mitigate emissions.},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b02644},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b02644http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.5b02644},
	author = {Winiger, Patrik and Andersson, August and Yttri, Karl E. and Tunved, Peter and Gustafsson, {\"O}rjan}
}
@article {2585,
	title = {Indonesian vegetation response to changes in rainfall seasonality over the past 25,000 years},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {7449278721172063253871891072011563523665412739429544323},
	year = {2014},
	month = {Jan-06-2014},
	pages = {513 - 517},
	abstract = {The hydrologic response to climate forcing in the Indo-Pacific warm pool region has varied spatially over the past 25,000 years1, 2, 3, 4, 5. For example, drier conditions are inferred on Java and Borneo for the period following the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, whereas wetter conditions are reconstructed for northwest Australia4. The response of vegetation to these past rainfall variations is poorly constrained. Using a suite of 30 surface marine sediment samples from throughout the Indo-Pacific warm pool, we demonstrate that today the stable isotopic composition of vascular plant fatty acids (δ13Cfa) reflects the regional vegetation composition. This in turn is controlled by the seasonality of rainfall consistent with dry season water stress6. Applying this proxy in a sediment core from offshore northeast Borneo, we show broadly similar vegetation cover during the Last Glacial Maximum and the Holocene, suggesting that, despite generally drier glacial conditions1, 7, there was no pronounced dry season. In contrast, δ13Cfa and pollen data from a core off the coast of Sumba indicate an expansion of C4 herbs during the most recent glaciation, implying enhanced aridity and water stress during the dry season. Holocene vegetation trends are also consistent with a response to dry season water stress. We therefore conclude that vegetation in tropical monsoon regions is susceptible to increases in water stress arising from an enhanced seasonality of rainfall, as has occurred8 in past decades.},
	keywords = {Palaeoclimate, Palaeoecology},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo2182},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ngeo2182},
	author = {Dubois, Nathalie and Oppo, Delia W. and Galy, Valier V. and Mohtadi, Mahyar and van der Kaars, Sander and Tierney, Jessica E. and Rosenthal, Yair and Eglinton, Timothy I. and L?ckge, Andreas and Linsley, Braddock K.}
}
@article {57,
	title = {Inferring local to regional changes in forest composition from Holocene macrofossils and pollen of a small lake in central Upper Michigan},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {98},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {60-73},
	abstract = {Vegetational response to climatic change involves processes of population and community dynamics within local stands, which scale up to landscape-level changes in vegetation composition and broad-scale changes in species distributions. Understanding these dynamics poses a critical challenge to paleoecological explanation, because of the broad range of scales at which these dynamics take place and interact. We present an 8600-year paleoecological record of local and regional changes in forest composition from a small (2.6 ha) lake in central Upper Michigan. Plant macrofossils provide a spatially precise record of local forest composition, while pollen data provide a spatially integrated record of regional vegetational changes. Temporal patterns among different macrofossil types within species show overall coherence, indicating that changes in macrofossil abundance generally record changes in local tree abundance. Temporal patterns in macrofossil sequences correspond to patterns in pollen sequences, indicating that local changes contributed to the large-scale changes in the surrounding region. The pollen and macrofossil records show nearly continuous turnover in vegetation composition throughout the past 8600 years; the longest period without major compositional change was ca 1600 years, and dynamics at multidecadal to multicentennial scales are observed during many periods. Coordinated application of temporally precise sequences of pollen and macrofossil data at multiple sites can support inferences concerning vegetation dynamics at multiple spatial and temporal scales, and test mechanistic hypotheses.},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.05.030},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027737911400211X},
	author = {Jackson, Stephen T. and Booth, Robert K. and Reeves, Kelly and Andersen, Jennifer Jewell and Minckley, Thomas A. and Jones, Rachel A.}
}
@article {72,
	title = {An investigation of size-fractionated organic matter from Lake Superior and a tributary stream using radiocarbon, stable isotopes and NMR},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {127},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {264-284},
	abstract = {This study investigated the concentration and isotopic composition of different size fractions of organic matter (OM) in Lake Superior and in one of its many tributary streams and rivers (Amity Creek, Duluth, Minnesota, USA). Structural compositional drivers of the Δ14C of high molecular weight (HMW, >1 kDa) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the lake were also evaluated. Low molecular weight (LMW, 0.7 μm) was generally 13C-depleted (-29 {\textpm} 1.2{\textperthousand}) relative to {\textquotedblleft}bulk{\textquotedblright} (<0.7 μm) DOC (-26.4 {\textpm} 0.7{\textperthousand}), {\textquotedblleft}init{\textquotedblright} (<0.2 μm) DOC (-26.6 {\textpm} 0.8{\textperthousand}), HMW DOC (-26.9 {\textpm} 0.3{\textperthousand}) and LMW DOC (-26.5 {\textpm} 0.9{\textperthousand}), and had more variable 14C content (Δ14C of -94{\textperthousand} to 53{\textperthousand}; 735 years BP to modern) than the other size fractions. Init DOC (Δ14C of 17{\textendash}59{\textperthousand}), HMW DOC (Δ14C of 23{\textendash}64{\textperthousand}) and LMW DOC (Δ14C of 16{\textendash}62{\textperthousand}) all reflected contemporary (modern) radiocarbon signatures. Bulk DOC (Δ14C of -19{\textperthousand} to 57{\textperthousand}; 90 years BP to modern) had modern radiocarbon values in the offshore sites (Δ14C of 2{\textendash}57{\textperthousand}) with pre-aged samples (Δ14C of -8{\textperthousand} to -19{\textperthousand}) seen at the nearshore site. HMW DOM was relatively N-poor (C:N of 12{\textendash}19) compared to particulate organic matter (POM, C:N of 8{\textendash}10) revealing either a more diagenetically altered state or contrasting sources. 13C NMR data showed that biochemical composition of HMW DOC in Lake Superior was dominated by carbohydrates (53{\textendash}65\%) with only trace aromatic components (2{\textendash}4\%). Structurally complex components such as heteropolysaccharides (HPS), amide/peptides and amino sugars (AMS) constitute 75{\textendash}84\% of HMW DOC whereas carboxylic-rich alicyclic molecules (CRAM) made up 16{\textendash}25\% of HMW DOC in the lake. Combined HPS and AMS, O-alkyl carbohydrate carbon, and total carbohydrate carbon contents were significantly positively correlated to the Δ14C of HMW DOC suggesting they contribute a contemporary 14C-enriched component to the HMW DOC in the lake. In contrast, CRAM and aliphatic carbons were significantly inversely correlated with Δ14C of HMW DOC implying that these represent 14C-depleted (older) components of HMW DOC in the lake. At Amity Creek, storm events led to larger loads of bulk DOC and POC, which were both 14C-enriched (modern). However, in baseflow conditions 14C-depleted bulk DOC and POC were exported. LMW DOC from the creek was considerably 14C-depleted compared to concurrent HMW DOC.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2013.11.037},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703713006765},
	author = {Zigah, Prosper K. and Minor, Elizabeth C. and Abdulla, Hussain A. N. and Werne, Josef P. and Hatcher, Patrick G.}
}
@article {2663,
	title = {An investigation of size-fractionated organic matter from Lake Superior and a tributary stream using radiocarbon, stable isotopes and NMR},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {127},
	year = {2014},
	month = {Jan-02-2014},
	pages = {264 - 284},
	issn = {00167037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2013.11.037},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016703713006765https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0016703713006765?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0016703713006765?httpAccept=text/plain},
	author = {Zigah, Prosper K. and Minor, Elizabeth C. and Abdulla, Hussain A.N. and Werne, Josef P. and Hatcher, Patrick G.}
}
@article {73,
	title = {Isotopic evidence for anthropogenic impacts on aquatic food web dynamics and mercury cycling in a subtropical wetland ecosystem in the US},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	volume = {487},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {557-564},
	abstract = {Quantifying and predicting the food web consequences of anthropogenic changes is difficult using traditional methods (based on gut content analysis) because natural food webs are variable and complex. Here, stable and radioactive carbon isotopes are used, in conjunction with nitrogen isotopes and mercury (Hg) concentration data, to document the effects of land-use change on food webs and Hg bioaccumulation in the Everglades {\textendash} a subtropical wetland ecosystem in the US. Isotopic signatures of largemouth bass and sunfish in reference (relatively pristine) wetlands indicate reliance on the food supply of modern primary production within the wetland. In contrast, both fish in areas impacted by agricultural runoff had radiocarbon ages as old as 540 years B.P., and larger isotopic variability than counterparts in reference wetlands, reflecting differences in the food web between impacted and reference wetlands. Consistent with this difference, particulate and dissolved organic matter in impacted areas had old radiocarbon ages (> 600 years B.P.), indicating that old carbon derived from historic peat deposits in the Everglades Agricultural Area was passed along the food chain to consumers. Significant radiocarbon deficiencies in largemouth bass and sunfish, relative to mosquitofish, in impacted areas most likely indicate a reduced dependence on small fish. Furthermore, largemouth bass and sunfish from impacted areas had much lower Hg contents than those from reference wetlands. Taken together, these data suggest a shift toward lower trophic levels and a possible reduction in mercury methylation in impacted wetlands. Our study provides clear evidence that hydrological modification and land-use change in the Everglades have changed the system from one driven primarily by in-situ productivity to one that is partially dependent on allochthonous carbon input from peat soils in the agricultural area and altered the Hg biogeochemical cycle in the wetlands. The results have implications for the restoration and management of wetland ecosystems.},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.060},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005701},
	author = {Wang, Yang and Gu, Binhe and Lee, Ming-Kuo and Jiang, Shijun and Xu, Yingfeng}
}
@article {109,
	title = {Improving a gas ion source for 14C AMS},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Wellington, New Zealand, 20-25 March 2011},
	volume = {294},
	year = {2013},
	note = {id: 2304},
	pages = {320-327},
	abstract = {For more than 4 years, gaseous samples of 1{\textendash}50 μg carbon have been routinely measured with the gas ion source of the small AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometer) facility MICADAS (MIni CArbon DAting System) at ETH Zurich. The applied measurement technique offers a simple and fast way of 14C measurements without the need of sample graphitization. A major drawback of gaseous 14C measurements, however, is the relatively low negative ion current, which results in longer measurement times and lower precision compared to graphitized samples. In December 2009, a new, improved Cs sputter ion source was installed at MICADAS and we began to optimize conditions for the measurement of gaseous samples. 12C- currents from the new ion source were improved from initially 3 to 12{\textendash}15 μA for routine measurements and the negative ion yield was increased by a factor of 2, reaching 8\% on average during routine operation. Moreover, the new measurement settings enable a doubled CO2 flow, thus substantially reducing measurement times. The achieved performance allows closing the sample size gap between gaseous and solid samples and makes the gas ion source a promising tool for dating with a measurement precision of 5{\textperthousand} on samples as small as 50 μg carbon.},
	issn = {0168-583X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2012.03.037},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168583X12003394},
	author = {Fahrni, S. M. and Wacker, L. and Synal, H. A. and Szidat, S.}
}
@article {147,
	title = {Insights into the Holocene environmental setting of Terra Nova Bay region (Ross Sea, Antarctica) from oxygen isotope geochemistry of Ad{\'e}lie penguin eggshells},
	journal = {The Holocene},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2348},
	pages = {63-69},
	abstract = {An oxygen isotope record of Ad{\'e}lie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) eggshells from Terra Nova Bay (Victoria Land, Antarctica) has been reconstructed in order to provide insights into the palaeoenviroment of this region during the last ~8000 years. The d18O values measured in eggshell carbonate show a great variability over the course of the studied period, with maximum values consistently around +27.5{\textperthousand}. Adopting a metabolic enrichment relative to water source of ~+28.5{\textperthousand}, eggshell d18O values can be interpreted in terms of marine water uptake by the penguins. The spread in d18O of eggshell carbonate at any given time toward more negative values reflects the existence of a low d18O water end member, most plausibly snow or snowmelt. Samples younger than 2000 years are characterized by a general lack of very negative d18O values. As also attested by other proxies, this shift toward more positive isotopic values is likely to be related both to a decreasing contribution of snow or meltwater in the seawaters and consequently to an absence or paucity on the boundary of the nesting sites of snow or snowfall and freshwater that could be directly eaten or drunk by penguins.},
	doi = {10.1177/0959683611409773},
	url = {http://hol.sagepub.com/content/22/1/63.abstract},
	author = {Lorenzini, Sandra and Baneschi, Ilaria and Fallick, Anthony E. and Salvatore, Maria Cristina and Zanchetta, Giovanni and Dallai, Luigi and Baroni, Carlo}
}
@article {122,
	title = {Isotopic characterization of aerosol organic carbon components over the eastern United States},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
	volume = {117},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2252; PT: J; TC: 1; UT: WOS:000306237000001},
	pages = {D13303-D13303},
	abstract = {Carbon isotopic signatures (delta C-13, Delta C-14) of aerosol particulate matter total organic carbon (TOC) and operationally defined organic carbon (OC) components were measured in samples from two background sites in the eastern U. S. TOC and water-soluble OC (WSOC) delta C-13 values (-27 to -24 parts per thousand) indicated predominantly terrestrial C-3 plant and fossil derived sources. Total solvent extracts (TSE) and their aliphatic, aromatic, and polar OC components were depleted in delta C-13 (-30 to -26 parts per thousand) relative to TOC and WSOC. Delta C-14 signatures of aerosol TOC and TSE (-476 to +25 parts per thousand) suggest variable fossil contributions (similar to 5-50\%) to these components. Aliphatic OC while comprising a small portion of the TOC (},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2011JD017153},
	author = {Wozniak, Andrew S. and Bauer, James E. and Dickhut, Rebecca M. and Xu, Li and McNichol, Ann P.}
}
@article { ISI:000310472600012,
	title = {An isotopic (Delta C-14, delta C-13, and delta N-15) investigation of the composition of particulate organic matter and zooplankton food sources in Lake Superior and across a size-gradient of aquatic systems},
	journal = {BIOGEOSCIENCES},
	volume = {9},
	number = {{9}},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {3663-3678},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Food webs in aquatic systems can be supported both by carbon from recent local primary productivity and by carbon subsidies, such as material from terrestrial ecosystems, or past in situ primary productivity. The importance of these subsidies to respiration and biomass production remains a topic of debate. While some studies have reported that terrigenous organic carbon supports disproportionately high zooplankton production, others have suggested that phytoplankton preferentially support zooplankton production in aquatic ecosystems. Here we apply natural abundance radiocarbon (Delta C-14) and stable isotope (delta C-13, delta N-15) analyses to show that zooplankton in Lake Superior selectively incorporate recently fixed, locally produced (autochthonous) organic carbon even though other carbon sources are readily available. Estimates from Bayesian isotopic modeling based on Delta C-14 and delta C-13 values show that the average lake-wide median contributions of recent in-lake primary production and terrestrial, sedimentary, and bacterial organic carbon to the bulk POM in Lake Superior were 58\%, 5\%, 33\%, and 3\%, respectively. However, isotopic modeling estimates also show that recent in situ production contributed a disproportionately large amount (median, 91\%) of the carbon in mesozooplankton biomass in Lake Superior. Although terrigenous organic carbon and old organic carbon from resuspended sediments were significant portions (median, 38\%) of the available basal food resources, these contributed only a small amount to mesozooplankton biomass. Comparison of zooplankton food sources based on their radiocarbon composition showed that terrigenous organic carbon was relatively more important in rivers and small lakes, and the proportion of terrestrially derived material used by zooplankton correlated with the hydrologic residence time and the ratio of basin area to water surface area.},
	issn = {1726-4170},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-9-3663-2012},
	author = {Zigah, P. K. and Minor, E. C. and Werne, J. P. and McCallister, S. Leigh}
}
@article {201,
	title = {Interpreting, dating, and reevaluating the botanical assemblage from tell Kedesh: a case study of historical contamination},
	journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2188},
	pages = {829-842},
	abstract = {Botanical assemblage including charred and mineralized macro plant remains were examined from tell Kedesh in the Upper Galilee, Israel. Flotation samples were collected from various contexts within and outside a large Persian-Hellenistic administrative building complex at tell Kedesh, dated to the 5th to the 2nd century BC, based on the archaeological material. Four AMS radiocarbon dates were obtained on plant macro remains recovered from the flotation samples from the complex. The radiocarbon dates range from the 9th century BC to 17th century AD. The discrepancy among the radiocarbon dates obtained from plant remains and those based on archaeological material can be attributed to bioturbation, including the deep burrowing of harvester ants. The study demonstrates the need for direct radiocarbon dating of the charred plant remains generally assumed to be of ancient origin. This research improves the understanding of depositional and postdepositional processes of plant macro remains and explains their mode of arrival, relevant for the sites with a long occupational history by humans and animals.},
	issn = {0305-4403},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jas.2010.11.005},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440310004048},
	author = {Ksenija, Borojevic}
}
@article {2567,
	title = {Implications for chloro- and pheopigment synthesis and preservation from combined compound-specific δ13C, δ15N, and Δ14C analysis},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jan-01-2010},
	pages = {4105 - 4118},
	abstract = {Chloropigments and their derivative pheopigments preserved in sediments can directly be linked to photosynthesis. Their carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic compositions have been shown to be a good recorder of recent and past surface ocean environmental conditions tracing the carbon and nitrogen sources and dominant assimilation processes of the phytoplanktonic community. In this study we report results from combined compound-specific radiocarbon and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis to examine the time-scales of synthesis and fate of chlorophyll-a and its degradation products pheophytin-a, pyropheophytin-a, and 132,173-cyclopheophorbide-a-enol until burial in Black Sea core-top sediments. The pigments are mainly of marine phytoplanktonic origin as implied by their stable isotopic compositions. Pigment delta15N values indicate nitrate as the major uptake substrate but 15N-depletion towards the open marine setting indicates either contribution from N2-fixation or direct uptake of ammonium from deeper waters. Radiocarbon concentrations translate into minimum and maximum pigment ages of approximately 40 to 1200 years. This implies that protective mechanisms against decomposition such as association with minerals, storage in deltaic anoxic environments, or eutrophication-induced hypoxia and light limitation are much more efficient than previously thought. Moreover, seasonal variations of nutrient source, growth period, and habitat and their associated isotopic variability are likely at least as strong as long-term trends. Combined triple isotope analysis of sedimentary chlorophyll and its primary derivatives is a powerful tool to delineate biogeochemical and diagenetic processes in the surface water and sediments, and to assess their precise time-scales. 

},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-7-4105-201010.5194/bg-7-4105-2010-supplement},
	url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/7/4105/2010},
	author = {Kusch, S. and Kashiyama, Y. and Ogawa, N. O. and Altabet, M. and Butzin, M. and Friedrich, J. and Ohkouchi, N. and Mollenhauer, G.}
}
@article {248,
	title = {In situ cosmogenic (10)Be production-rate calibration from the Southern Alps, New Zealand RID D-4720-2011},
	journal = {Quaternary Geochronology},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 2031; PT: J; UT: WOS:000280946500002},
	pages = {392-409},
	abstract = {We present a (10)Be production-rate calibration derived from an early Holocene debris-flow deposit at about 1000 m above sea level in the central Southern Alps, New Zealand, in the mid-latitude Southern Hemisphere. Ten radiocarbon ages on macrofossils from a soil horizon buried by the deposit date the deposit to 9690 +/- 50 calendar years before AD2008. Surface (10)Be concentrations of seven large boulders partially embedded in the stable surface of the deposit are tightly distributed, yielding a standard deviation of similar to 2\%. Conversion of the (10)Be measurements to sea level/high-latitude values using each of five standard scaling methods indicates (10)Be production rates of 3.84 +/- 0.08, 3.87 +/- 0.08, 3.83 +/- 0.08, 4.15 +/- 0.09, and 3.74 +/- 0.08 atoms g(-1) a(-1), relative to the {\textquoteright}07KNSTD{\textquoteright} (10)Be AMS standard, and including only the local time-integrated production-rate uncertainties. When including a sea level high-latitude scaling uncertainty the overall error is similar to 2.5\% (1 sigma) for each rate. To test the regional applicability of this production-rate calibration, we measured (10)Be concentrations in a set of nearby moraines deposited before 18060 +/- 200 years before AD2008. The (10)Be ages are only consistent with minimum-limiting (14)C age data when calculated using the new production rates. This also suggests that terrestrial in situ cosmogenic-nuclide production did not change significantly from Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene time in New Zealand. Our production rates agree well with those of a recent calibration study from northeastern North America, but are 12-14\% lower than other commonly adopted values. The production-rate values presented here can be used elsewhere in New Zealand for rock surfaces exposed during or since the last glacial period. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {1871-1014},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quageo.2009.12.001},
	author = {Putnam, A. E. and Schaefer, J. M. and Barrell, D. J. A. and Vandergoes, M. and Denton, G. H. and Kaplan, M. R. and Finkel, R. C. and Schwartz, R. and Goehring, B. M. and Kelley, S. E.}
}
@article { ISI:000280946500002,
	title = {In situ cosmogenic Be-10 production-rate calibration from the Southern Alps, New Zealand},
	journal = {QUATERNARY GEOCHRONOLOGY},
	volume = {5},
	number = {{4}},
	year = {2010},
	month = {AUG},
	pages = {392-409},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We present a Be-10 production-rate calibration derived from an early Holocene debris-flow deposit at about 1000 m above sea level in the central Southern Alps, New Zealand, in the mid-latitude Southern Hemisphere. Ten radiocarbon ages on macrofossils from a soil horizon buried by the deposit date the deposit to 9690 +/- 50 calendar years before AD2008. Surface Be-10 concentrations of seven large boulders partially embedded in the stable surface of the deposit are tightly distributed, yielding a standard deviation of similar to 2\%. Conversion of the Be-10 measurements to sea level/high-latitude values using each of five standard scaling methods indicates Be-10 production rates of 3.84 +/- 0.08, 3.87 +/- 0.08, 3.83 +/- 0.08, 4.15 +/- 0.09, and 3.74 +/- 0.08 atoms g(-1) a(-1), relative to the {\textquoteleft}07KNSTD{\textquoteright} Be-10 AMS standard, and including only the local time-integrated production-rate uncertainties. When including a sea level high-latitude scaling uncertainty the overall error is similar to 2.5\% (1 sigma) for each rate. To test the regional applicability of this production-rate calibration, we measured Be-10 concentrations in a set of nearby moraines deposited before 18060 +/- 200 years before AD2008. The Be-10 ages are only consistent with minimum-limiting C-14 age data when calculated using the new production rates. This also suggests that terrestrial in situ cosmogenic-nuclide production did not change significantly from Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene time in New Zealand. Our production rates agree well with those of a recent calibration study from northeastern North America, but are 12-14\% lower than other commonly adopted values. The production-rate values presented here can be used elsewhere in New Zealand for rock surfaces exposed during or since the last glacial period. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Be-10, C-14, Cosmogenic nuclide, Debris flow, Holocene, Last glacial maximum, Moraine, Production rate, South Island},
	issn = {1871-1014},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quageo.2009.12.001},
	author = {Putnam, A. E. and Schaefer, J. M. and Barrell, D. J. A. and Vandergoes, M. and Denton, G. H. and Kaplan, M. R. and Finkel, R. C. and Schwartz, R. and Goehring, B. M. and Kelley, S. E.}
}
@article {472,
	title = {The influence of sea level and tectonics on Late Pleistocene through Holocene sediment storage along the high-sediment supply Waipaoa continental shelf},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {270},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 1849; Sp. Iss. SI 576IF Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:49Y},
	pages = {139-159},
	abstract = {We present geophysical and core evidence showing how subsidence caused by forearc shortening has accommodated Late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments supplied to the tectonically active Waipaoa shelf (NZ), limiting off-shelf export during the early sea level highstand. The last glacioeustatic fall and subsequent rise exposed and then flooded a shelf segmented into subbasins separated by zones of uplift, leaving key stratigraphic markers of shoreline regression and transgression that vary strongly in character across the shelf. Highstand sediment isopachs tied to piston cores dated using tephra correlation and a radiocarbon age model provide a sediment budget at similar to 2000yr intervals from the mid-Holocene (similar to 5500 cal.yr BP) to present. Sediment load estimates from our shelf budget are in agreement with published model estimates for suspended sediment discharge from the Waipaoa River for the past 3000yr but, importantly, do not show the 6-fold increase in the Waipaoa{\textquoteright}s sediment output that began with human settlement 700yr ago and accelerated with deforestation over the last century. Bypassing of Waipaoa sediment to the slope may therefore be a recent phenomenon caused by unnaturally high sediment loads, a conclusion supported by data reported elsewhere in this volume. Our study also reveals evidence for (1) a relatively thick mid-shelf transgressive section deposited during the last eustatic rise that may correlate to estuarine sequences reported from numerous sites on the modern coastline of the North Island, (2) a slight decrease in total basin filling rates during the highstand, and (3) variability in the partitioning of highstand sediments between individual subbasins that may reflect differing degrees of tectonic accommodation. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2009.10.002},
	author = {Gerber, T. P. and Pratson, L. F. and Kuehl, S. and Walsh, J. P. and Alexander, C. and Palmer, A.}
}
@article {522,
	title = {Investigating the influence of hydrogeomorphic setting on the response of lake sedimentation to climatic changes in the Uinta Mountains, Utah, USA},
	journal = {Journal of Paleolimnology},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 2013; PT: J; UT: WOS:000277939200023},
	pages = {311-325},
	abstract = {Reader Lake and Elbow Lake, two high-altitude lakes in the Uinta Mountains of Utah, are located approximately 2 km apart, at similar elevations, and within identical vegetation communities. Loss on ignition, carbon to nitrogen ratios, biogenic silica, and sediment grain size were analyzed throughout percussion cores retrieved from both lakes to construct continuous time series spanning 14 to ca. 2 ka BP. Given the proximity of the lakes, it is assumed that both were subjected to the same climatic forcing over this time. Accordingly, the first goal of this study was to consider these two multiproxy datasets in concert to yield an integrated paleoclimate record for this region. Close inspection of the records identified discrepancies indicating that the lakes responded to climate changes in different ways despite their proximity and similar setting. Clarifying these differences and understanding why the two lakes behaved differently at certain times was the second goal of this study. Overall, the paleoclimatic records document lake formation in the latest Pleistocene following glacier retreat. Buried glacier ice at the location of Reader Lake may have persisted through the Younger Dryas. Both lakes became biologically productive ca. 11.5 ka BP, and the first appearance of conifer needles indicates that trees had replaced alpine tundra in these watersheds by 10.5 ka BP. The interval from 10 to 6 ka BP was marked by a dramatic increase in precipitation, perhaps related to enhanced monsoonal circulation driven by the insolation maximum. The two lakes recorded this event in notably contrasting ways given their differing hydrogeomorphic settings. Precipitation decreased from 6 to 4 ka BP, and low water levels and drought conditions marked the interval from 4.0 to 2.7 ka BP. The integrated paleoclimate record developed from these cores provides a useful point of comparison with other records from the region. The differences between the records from these closely spaced lakes underscore the need to consider hydrogeomorphic setting when evaluating the suitability of a lake for a paleolimnological study.},
	issn = {0921-2728},
	doi = {10.1007/s10933-009-9405-9},
	author = {Corbett, Lee B. and Munroe, Jeffrey S.}
}
@article {1855,
	title = {Implications of Radiocarbon Dates from Potter Creek Cave, Shasta County, California, USA},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2009},
	note = {544peTimes Cited:1
Cited References Count:16
},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {931-936},
	abstract = {New dates obtained from the bone collagen of mammals from the deposits in Potter Creek Cave, Shasta County, California, USA, show that these fossils were emplaced over the last 30,000 yr. The dates support the assignment of the fauna in the cave to the late Pleistocene and are contemporaneous to the dates obtained from the fauna of Samwel Cave located 5 km to the north. These new dates do not support previous radiocarbon dates suggesting a Holocene extinction of the extinct bovid Euceratherium collinum, and demonstrate that this and other megafauna were not present in the vicinity after the terminal Pleistocene.},
	keywords = {account, bone, pretreatment},
	isbn = {0033-8222},
	author = {Feranec, R. S.}
}
@article {442,
	title = {In situ cosmogenic 10Be production-rate calibration from the Southern Alps, New Zealand},
	journal = {Quaternary Geochronology},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 840In pressY},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quageo.2009.12.001},
	author = {Putnam, A. E. and Schaefer, J. M. and Barrell, D. J. A. and Vandergoes, M. and Denton, G. H. and Kaplan, M. R. and Finkel, R. C. and Schwartz, R. and Goehring, B. M. and Kelley, S. E.}
}
@article {485,
	title = {Initial source evaluation of archaeological obsidian from the Kuril Islands of the Russian Far East using portable XRF},
	journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 832; 433GY Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:66Y},
	pages = {1256-1263},
	abstract = {Obsidian artifacts recently have been recovered from 18 archaeological sites on eight islands across the Kuril Island archipelago in the North Pacific Ocean, suggesting a wide-ranging distribution of obsidian throughout the island chain over the last 2,500 years. Although there are no geologic sources of obsidian in the Kurils that are known to have been used prehistorically, sources exist in Hokkaido, Japan, and Kamchatka, Russia, the southern and northern geographic regions respectively from which obsidian may have entered the Kuril Islands. This paper reports on the initial sourcing attempt of Kuril Islands obsidian through the analysis of 131 obsidian artifacts. Data from this research were generated through the application of portable XRF technology, and are used to address research questions concerning prehistoric mobility, exchange, and social networking in the Kuril Islands. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0305-4403},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jas.2009.01.014},
	author = {Phillips, S. C. and Speakman, R. J.}
}
@article {402,
	title = {Inputs of Fossil Carbon from Wastewater Treatment Plants to US Rivers and Oceans},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 1833; 476XR Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:51Y},
	pages = {5647-5651},
	abstract = {Every day more than 500 million cubic meters of treated wastewater are discharged into rivers, estuaries, and oceans, an amount slightly less than the average flow of the Danube River. Typically, wastewaters have high organic carbon [OC) concentrations and represent a large fraction of total river flow and a higher fraction of river OC in densely populated watersheds. Here, we report the first direct measurements of radiocarbon (C-14) in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. The radiocarbon ages of particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC and DOC) in effluent are old and relatively uniform across a range of WWTPs in New York and Connecticut. Wastewater DOC has a mean radiocarbon age of 1630 +/- 500 years B.P. and a mean delta C-13 of -26.0 +/- 1 parts per thousand. Mass balance calculations indicate that 25\% of wastewater DOC is fossil carbon, which is likely derived from petroleum-based household products such as detergents and pharmaceuticals. These findings warrant reevaluation of the "apparent age" of riverine DOC, the total flux of petroleum carbon to U.S. oceans, and OC source assignments in waters impacted by sewage.},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	doi = {10.1021/As9004043},
	author = {Griffith, D. R. and Barnes, R. T. and Raymond, P. A.}
}
@article {1846,
	title = {Intcal09 and Marine09 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves, 0-50,000 Years Cal Bp Rid F-4952-2011 Rid B-7298-2008},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 1983; PT: J; UT: WOS:000274407500002},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {1111-1150},
	abstract = {The IntCal04 and Marine04 radiocarbon calibration curves have been updated from 12 cal kBP (cal kBP is here defined as thousands of calibrated years before AD 1950), and extended to 50 cal kBP, utilizing newly available data sets that meet the IntCal Working Group criteria for pristine corals and other carbonates and for quantification of uncertainty in both the (14)C and calendar timescales as established in 2002. No change was made to the curves from 0-12 cal kBP. The curves were constructed using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) implementation of the random walk model used for IntCal04 and Marine04. The new curves were ratified at the 20th International Radiocarbon Conference in June 2009 and; ire available in the Supplemental Material at www.radiocarbon.org.},
	isbn = {0033-8222},
	author = {Reimer, P. J. and Baillie, M. G. L. and Bard, E. and Bayliss, A. and Beck, J. W. and Blackwell, P. G. and Ramsey, C. Bronk and Buck, C. E. and Burr, G. S. and Edwards, R. L. and Friedrich, M. and Grootes, P. M. and Guilderson, T. P. and Hajdas, I. and Heaton, T. J. and Hogg, A. G. and Hughen, K. A. and Kaiser, K. F. and Kromer, B. and McCormac, F. G. and Manning, S. W. and Reimer, R. W. and Richards, D. A. and Southon, J. R. and Talamo, S. and Turney, C. S. M. and van der Plicht, J. and Weyhenmeye, C. E.}
}
@article {371,
	title = {Interhemispheric Atlantic seesaw response during the last deglaciation},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {457},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 856; Barker, Stephen Diz, Paula Vautravers, Maryline J Pike, Jennifer Knorr, Gregor Hall, Ian R Broecker, Wallace S England Nature. 2009 Feb 26;457(7233):1097-102.Y},
	pages = {1097-102},
	abstract = {The asynchronous relationship between millennial-scale temperature changes over Greenland and Antarctica during the last glacial period has led to the notion of a bipolar seesaw which acts to redistribute heat depending on the state of meridional overturning circulation within the Atlantic Ocean. Here we present new records from the South Atlantic that show rapid changes during the last deglaciation that were instantaneous (within dating uncertainty) and of opposite sign to those observed in the North Atlantic. Our results demonstrate a direct link between the abrupt changes associated with variations in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and the more gradual adjustments characteristic of the Southern Ocean. These results emphasize the importance of the Southern Ocean for the development and transmission of millennial-scale climate variability and highlight its role in deglacial climate change and the associated rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide.},
	issn = {1476-4687 (Electronic) 0028-0836 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1038/nature07770},
	author = {Barker, S. and Diz, P. and Vautravers, M. J. and Pike, J. and Knorr, G. and Hall, I. R. and Broecker, W. S.}
}
@article {1843,
	title = {Interpreting Nd isotope and Pa-231/Th-230 records in the deep Western North Atlantic},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Suppl. S460ys
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:3
},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {A1107-A1107},
	keywords = {circulation},
	isbn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2009.05.014},
	author = {Roberts, N. L. and Piotrowski, A. M. and McManus, J. F. and Keigwin, L. D.}
}
@article {502,
	title = {The impact of vegetation on sedimentary organic matter composition and PAH desorption},
	journal = {Environmental Pollution},
	volume = {156},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 2024; PT: J; UT: WOS:000261678700045},
	pages = {928-935},
	abstract = {Relationships between sedimentary organic matter (SOM) composition and PAH desorption behavior were determined for vegetated and non-vegetated refinery distillate waste sediments. Sediments were fractionated into size, density, and humin fractions and analyzed for their organic matter content. Bulk sediment and humin fractions differed more in organic matter composition than size/density fractions. Vegetated humin and bulk sediments contained more polar organic carbon, black carbon, and modern (plant) carbon than non-vegetated sediment fractions. Desorption kinetics of phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, and C(3)-phenanthrene/anthracenes from humin and bulk sediments were investigated using Tenax (R) beads and a two-compartment, first-order kinetic model. PAH desorption from distillate waste sediments appeared to be controlled by the slow clesorbing fractions of sediment; rate constants were similar to literature values for k(slow) and k(very) (slow). After several decades of plant colonization and growth (Phragmites australis), vegetated sediment fractions more extensively desorbed PAHs and had faster desorption kinetics than non-vegetated sediment fractions. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0269-7491},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2008.05.011},
	author = {Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie and Gregory, Samuel T. and Musella, Jennifer S.}
}
@article {356,
	title = {In situ carbonation of peridotite for CO2 storage},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 779; 373OP Times Cited:12 Cited References Count:37Y},
	pages = {17295-17300},
	abstract = {The rate of natural carbonation of tectonically exposed mantle peridotite during weathering and low-temperature alteration can be enhanced to develop a significant sink for atmospheric CO2. Natural carbonation of peridotite in the Samail ophiolite, an uplifted slice of oceanic crust and upper mantle in the Sultanate of Oman, is surprisingly rapid. Carbonate veins in mantle peridotite in Oman have an average C-14 age of approximate to 26,000 years, and are not 30-95 million years old as previously believed. These data and reconnaissance mapping show that approximate to 10(4) to 10(5) tons per year of atmospheric CO2 are converted to solid carbonate minerals via peridotite weathering in Oman. Peridotite carbonation can be accelerated via drilling, hydraulic fracture, input of purified CO2 at elevated pressure, and, in particular, increased temperature at depth. After an initial heating step, CO2 pumped at 25 or 30 degrees C can be heated by exothermic carbonation reactions that sustain high temperature and rapid reaction rates at depth with little expenditure of energy. In situ carbonation of peridotite could consume > 1 billion tons of CO2 per year in Oman alone, affording a low-cost, safe, and permanent method to capture and store atmospheric CO2.},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0805794105},
	author = {Kelemen, P. B. and Matter, J.}
}
@article {2564,
	title = {In situ carbonation of peridotite for CO2 storage},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Nov-11-2008},
	pages = {17295 - 17300},
	abstract = {The rate of natural carbonation of tectonically exposed mantle peridotite during weathering and low-temperature alteration can be enhanced to develop a significant sink for atmospheric CO2. Natural carbonation of peridotite in the Samail ophiolite, an uplifted slice of oceanic crust and upper mantle in the Sultanate of Oman, is surprisingly rapid. Carbonate veins in mantle peridotite in Oman have an average 14C age of ≈26,000 years, and are not 30{\textendash}95 million years old as previously believed. These data and reconnaissance mapping show that ≈104 to 105 tons per year of atmospheric CO2 are converted to solid carbonate minerals via peridotite weathering in Oman. Peridotite carbonation can be accelerated via drilling, hydraulic fracture, input of purified CO2 at elevated pressure, and, in particular, increased temperature at depth. After an initial heating step, CO2 pumped at 25 or 30 {\textdegree}C can be heated by exothermic carbonation reactions that sustain high temperature and rapid reaction rates at depth with little expenditure of energy. In situ carbonation of peridotite could consume >1 billion tons of CO2 per year in Oman alone, affording a low-cost, safe, and permanent method to capture and store atmospheric CO2. },
	keywords = {alteration and weathering, carbon capture, carbon sequestration, exothermic, MINERAL},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0805794105},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0805794105},
	author = {Kelemen, P. B. and Matter, J.}
}
@article {927,
	title = {Incipient Aquaculture in Prehistoric California? Long-term productivity and sustainability vs. immediate returns for the harvest of marine invertebrates},
	journal = {Journal of Archaeological Sciences},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 2097},
	pages = {1114-1123},
	abstract = {California archaeologists have proposed two alternative methods for harvesting mussels{\textemdash}{\textquotedblleft}stripping{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}plucking{\textquotedblright}. These two methods are modeled and compared with experimental data from central California (Jones, T.L., Richman, J.R., 1995. On Mussels: Mytilus californianus as a Prehistoric Resource, North American Archaeologist 16, 33{\textendash}58) and archaeological data from the Punta Gorda Rockshelter, a well-stratified coastal shell midden in northern California. Foragers at the Punta Gorda Rockshelter appear to have practiced a {\textquotedblleft}stripping{\textquotedblright} technique at approximately 24 month intervals. It is argued that, while this strategy reduced immediate foraging returns, it increased the long-term net productivity of the mussel beds.

These findings are discussed in light of the broader literature regarding resource depression and resource cultivation in California prehistory. The conventional interpretation of reductions in the body size in archaeological assemblages is questioned both in terms of rates of return on these individuals and the impact of human predation on local prey populations.},
	keywords = {Conservation, Mytilus californianus, Optimal foraging theory, Resource depression},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jas.2007.08.005},
	author = {Whitaker, Adrian R.}
}
@article {517,
	title = {Increased terrestrial to ocean sediment and carbon fluxes in the northern chesapeake bay associated with twentieth century land alteration},
	journal = {Estuaries and Coasts},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 812; 316CY Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:54Y},
	pages = {492-500},
	abstract = {We calculated Chesapeake Bay (CB) sediment and carbon fluxes before and after major anthropogenic land clearance using robust monitoring, modeling and sedimentary data. Four distinct fluxes in the estuarine system were considered including (1) the flux of eroded material from the watershed to streams, (2) the flux of suspended sediment at river fall lines, (3) the burial flux in tributary sediments, and (4) the burial flux in main CB sediments. The sedimentary maximum in Ambrosia (ragweed) pollen marked peak land clearance (similar to 1900 A.D.). Rivers feeding CB had a total organic carbon (TOC)/total suspended solids of 0.24 +/- 0.12, and we used this observation to calculate TOC fluxes from sediment fluxes. Sediment and carbon fluxes increased by 138-269\% across all four regions after land clearance. Our results demonstrate that sediment delivery to CB is subject to significant lags and that excess post-land clearance sediment loads have not reached the ocean. Post-land clearance increases in erosional flux from watersheds, and burial in estuaries are important processes that must be considered to calculate accurate global sediment and carbon budgets.},
	issn = {1559-2723},
	doi = {10.1007/s12237-008-9048-5},
	author = {Saenger, C. and Cronin, T. M. and Willard, D. and Halka, J. and Kerhin, R.}
}
@article {386,
	title = {Interpreting sea surface temperature from strontium/calcium ratios in Montastrea corals: Link with growth rate and implications for proxy reconstructions},
	journal = {Paleoceanography},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 864; ISI Document Delivery No.: 333MS Times Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 49 Cited References: *DEP CONS CULT AFF, 1986, MAR WAT QUAL MEAS CH *NAT RES COUNC, 2006, SURF TEMP REC LAST 2 BEVINGTON PR, 1969, DATA REDUCTION ERROR, P56 BLACK DE, 2004, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V19, ARTN PA2022 BLACK DE, 2007, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V22, ARTN PA4204 CARDINAL D, 2001, CHEM GEOL, V176, P213 CARRICARTGANIVET JP, 2004, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V302, P249, DOI 10.1016/j.jembe.2003.10.015 CHIANG JCH, 2002, J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS, V107, ARTN 4004 COBB KM, 2003, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V210, P91, DOI 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00138-9 COHEN AL, 2004, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V31, ARTN L16310 COHEN AL, 2004, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V271, P147 COHEN AL, 2006, GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY, V7, ARTN Q12004 COHEN AL, 2007, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V34, ARTN L17706 CRONIN TM, 2003, GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE, V36, P17 DEVILLIERS S, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P1247 DEVILLIERS S, 1999, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V171, P623 FELIS T, 2004, NATURE, V429, P164, DOI 10.1038/nature02546 GABITOV RI, 2006, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM S, V70, A187, DOI 10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.377 GAETANI GA, 2006, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V70, P4617, DOI 10.1016/j.gca.2006.07.008 GOODKIN NF, 2005, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V20, ARTN PA4016 HAASESCHRAMM A, 2003, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V18, ARTN 1073 HAASESCHRAMM A, 2005, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V20, ARTN PA4015 HAUG GH, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P1304 HENDY EJ, 2002, SCIENCE, V295, P1511 HERNANDEZGUERRA A, 2000, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V27, P3497 HODELL DA, 2005, QUATERNARY RES, V63, P109, DOI 10.1016/j.yqres.2004.11.004 HUBBARD DK, 2005, J SEDIMENT RES, V75, P97, DOI 10.2110/jsr.2005.009 HUGHEN KA, 2004, RADIOCARBON, V46, P1059 JONES PD, 2004, REV GEOPHYS, V42, ARTN RG2002 LEDER JJ, 1996, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V60, P2857 LOUGH JM, 2004, PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL, V204, P115, DOI 10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00727-2 LUND DC, 2006, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V21, ARTN PA2009 MEIBOM A, 2006, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V33, ARTN L11608 MOHIUDDIN MM, 2004, DEEP-SEA RES PT I, V51, P1659, DOI 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.06.002 NYBERG J, 2002, PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL, V183, P25 OSTERMANN DR, 2000, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V15, P353 PFLAUMANN U, 2003, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V18, ARTN 1065 REYNAUD S, 2007, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V71, P354, DOI 10.1016/j.gca.2006.09.009 REYNOLDS RW, 1994, J CLIMATE, V7, P929 ROSENTHAL Y, 1999, ANAL CHEM, V71, P3248 SCHMIDT MW, 2006, GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY, V7, ARTN Q02P10 SMITH JM, 2006, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, V21, ARTN PA1010 SWART PK, 2002, GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY, V3, ARTN 8402 THUNELL RC, 1984, MICROPALEONTOLOGY, V30, P243 VELLINGA M, 2004, J CLIMATE, V17, P4498 WATANABE T, 2001, MAR GEOL, V173, P21 WEIL E, 1994, B MAR SCI, V55, P151 WINTER A, 2000, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V27, P3365 YOO JM, 1990, J PHYS OCEANOGR, V20, P831 Saenger, Casey Cohen, Anne L. Oppo, Delia W. Hubbard, Dennis Amer geophysical union Washington; YY},
	abstract = {[1] We analyzed strontium/calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) in four colonies of the Atlantic coral genus Montastrea with growth rates ranging from 2.3 to 12.6 mm a(-1). Derived Sr/Ca-sea surface temperature (SST) calibrations exhibit significant differences among the four colonies that cannot be explained by variations in SST or seawater Sr/Ca. For a single coral Sr/Ca ratio of 8.8 mmol mol(-1), the four calibrations predict SSTs ranging from 24.0 degrees to 30.9 degrees C. We find that differences in the Sr/Ca-SST relationships are correlated systematically with the average annual extension rate (ext) of each colony such that Sr/Ca ( mmol mol(-1)) = 11.82 (+/- 0.13) - 0.058 (+/- 0.004) x ext ( mm a(-1)) - 0.092 (+/- 0.005) x SST (degrees C). This observation is consistent with previous reports of a link between coral Sr/Ca and growth rate. Verification of our growth-dependent Sr/Ca - SST calibration using a coral excluded from the calibration reconstructs the mean and seasonal amplitude of the actual recorded SST to within 0.3 degrees C. Applying a traditional, nongrowth-dependent Sr/Ca - SST calibration derived from a modern Montastrea to the Sr/Ca ratios of a conspecific coral that grew during the early Little Ice Age (LIA) ( 400 years B. P.) suggests that Caribbean SSTs were > 5 degrees C cooler than today. Conversely, application of our growth-dependent Sr/Ca - SST calibration to Sr/Ca ratios derived from the LIA coral indicates that SSTs during the 5-year period analyzed were within error (+/- 1.4 degrees C) of modern values.},
	issn = {0883-8305},
	doi = {10.1029/2007pa001572},
	author = {Saenger, C. and Cohen, A. L. and Oppo, D. W. and Hubbard, D.}
}
@article {1539,
	title = {ITUHU SITE (32SN110) 1995 Archeological Excavations, Stutsman County, North Dakota. James River Report Number 5},
	volume = {University of North Dakota Anthropology Research Contribution No.411},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 771},
	month = {2008},
	institution = {University of North Dakota},
	address = {Grand Forks ND},
	author = {Toom, Dennis L.},
	editor = {Toom, D. L.}
}
@article {716,
	title = {Intense hurricane activity over the past 5,000 years controlled by El Nino and the West African monsoon},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {447},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Donnelly, Jeffrey PWoodruff, Jonathan DengResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.England2007/05/25 09:00Nature. 2007 May 24;447(7143):465-8.},
	month = {May 24},
	pages = {465-8},
	abstract = {The processes that control the formation, intensity and track of hurricanes are poorly understood. It has been proposed that an increase in sea surface temperatures caused by anthropogenic climate change has led to an increase in the frequency of intense tropical cyclones, but this proposal has been challenged on the basis that the instrumental record is too short and unreliable to reveal trends in intense tropical cyclone activity. Storm-induced deposits preserved in the sediments of coastal lagoons offer the opportunity to study the links between climatic conditions and hurricane activity on longer timescales, because they provide centennial- to millennial-scale records of past hurricane landfalls. Here we present a record of intense hurricane activity in the western North Atlantic Ocean over the past 5,000 years based on sediment cores from a Caribbean lagoon that contain coarse-grained deposits associated with intense hurricane landfalls. The record indicates that the frequency of intense hurricane landfalls has varied on centennial to millennial scales over this interval. Comparison of the sediment record with palaeo-climate records indicates that this variability was probably modulated by atmospheric dynamics associated with variations in the El Nino/Southern Oscillation and the strength of the West African monsoon, and suggests that sea surface temperatures as high as at present are not necessary to support intervals of frequent intense hurricanes. To accurately predict changes in intense hurricane activity, it is therefore important to understand how the El Nino/Southern Oscillation and the West African monsoon will respond to future climate change.},
	issn = {0028-0836 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1038/nature05834},
	author = {Donnelly, J. P. and Woodruff, J. D.}
}
@inbook {1426,
	title = {The ideal free distribution, food production, and the colonization of Oceania},
	booktitle = {Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 466},
	month = {2006},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	organization = {University of California Press},
	address = {Berkeley, CA},
	author = {Kennett, D. J. and Anderson, A. and Winterhalder, B.},
	editor = {Kennett, D. J.}
}
@article {1943,
	title = {Incorporation of aged dissolved organic carbon (DOC) onto oceanic particulate organic carbon (POC): an experimental approach using carbon isotopes},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	volume = {98},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 682},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {315-322},
	author = {Hwang, J. and Druffel, E. R. M. and Bauer, J. E.}
}
@article {654,
	title = {The influence of seasonal precipitation and temperature regimes on lake levels in the northeastern United States during the Holocene},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2006},
	note = {003pfTimes Cited:40Cited References Count:48},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {44-56},
	abstract = {AMS-dated sediment cores combined with ground-penetrating radar profiles from two lakes in southeastern Massachusetts demonstrate that regional water levels rose and fell multiple times during the Holocene when the known climatic controls (i.e., ice extent and insolation) underwent unidirectional changes. The lakes were lowest between 10,000 and 9000 and between 5500 and 3000 cat yr B.P. Using a heuristic moisture-budget model, we explore the hypothesis that changes in seasonal precipitation regimes, driven by monotonic trends in ice extent and insolation, plausibly explain the multiple lake-level changes. Simulated lake levels resulting from low summer precipitation rates match observed low lake levels of 10,000-9000 cat yr B.P., whereas a model experiment that simply shifts the seasonality of the modem Massachusetts precipitation regime (i.e., moving the peak monthly precipitation from winter to summer) produces levels that are similar to 2 in lower than today as observed for 5500-3000 cat yr BY, The influence of the Laurentide ice sheet could explain dry summers before ca. 8000 cat yr B.P. A later shift from a summer-wet to a winter-wet moisture-balance regime could have resulted from insolation-driven changes in the influence of the Bermuda subtropical high. Temperature changes probably further modified lake levels by affecting snowmelt and transpiration. (c) 2005 Published by University of Washington.},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yqres.2005.09.001},
	author = {Shuman, B. and Donnelly, J. P.}
}
@article {1928,
	title = {IntCal04 Update: The future of radiocarbon calibration},
	journal = {PAGES Newsletter},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 557},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {9-10},
	author = {Reimer, P. and Hughen, K. A.}
}
@article {1959,
	title = {Intra-shell radiocarbon variability in marine mollusks},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {48},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 1019},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {387-400},
	author = {Culleton, B. J. and Kennett, D. J. and Ingram, B. L. and Erlandson, J. M. and Southon, J.}
}
@article {1919,
	title = {Intrinsic bacterial biodegradation of petroleum contamination demonstrated in situ using natural abundance, molecular-level 14C analysis},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 594},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {981-989},
	author = {Slater, Gregory F. and Nelson, Robert K. and Kile, Brian M. and Reddy, Christopher M.}
}
@conference {1656,
	title = {Investigating the temperoral relationship between the synthesis and sediment incorporation of vascular plant biomarkers using molecular level 14C analysis},
	booktitle = {EOS Abstracts, 2006 AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 562},
	month = {2006},
	address = {Honolulu, HI},
	author = {Drenzek, N. and Poussart, P. and Lima, A. L. and Hughens, K. and Reddy, C. and Eglinton, T. I.}
}
@article {582,
	title = {Impact of millennial-scale Holocene climate variability on eastern North American terrestrial ecosystems: pollen-based climatic reconstruction},
	journal = {Global and Planetary Change},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2005},
	note = {944zeTimes Cited:48Cited References Count:68},
	month = {May},
	pages = {17-35},
	abstract = {We present paleoclimatic evidence for a series of Holocene millennial-scale cool intervals in eastern North America that occurred every similar to 1400 years and lasted similar to 300-500 years, based on pollen data from Chesapeake Bay in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The cool events are indicated by significant decreases in pine pollen, which we interpret as representing decreases in January temperatures of between 0.2 degrees and 2 degrees C. These temperature decreases include excursions during the Little Ice Age (similar to 1300-1600 AD) and the 8 ka cold event. The timing of the pine minima is correlated with a series of quasi-periodic cold intervals documented by various proxies in Greenland, North Atlantic, and Alaskan cores and with solar minima interpreted from cosmogenic isotope records. These events may represent changes in circumpolar vortex size and configuration in response to intervals of decreased solar activity, which altered jet stream patterns to enhance meridional circulation over eastern North America. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0921-8181},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.11.017},
	author = {Willard, D. A. and Bernhardt, C. E. and Korejwo, D. A. and Meyers, S. R.}
}
@article {1995,
	title = {Impact of vegetation on sedimentary organic matter composition and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon attenuation},
	journal = {Environ Sci Technol},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Gregory, Samuel TShea, Damian
Guthrie-Nichols, Elizabeth
eng
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
2005/08/09 09:00
Environ Sci Technol. 2005 Jul 15;39(14):5285-92.
},
	month = {Jul 15},
	pages = {5285-92},
	abstract = {Results from natural and engineered phytoremediation systems provide strong evidencethatvegetated soils mitigate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination. However, the mechanisms by which PAH mitigation occurs and the impact of plant organic matter on PAH attenuation remain unclear. This study assessed the impact of plant organic matter on PAH attenuation in labile and refractory sediments fractions from a petroleum distillate waste pit that has naturally revegetated. Samples were collected in distinct zones of barren and vegetated areas to assess changes to organic matter composition and PAH content as vegetation colonized and became established in the waste pit. Sediments were fractionated into bulk sediment and humin fractions and analyzed for organic matter composition by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (delta (13)C), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), delta 14C AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry), and percent organic carbon (\%TOC). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/ MS) of lipid extracts of SOM fractions provided data for PAH distribution histograms, compound weathering ratios, and alkylated and nonalkylated PAH concentrations. Inputs of biogenic plant carbon, PAH weathering, and declines in PAH concentrations are most evidentfor vegetated SOM fractions, particularly humin fractions. Sequestered PAH metabolites were also observed in vegetated humin. These results show that plant organic matter does impact PAH attenuation in both labile and refractory fractions of petroleum distillate waste.},
	keywords = {Biodegradation, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Geologic Sediments/chemistry, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry, Plants, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/*isolation \& purification/*metabolism, Refuse Disposal, Soil Pollutants/*isolation \& purification/*metabolism},
	isbn = {0013-936X (Print)0013-936X (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1021/es048028o },
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16082958},
	author = {Gregory, S. T. and Shea, D. and Guthrie-Nichols, E.}
}
@article {625,
	title = {Increased productivity in the subantarctic ocean during Heinrich events},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {434},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Sachs, Julian PAnderson, Robert FengResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.England2005/04/29 09:00Nature. 2005 Apr 28;434(7037):1118-21.},
	month = {Apr 28},
	pages = {1118-21},
	abstract = {Massive iceberg discharges from the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, {\textquoteright}Heinrich events{\textquoteright}, coincided with the coldest periods of the last ice age. There is widespread evidence for Heinrich events and their profound impact on the climate and circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean, but their influence beyond that region remains uncertain. Here we use a combination of molecular fingerprints of algal productivity and radioisotope tracers of sedimentation to document eight periods of increased productivity in the subpolar Southern Ocean during the past 70,000 years that occurred within 1,000-2,000 years of a Northern Hemisphere Heinrich event. We discuss possible causes for such a link, including increased supply of iron from upwelling and increased stratification during the growing season, which imply an alteration of the global ocean circulation during Heinrich events. The mechanisms linking North Atlantic iceberg discharges with subantarctic productivity remain unclear at this point. We suggest that understanding how the Southern Ocean was altered during these extreme climate perturbations is critical to understanding the role of the ocean in climate change.},
	issn = {0028-0836 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1038/nature03544},
	author = {Sachs, J. P. and Anderson, R. F.}
}
@article {2003,
	title = {Input of particulate organic and dissolved inorganic carbon from the Amazon to the Atlantic Ocean},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2005},
	note = {909pwTimes Cited:17
Cited References Count:21
},
	month = {Mar 18},
	abstract = {We report concentrations and isotope measurements (radiocarbon and stable carbon) of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and suspended particulate organic carbon (POC) in waters collected from the mouth of the Amazon River and the North Brazil Current. Samples were collected in November 1991, when the Amazon hydrograph was at its annual minimum and the North Brazil Current had retroflected into the equatorial North Atlantic. The DIC D 14 C results revealed postbomb carbon in river and ocean waters, with slightly higher values at the river mouth. The low DIC delta(13)C signature of the river end-member (-11\%) demonstrates that about half of the DIC originated from the remineralization of terrestrially derived organic matter. A linear relationship between DIC and salinity indicates that DIC was mixed nearly conservatively in the transition zone from the river mouth to the open ocean, though there was a small amount (<= 10\%) of organic matter remineralization in the mesohaline region. The POC Delta(14)C values in the river mouth were markedly lower than those values from the western Amazon region (Hedges et al., 1986). We conclude that the dominant source of POC near the river mouth and in the inner Amazon plume during November 1991 was aged, resuspended material of significant terrestrial character derived from shelf sediments, while the outer plume contained mainly marine-derived POC.},
	keywords = {accumulation, amazon, C-14, carbon cycling, CO2, continental-shelf, poc, radiocarbon, river system, Sediment, total co(2), water},
	isbn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2004GC000842},
	author = {Druffel, E. R. M. and Bauer, J. E. and Griffin, S.}
}
@conference {1657,
	title = {An investigation of accurate gas exchange measurements for determing a large river carbon isotope mass balance},
	booktitle = {37th Liege International Colloquium on Gas Transfer at Water Survaces},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 490},
	month = {2005},
	address = {Liege, Belgium},
	author = {Raymond, P. A. and McGillis, W. R. and Bauer, J. E. and Caraco, N. F. and Cole, J. J.}
}
@book {1377,
	title = {The Island Chumash: Behavioral Ecology of a Maritime Society},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 1017},
	month = {2005},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	organization = {University of California Press},
	address = {Berkeley, CA},
	author = {Kennett, D. J.}
}
@article {1989,
	title = {Isolation and Characterization of a Genetically Tractable Photoautotrophic Fe(II)-Oxidizing Bacterium, Rhodopseudomonaspalustris Strain TIE-1},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 1576},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {4487-4496},
	author = {Jiao, Yongqin and Kappler, Andreas and Croal, Laura R. and Newman, Dianne K.}
}
@article {2007,
	title = {On the isolation of elemental carbon (EC) for micro-molar 14C accelerator mass spectrometry: development of a hybrid reference material for 14C-EC accuracy asssurance, and a critical evaluation of the thermal optical kinetic (TOK EC isolation procedure},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 631},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {2833-2845},
	author = {Currie, L. A. and Kessler, J. D.}
}
@article {926,
	title = {Isotopic constraints on the fate of petroleum residues sequestered in salt marsh sedimetns},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 969},
	pages = {2545-2551},
	doi = {10.1021/es048675f},
	author = {White, H. K. and Reddy, C. M. and Eglinton, T. I.}
}
@article {323,
	title = {Inhibited eclogite formation: The key to the rapid growth of strong and buoyant Archean continental crust},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 1507; 851PG Times Cited:12 Cited References Count:29},
	pages = {765-768},
	abstract = {Subduction is the principal mechanism by which the hydrosphere and interior of Earth interact. Today, subduction involves the dehydration of ocean crust at depths of 60-120 km depending on the age of the slab. Release of the water leads to generation of arc magmas (future continental crust), and the slab is then transformed into denser eclogite that helps to pull more of the slab into the trench. However, it is unlikely that the first continental crust formed this way. Growing geochemical evidence indicates that large volumes of continental crust were produced over a short period of time in the Archean, when the planet was probably too hot for modern plate tectonics to operate. A significant increase in the kinetics of eclogite-forming reactions may have been the key to the transition from Archean to modern tectonics. Under the higher geothermal gradients of the Archean, tectonically buried ocean crust would have been severely dehydrated before reaching eclogite facies pressures. Because rapid eclogitization is dependent on water as a medium for advective ion transport, the very shallow dehydration in the Archean may have inhibited the formation of eclogite facies minerals. The importance of water in eclogite metamorphism is illustrated by a complex of partly eclogitized malic granulites in Holsnoy, western Norway, in which reaction progress was limited by the availability of water. When water is scarce or absent, metastable granulite facies mineral assemblages can persist at eclogite facies depths owing to the extremely slow reaction kinetics when diffusion is the only chemical transport mechanism. Such dehydrated but uneclogitized mafic crust would have been very strong and too buoyant to sink into the mantle, and it may have formed the substrate for the first continental lithosphere.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G20590.1},
	author = {Bjornerud, M. G. and Austrheim, H.}
}
@article {589,
	title = {Isotopic order, biogeochemical processes, and earth history - Goldschmidt Lecture, Davos, Switzerland, August 2002},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2004},
	note = {813fdTimes Cited:17Cited References Count:70},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {1691-1700},
	abstract = {The impetus to interpret carbon isotopic signals comes from an understanding of isotopic fractionations imposed by living organisms. That understanding rests in turn on studies of enzymatic isotope effects, on fruitful concepts of isotopic order, and on studies of the distribution of (13)C both between and within biosynthetic products. In sum, these studies have shown that the isotopic compositions of biological products are governed by reaction kinetics and by pathways of carbon flow.Isotopic compositions of individual compounds can indicate specific processes or environments. Examples include biomarkers which record the isotopic compositions of primary products in aquatic communities, which indicate that certain bacteria have used methane as a carbon source, and which show that some portions of marine photic zones have been anaerobic. In such studies, the combination of structural and isotopic lines of evidence reveals relationships between compounds and leads to process-related thinking. These are large steps. Reconstruction of the sources and histories of molecular fossils redeems much of the early promise of organic geochemistry by resolving and clarifying paleoenviron-mental signals. In turn, contemplation of this new information is driving geochemists to study microbial ecology and evolution, oceanography, and sedimentology. Copyright (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2003.10.023},
	author = {Hayes, J. M.}
}
@article {957,
	title = {Isotopic and geochemical assessment of in situ biodegradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons},
	journal = {Environ Sci Technol},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Kirtland, Brian CAelion, C MarjorieStone, Peter AHunkeler, DanielengResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.2003/10/04 05:00Environ Sci Technol. 2003 Sep 15;37(18):4205-12.},
	month = {Sep 15},
	pages = {4205-12},
	abstract = {Currently there is no in situ method to detect and quantify complete mineralization of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) to CO2. Combined isotopic measurements in conjunction with traditional chemical techniques were used to assess in situ biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) and carbon tetrachloride (CT). Vadose zone CHC, ethene, ethane, methane, O2, and CO2 concentrations were analyzed using gas chromatography over 114 days at the Savannah River Site. delta13C of CHC and delta13C and 14C of vadose zone CO2, sediment organic matter, and groundwater dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)were measured. Intermediate metabolites of TCE and CT accounted for < or = 10\% of total CHCs. Delta13C of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE) was always heavier than TCE indicating substantial DCE biodegradation. 14C-CO2 values ranged from 84 to 128 percent modern carbon (pMC), suggesting that plant root-respired CO2 was dominant. 14C-CO2 values decreased over time (up to 12 pMC), and contaminated groundwater 14C-DIC (76 pMC) was substantially depleted relative to the control (121 pMC). 14C provided a direct measure of complete CHC mineralization in vadose zone and groundwater in situ and may improve remediation strategies.},
	issn = {0013-936X (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1021/es034046e},
	author = {Kirtland, B. C. and Aelion, C. M. and Stone, P. A. and Hunkeler, D.}
}
@mastersthesis {1296,
	title = {Implications of environmental change for energy flow through natural systems: Freshwater wetlands and coastal zones},
	volume = {PhD},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {418},
	school = {Florida State University},
	author = {Chasar, L.}
}
@article {2120,
	title = {In situ calcium carbonate dissolution in the Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2002},
	note = {649rqTimes Cited:86
Cited References Count:60
},
	month = {Dec 31},
	abstract = {Over the past several years researchers have been working to synthesize the WOCE/JGOFS global CO(2) survey data to better understand carbon cycling processes in the oceans. The Pacific Ocean data set has over 35,000 sample locations with at least two carbon parameters, oxygen, nutrients, CFC tracers, and hydrographic parameters. In this paper we estimate the in situ CaCO(3) dissolution rates in the Pacific Ocean water column. Calcium carbonate dissolution rates ranging from 0.01-1.1 mumol kg(-1) yr(-1) are observed in intermediate and deepwater beginning near the aragonite saturation horizon. In the North Pacific Intermediate Water between 400 and 800 m, CaCO(3) dissolution rates are more than 7 times faster than observed in middle and deep water depths (average=0.051 m mol kg(-1) yr(-1)). The total amount of CaCO(3) that is dissolved within the Pacific is determined by integrating excess alkalinity throughout the water column. The total inventory of CaCO(3) added by particle dissolution in the Pacific Ocean, north of 40degreesS, is 157 Pg C. This amounts to an average dissolution rate of approximately 0.31 Pg C yr(-1). This estimate is approximately 74\% of the export production of CaCO(3) estimated for the Pacific Ocean. These estimates should be considered to be upper limits for in situ carbonate dissolution in the Pacific Ocean, since a portion of the alkalinity increase results from inputs from sediments.},
	keywords = {anthropogenic co(2), anthropogenic co2, aragonite saturation, atmospheric carbon, caco(3) dissolution, calcite saturation, carbonate lysocline, chemical lysocline, coccolithophore emiliania-huxleyi, indian-ocean, north pacific, organic-matter, Pacific Ocean, panama basin, particulate matter},
	isbn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GB001866},
	author = {Feely, R. A. and Sabine, C. L. and Lee, K. and Millero, F. J. and Lamb, M. F. and Greeley, D. and Bullister, J. L. and Key, R. M. and Peng, T. H. and Kozyr, A. and Ono, T. and Wong, C. S.}
}
@article {338,
	title = {Increase in the Asian southwest monsoon during the past four centuries},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {297},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 536; Anderson, David M Overpeck, Jonathan T Gupta, Anil K New York, N.Y. Science. 2002 Jul 26;297(5581):596-9.},
	pages = {596-9},
	abstract = {Climate reconstructions reveal unprecedented warming in the past century; however, little is known about trends in aspects such as the monsoon. We reconstructed the monsoon winds for the past 1000 years using fossil Globigerina bulloides abundance in box cores from the Arabian Sea and found that monsoon wind strength increased during the past four centuries as the Northern Hemisphere warmed. We infer that the observed link between Eurasian snow cover and the southwest monsoon persists on a centennial scale. Alternatively, the forcing implicated in the warming trend (volcanic aerosols, solar output, and greenhouse gases) may directly affect the monsoon. Either interpretation is consistent with the hypothesis that the southwest monsoon strength will increase during the coming century as greenhouse gas concentrations continue to rise and northern latitudes continue to warm.},
	issn = {1095-9203 (Electronic) 0036-8075 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1072881},
	author = {Anderson, D. M. and Overpeck, J. T. and Gupta, A. K.}
}
@article {2099,
	title = {Influence of Vegetation Change on Watershed Hydrology: Implications for Paleoclimatic Interpretation of Lacustrine d180 Records},
	journal = {Journal of Paleolimnology},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 1386},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {117-131},
	author = {Rosenmeier, M. F. and Hodell, D. A. and Brenner, M. and Curtis, J. H. and Martin, J. B. and Anselmetti, F. S. and Ariztegui, D. and Guilderson, T. P.}
}
@article {2096,
	title = {Inorganic carbon in the Indian Ocean: Distribution and dissolution processes},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2002},
	note = {643rkTimes Cited:50
Cited References Count:72
},
	month = {Oct-Nov},
	abstract = {This study uses nearly 25,000 carbon measurements from the WOCE/JGOFS global CO2 survey to examine the distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) in the Indian Ocean. Shallow and intermediate distributions of inorganic carbon do not strictly follow temperature and salinity because of differing surface gradients and vertical biological processes that work to modify the circulation derived features. Anthropogenic CO2 has increased the shallow DIC by as much as 3\%, decreasing the vertical DIC gradient. Deep ocean DIC and TA increase toward the north because of the decomposition and dissolution of organic and inorganic particles. Calcite saturation depths range from 2900-3900 m with the deepest saturation depth in the central Indian Ocean. Variations of aragonite saturation depth (200-1400 m) are similar to calcite, but the deepest saturations are in the southwestern Indian Ocean. The shallowest aragonite saturation depths are found in the Bay of Bengal. In the northern Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, the current aragonite saturations are 100 and 200 m shallower, respectively, than in preindustrial times. Estimates of carbonate dissolution rates on isopycnal surfaces range from 0.017 to 0.083 mumol kg(-1) yr(-1) in deep waters. Upper water column dissolution rates range from 0 to 0.73 mumol kg(-1) yr(-1), with a local maximum occurring in intermediate waters just below the aragonite saturation horizon. Dissolution is also generally higher north of the Chemical Front at 10-20degreesS. There is some evidence for significant sedimentary sources in the northern Indian Ocean.},
	keywords = {alkalinity, anthropogenic co2, arabian sea, calcium carbonate, Carbon cycle, dioxide system, dissociation, indian ocean, pressure, saturation state, SEAWATER, Temperature, thermodynamics, total alkalinity, total co2, water},
	isbn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2002GB001869},
	author = {Sabine, C. L. and Key, R. M. and Feely, R. A. and Greeley, D.}
}
@article {2430,
	title = {Ituhu Site (32SN110) 1995 Archeological Excavations. Anthropology Research, Department of Anthropology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks (Report)},
	volume = {in prep},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 202},
	month = {2002},
	institution = {Dakotas Area Office, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation},
	address = {Bismarck, ND},
	author = {Toom, Dennis L.}
}
@article {409,
	title = {Identification of a novel alkenone in Black Sea sediments},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1946; PT: J; UT: WOS:000168692100002},
	pages = {633-645},
	abstract = {We report the identification of a novel long-chain ketone in Holocene Black Sea sediments. Based on chemical properties, and chromatographic and mass spectrometric characteristics, this compound has been identified as a diunsaturated C-36 ethyl ketone. Further analyses indicated the position and configuration of the double bonds, and the novel alkenone was determined to be hexatriaconta-(16E,21E)-dien-3-one. While this compound is present in only trace quantities in Unit I sediments, it is the most abundant alkenone in portions of Unit II. Its presence thus apparently pre-dates the invasion of Emiliania huxleyi in the Black Sea. The down-core profiles and isotopic compositions suggest that the precursor for the C-36:2 alkenone may be distinct from that of the C37-39 alkenones, however the biological origin of this novel compound is presently unknown. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00019-5},
	author = {Xu, L. and Reddy, C. M. and Farrington, J. W. and Frysinger, G. S. and Gaines, R. B. and Johnson, C. G. and Nelson, R. K. and Eglinton, T. I.}
}
@article {307,
	title = {The impact of sea ice concentration accuracies on climate model simulations with the GISS GCM},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1944; PT: J; UT: WOS:000169239100008},
	pages = {2606-2623},
	abstract = {The Goddard Institute for Space Studies global climate model (GISS GCM) is used to examine the sensitivity of the simulated climate to sea ice concentration specifications in the type of simulation done in the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP), with specified oceanic boundary conditions. Results show that sea ice concentration uncertainties of +/-7\% can affect simulated regional temperatures by more than 6 degreesC, and biases in sea ice concentrations of +7\% and -7\% alter simulated annually averaged global surface air temperatures by -0.10 degrees and +0.17 degreesC, respectively, over those in the control simulation. The resulting 0.27 degreesC difference in simulated annual global surface air temperatures is reduced by a third, to 0.18 degreesC, when considering instead biases of +4\% and -4\%. More broadly, least squares fits through the temperature results of 17 simulations with ice concentration input changes ranging from increases of 50\% versus the control simulation to decreases of 50\% yield a yearly average global impact of 0.0107 degreesC warming for every 1\% ice concentration decrease, that is, 1.07 degreesC warming for the full +50\% to -50\% range. Regionally and on a monthly average basis, the differences can be far greater, especially in the polar regions, where wintertime contrasts between the +50\% and -50\% cases can exceed 30 degreesC. However, few statistically significant effects are found outside the polar latitudes, and temperature effects over the nonpolar oceans tend to be under 1 degreesC, due in part to the specification of an unvarying annual cycle of sea surface temperatures. The +/-7\% and +/-4\% results provide bounds on the impact (on GISS GCM simulations making use of satellite data) of satellite-derived ice concentration inaccuracies, +/-7\% being the current estimated average accuracy of satellite retrievals and +/-4\% being the anticipated improved average accuracy for upcoming satellite instruments. Results show that the impact on simulated temperatures of imposed ice concentration changes is least in summer, encouragingly the same season in which the satellite accuracies are thought to be worst. Hence, the impact of satellite inaccuracies is probably less than the use of an annually averaged satellite inaccuracy would suggest.},
	issn = {0894-8755},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2606:TIOSIC>2.0.CO;2},
	author = {Parkinson, C. L. and Rind, D. and Healy, R. J. and Martinson, D. G.}
}
@article {829,
	title = {Implications of the carbon isotope and mineral inclusion record for the formation of diamonds in the mantle underlying a mobile belt: Venetia, South Africa},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2001},
	note = {412wtTimes Cited:31Cited References Count:90},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {813-838},
	abstract = {A total of 199 diamonds from the Venetia kimberlite, South Africa, whose mineral inclusion chemistry had already been measured, were analyzed for their carbon isotopic composition. Silicate inclusions in these diamonds either belong to a peridotitic (P-Type), an eclogitic (E-Type) or transitional, websteritic (W-Type), paragenesis.The carbon isotopic composition of 161 P-Type diamonds ranges from delta C-13 = -2.23 to - 18 parts per thousand vs. PDB. The large number of samples available and the wide range in delta C-13 permitted, for the first time, a detailed analysis of the relationships between P-Type inclusion chemistry and the carbon isotopic composition of the diamond host. The delta C-13 Sampling frequency distribution is multi-modal. Examination of the inclusion chemistry (chromite, olivine, garnet) as a function of the carbon isotope composition mode to which the host belongs, as well as multivariate regression analyses, revealed no correlation between inclusion chemistry and C-13 content. The inclusion compositions in diamonds of low C-13 content are not distinctive. For a given carbon isotopic composition the combination of Ni/Fe and Mg/(Mg + Fe) of olivine inclusions varies systematically along fractionation trends. The composition of the olivine inclusions and the C-13 content of their hosts can be interpreted as reflecting similar petrogenetic processes occurring in several mantle environments into which carbon of variable isotopic composition was introduced. The iron/magnesium distribution between coexisting garnets and olivines permits an estimate of their pressure/temperature equilibration conditions. Diamonds whose inclusions were equilibrated at lower temperatures and pressures tend to have, on average, lower C-13 contents. The compositions of coexisting olivines and chromites suggest oxygen fugacities between 2.9 and 5.8 log units below the quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffer at 50 kbar, and temperatures between 1280 and 1490 degreesC prevailed during diamond formation. Inclusions from diamonds of lower C-13 content do not indicate systematically lower fO(2) values during their formation. The fO(2)/T conditions determined suggest minimal (0.0 to -0.5 parts per thousand) isotope fractionation between a C-H-O vapor phase (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, water, hydrogen) and diamond. The large C-13 depletion of some Venetia P-Type diamonds appears to be unrelated to the composition of their inclusions, igneous fractionation trends, oxygen fugacity, and vapor isotope fractionation processes. This conclusion is consistent with evidence deduced from more limited data sets from other kimberlites.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00569-X},
	author = {Deines, P. and Viljoen, F. and Harris, J. W.}
}
@article {799,
	title = {Initiation of the Australian summer monsoon 14,000 years ago},
	journal = {Quaternary International},
	volume = {83-5},
	year = {2001},
	note = {478pnTimes Cited:78Cited References Count:42},
	pages = {119-128},
	abstract = {Definitive evidence for the onset of monsoon moisture in northern Australia following the and phase of the Last Glacial Maximum has been elusive, in large part due to the lack of long, continuous sediment records. Here we report new evidence from two separate drainage basins in the Kimberley region of monsoonal northwestern Australia. At both sites, radiocarbon ages on (basal) biogenic materials in flood deposits indicate stream flow, as high or higher than maximum historic levels, began about 14 cal ka BP. These results suggest that the Australian summer monsoon was fully active several millennia earlier than previously expected. The early onset of the monsoon and the widespread evidence for diminished monsoon activity in the late Holocene cannot be reconciled with primary forcing of the Australian monsoon by changes in low-latitude summer insolation over Australia. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {1040-6182},
	doi = {10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00034-9},
	author = {Wyrwoll, K. H. and Miller, G. H.}
}
@inbook {1387,
	title = {Installation of a 134-sample MC-SNICS at the NOSAMS facility and first results},
	booktitle = {Symposium of NorthEastern Accelerator Personnel, Oak Ridge National Lab., USA, October 25-28, 1999},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1718},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {49-55},
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	organization = {World Scientific},
	address = {Oak Ridge, TN},
	author = {Bellino, Mary and von Reden, Karl F. and Schneider, Robert J. and Long, Patricia Long and Healy, Richard},
	editor = {Hensley, D. K.}
}
@conference {1659,
	title = {Isotopes as tracers of the oceanic circulation: results from the world ocean circulation experiment},
	booktitle = {International Conference on the Study of Environmental Change Using Isotope Techniques, I.A.E.A.},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 318},
	month = {2001},
	author = {Schlosser, P. and Jenkins, W. J. and Key, R. and Lupton, J.}
}
@inbook {1396,
	title = {Isotopic Evolution of the Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle During the Precambrian},
	booktitle = {Reviews in Mineralogy \& Geochemistry, Stable Isotope Geochemistry},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 1556},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {555-578},
	publisher = {Mineralogical Society of America},
	organization = {Mineralogical Society of America},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	author = {Des Marais, David J.},
	editor = {Valley, John W.}
}
@article {803,
	title = {Ice core evidence for climate change in the Tropics: implications for our future},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2000},
	note = {268pvTimes Cited:145Cited References Count:54},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {19-35},
	abstract = {Reliable meteorological observations for climate reconstruction are limited or absent prior to A.D. 1850 for much of the Earth and particularly in both tropical South America and the Tibetan Plateau region of central Asia. Over 50\% of the Earth{\textquoteright}s surface lies between 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S and 75\% of the world{\textquoteright}s inhabitants live and conduct their activities in these tropical regions. Thus, much of the climatic activity of significance to humanity, such as variations in the occurrence and intensity of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation and monsoons, are largely confined to lower latitudes. Moreover, the variability of these tropical systems and particularly that of the tropical hydrological system in response to regional and global climate forcing are not well understood. Fortunately, ice core records are also available from selected high altitude, low and mid-latitude ice caps. The ice core studies described here were undertaken as part of a long-term program to acquire the global-scale, high-resolution climatic and environmental history essential for understanding more fully the linkages between the low and the high latitudes. Two ice core records, one covering the last full glacial cycle from the Guliya Ice Cap, China (35 degrees N; 6200 m asl) and one from Huascaran, Peru, which reveal significant cooling during the Last Glacial Cycle Maximum (LGM similar to 20,000 yr BP) are compared with preliminary data coming from the new Sajama, Bolivia (18 degrees S, 6550 m asl) and the Dasuopu, Himalaya (China, 28 degrees N, 7200 m asl) cores. Lower delta(18)O values (equivalent to cooling of similar to 8 degrees C) contribute to the growing body of evidence that the tropical climate was cooler and more variable during the last glacial cycle and has renewed current interest in the tropical water vapor cycle. The new tropical ice core records raise additional questions about our understanding of the role of the tropics in global climate. Unfortunately, as a result of recent warming, all known tropical glaciers and ice caps are retreating and soon will no longer continue to preserve viable paleoclimatic records. The characteristics of the current warming will be examined and compared to earlier periods of climatic warming such as the transition form the last glacial into the current interglacial as well as other periods within the Holocene. It is important to distinguish natural variation in the climate system from the anthropogenic influences superimposed during the: last century. These tropical ice cores offer long-term perspectives of accumulation, temperature, atmospheric dust and "greenhouse" gas concentrations against which recent variations may be assessed, with particular relevance for lower latitude regions where most people live. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0277-3791},
	doi = {10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00052-9},
	author = {Thompson, L. G.}
}
@article {2165,
	title = {Ice Core Paleoclimate Records in Tropical South America Since the Last Glacial Maximum},
	journal = {Journal of Quaternary Science},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 245},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {377-394},
	author = {Thompson, L. G. and Mosley-Thompson, E. and Henderson, K. A.}
}
@article {911,
	title = {Identification of a novel alkenone in Black Sea sediments},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 1719},
	pages = {633-645},
	abstract = {We report the identification of a novel long-chain ketone in Holocene Black Sea sediments. Based on chemical properties, and chromatographic and mass spectrometric characteristics, this compound has been identified as a di-unsaturated C36 ethyl ketone. Further analyses indicated the position and configuration of the double bonds, and the novel alkenone was determined to be hexatriaconta-(16E,21E)-dien-3-one. While this compound is present in only trace quantities in Unit I sediments, it is the most abundant alkenone in portions of Unit II. Its presence thus apparently pre-dates the invasion of Emiliania huxleyi in the Black Sea. The down-core profiles and isotopic compositions suggest that the precursor for the C36:2 alkenone may be distinct from that of the C37-39 alkenones, however the biological origin of this novel compound is presently unknown.},
	keywords = {Alkenone, Black Sea, Haptophytes, Holocene, Sediment, Structure characterization},
	doi = {10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00019-5},
	author = {Xu, L. and Reddy, C. M. and Farrington, J. W. and Frysinger, G. S. and Gaines, R. B. and Johnson, C. G. and Nelson, R. K. and Eglinton, T. I.}
}
@conference {1651,
	title = {Identification of seasonal-to-decadal timescale variations in the zonal currents of the central equatorial Pacific},
	booktitle = {International Coral Reef Symposium},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 1401},
	month = {2000},
	address = {Bali},
	author = {Grottoli, A. G. and Druffel, E. R. M. and Gille, S. T. and Dunbar, R. B.}
}
@article {2196,
	title = {Identification of Seasonal-to-Decadal Timescale Variations in the Zonal Currents of the Central Equatorial Pacific Prior to 1955 Using A14C in Coral},
	journal = {EOS},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 254},
	month = {2000},
	abstract = {F767},
	author = {Grottoli, A. G. and Druffel, E. R. M. and Gille, S. T. and Dunbar, R. B.}
}
@mastersthesis {1333,
	title = {Implementazione di sistemi di datazione con il 14C ed estensione all {\textquoteright}impiego di piccole quantita di materiale, Thesis},
	volume = {Dissertation/Thesis},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	school = {Universita degli studi di Roma La Sapienza},
	address = {Roma},
	author = {Salvatore, Improta}
}
@article {2168,
	title = {The Indian Ocean 13C Suess effect},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 1816},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {903-916},
	author = {Sonnerup, R. E. and Quay, P. D. and McNichol, A. P.}
}
@article {2436,
	title = {Installation of a 134-sample MC-SNICS ion source at NOSAMS and first results},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments \& Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {172},
	year = {2000},
	note = {8th International Conference on Accelerator Mass SpectrometrySEP 06-10, 1999
VIENNA, AUSTRIA
},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {247-251},
	abstract = {In April 1999, the National Ocean Sciences AMS (NOSAMS) facility received the shipment of a 134-sample MC-SNICS ion source from the National Electrostatics Corporation (NEC). It replaced one of the two 59-sample spherical ionizer sources (US-AMS Model 3090A, HVEE Model 846). In this paper, we will describe the adaptation of the NEC ion source to the US-AMS/HVEE recombinator injector at NOSAMS. This is the first lime that the two leading sputter ion source designs are directly comparable on the same system. We will present ion beam optics calculations for both in comparison with measured results. Once fully operational, the new ion source will assume all of the sputter sample measurements at NOSAMS, while the remaining 59-sample source will be replaced by the newly developed microwave gas ion source. One of the most desirable features of the MC-SNICS design is the smaller cathode geometry. At comparable extracted currents, the surface diameter of the pressed samples is reduced from 1.5 to 1 mm. A new, automatic sample pressing procedure is being developed for this design. This will improve the capability for preparing and analyzing smaller sputter samples (carbon weight <100 <mu>g). Our US-AMS cathodes showed considerable reduction in the extracted currents when the sample diameter was reduced to 1 mm, even with samples of normal size (>200 mug C). (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {AMS, beam extraction/injection, C-14, ion sources, ocean, pacific},
	isbn = {0168-583X},
	author = {von Reden, K. F. and Bellino, M. and Long, P. and Schneider, R. J. and Loger, R.}
}
@article {2173,
	title = {Isotopic evidence for Late Glacial and Holocene climatic change in the tropical Andes},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 1338},
	month = {2000},
	author = {Seltzer, G. and Rodbell, D. and Burns, S.}
}
@conference {1653,
	title = {Installation and First Results of a 134-Sample MC-SNICS Ion Source at NOSAMS},
	booktitle = {8th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 1802},
	month = {1999},
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	author = {von Reden, K. F. and Schneider, R. J. and McNichol, A. P. and Elder, K. F. and Gagnon, A. R.}
}
@inbook {1471,
	title = {Installation of a 134-Sample MC-SNICS Ion Source at NOSAMS and first results},
	booktitle = {Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 1724},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {247-251},
	publisher = {North-Holland},
	organization = {North-Holland},
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	author = {von Reden, Karl F. and Bellino, Mary and Long, Patricia and Schneider, Robert J. and Loger, Roger},
	editor = {Kutschera, W.}
}
@article {2242,
	title = {Interdisciplinary environmental project probes Chesapeake Bay down to the core},
	journal = {EOS},
	volume = {Transactions of the American Geophysical Union},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 185},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {237-241},
	author = {Cronin, T. and Colman, S. M. and Willard, D. and Kerhin, R. and Holmes, C. and Karlsen, A. and Ishman, S. and Bratton, J.}
}
@article {835,
	title = {Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: carbonates and organic matter},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {161},
	year = {1999},
	note = {243xyTimes Cited:398Cited References Count:64},
	month = {Sep 30},
	pages = {181-198},
	abstract = {Variations in the carbon isotopic compositions of marine carbonate and organic carbon provide a record of changes in the fraction of organic carbon buried through time and may provide clues to changes in rates of weathering and sources of organic carbon. Paired carbonate and organic carbon isotope determinations provide a possibility of interpreting not only changes in the global carbon cycle through time, but changes in atmospheric pCO(2) as well. Interpretations of these types of data are typically rather qualitative; a quantitative basis is required to develop a better understanding of changes in the carbon cycle. For this purpose, we employ a simple model of the global carbon cycle which is subjected to a number of different perturbations, each lasting 500 ky, i.e., much longer than the residence times of carbon and phosphorus in the ocean-atmosphere system. In addition to standard considerations of carbon mass and isotopic fluxes to the ocean-atmosphere system from weathering and volcanism and fluxes of organic carbon and carbonate-carbon to sediments, the model ;incorporates sensitivity of the photosynthetic carbon isotope effect to changes in pCO(2). The inclusion of this parameter leads to unexpected carbon isotope responses to forcing that causes increased rates of organic carbon burial. A series of simple to more complex simulations illustrates the significant effects of varying differences between the carbon isotopic composition of sedimented carbonate and organic carbon (Delta(B)). With constant Delta(B) a 50\% increase in organic carbon burial produces a parallel increase in carbonate and organic carbon isotopic compositions. However, the same simulation with Delta(B) responsive to pCO(2) changes produces an initial parallel delta(13)C increase, but this is followed by an even greater C-13-enrichment in organic carbon because pCO(2) falls in response to increased organic carbon burial. The counterintuitive overall result of the enhanced organic carbon burial event is that the carbonate carbon isotopic composition actually decreases because of the more substantial increase in delta(13)C(org). In addition, we illustrate the effects on carbon isotopic compositions of the oceanic inorganic carbon reservoir and buried organic matter of a 50\% increase in volcanic CO2 outgassing, a 50\% increase in weathering rate (with coupled phosphate and riverine carbon flux responses), a 50\% decrease in shale-associated organic carbon weathering, a 50\% decrease in silicate weathering rate, and the possible effects of the rise in abundance of C-4 plants in the late Miocene to Recent. We compare the model simulated carbon isotopic responses for some of these experiments to paired carbonate- and organic-carbon records to illustrate how these records might be interpreted in light of the model response. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0009-2541},
	doi = {10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00086-8},
	author = {Kump, L. R. and Arthur, M. A.}
}
@mastersthesis {1322,
	title = {An investigation of a transition in glacial landforms in southeastern Main. Thesis},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {118},
	school = {University of Maine},
	author = {Lurvey, L. Kirk}
}
@article {798,
	title = {Isotopic and molecular fractionation in combustion; three routes to molecular marker validation, including direct molecular {\textquoteright}dating{\textquoteright} (GC/AMS)},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	volume = {33},
	year = {1999},
	note = {208duTimes Cited:38Cited References Count:31},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {2789-2806},
	abstract = {The identification of unique isotopic, elemental, and molecular markers for sources of combustion aerosol has growing practical importance because of the potential effects of fine particle aerosol on health, visibility and global climate. It is urgent, therefore, that substantial efforts be directed toward the validation of assumptions involving the use of such tracers for source apportionment. We describe here three independent routes toward carbonaceous aerosol molecular marker identification and validation: (1) tracer regression and multivariate statistical techniques applied to field measurements of mixed source, carbonaceous aerosols; (2) a new development in aerosol (14)C metrology: direct, pure compound accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) by off-line GC/AMS ({\textquoteright}molecular dating{\textquoteright}); and (3) direct observation of isotopic and molecular source emissions during controlled laboratory combustion of specific fuels. Findings from the combined studies include. independent support for benzo(ghi)perylene as a motor vehicle tracer from the first (statistical) and second (direct {\textquoteright}dating{\textquoteright}) studies; a new indication, from the third (controlled combustion) study, of a relation between (13)C isotopic fractionation and PAH molecular fractionation, also linked with fuel and stage of combustion; and quantitative data showing the influence of both fuel type and combustion conditions on the yields of such species as elemental carbon and PAH, reinforcing the importance of exercising caution when applying presumed conservative elemental or organic tracers to fossil or biomass burning field data as in the first study. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.},
	issn = {1352-2310},
	doi = {10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00325-2},
	author = {Currie, L. A. and Klouda, G. A. and Benner, B. A. and Garrity, K. and Eglinton, T. I.}
}
@article {1828,
	title = {Impact of human activity on regional forest composition and dynamics in central New England},
	journal = {Ecosystems},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan-Feb},
	pages = {76-95},
	abstract = {Historical and ecological data from north-central Massachusetts suggest that widespread and intensive human disturbance after European settlement led to a shift in forest composition and obscured regional patterns of species abundance. A paleoecological approach was required to place recent forest dynamics in a long-term context. Pollen and charcoal data from 11 small lakes in north-central Massachusetts were used to reconstruct local vegetation dynamics and fire histories across the region over the past 1000 years. The sites are located across an environmental gradient. Paleoecological data indicate that prior to European settlement, there was regional variation in forest composition corresponding to differences in climate, substrate, and fire regime. Oak, chestnut, and hickory were abundant at low elevations, whereas hemlock, beech, sugar maple, and yellow birch were common at high elevations. Fire appears to have been more frequent and/or intense at lower elevations, maintaining high abundances of oak, and archaeological data suggest Native American populations were greater in these areas. A change in forest composition at higher elevations, around 550 years before present, may be related to the Little Ice Age (a period of variable climate), fire, and/or activity by Native Americans, and led to regional convergence in forest composition. After European settlement, forest composition changed markedly in response to human disturbance and there was a sharp increase in rates of vegetation change. Regional patterns were obscured further, leading to homogenization of broad-scale forest composition. There is no indication from the pollen data that forests are returning to pre-European settlement forest composition, and rates of vegetation change remain high, reflecting continuing disturbance on the landscape, despite regional reforestation.},
	keywords = {awenda provincial park, eastern north-america, european settlement, forest dynamics, history, human disturbance, lake sediment, land-use, new england, paleoecology, patterns, rates of change, united-states, vegetation dynamics},
	isbn = {1432-9840},
	author = {Fuller, T. L.  and Foster, D. R.  and McLachlan, T. S.  and Drake, N.}
}
@article {761,
	title = {Influence of oxygen exposure time on organic carbon preservation in continental margin sediments},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {391},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Yv594Times Cited:355Cited References Count:27},
	month = {Feb 5},
	pages = {572-574},
	abstract = {Today, over 90\% of all organic carbon burial in the ocean occurs in continental margin sediments(1). This burial is intrinsically linked to the cycling of biogeochemically important elements (such as N, P, S, Fe and Mn) and, on geological timescales, largely controls the oxygen content of the atmosphere(2-4). Currently there is a volatile debate over which processes govern sedimentary organic carbon preservation(5-8). In spite of numerous studies demonstrating empirical relationships between organic carbon burial and such factors as primary productivity(9), the flux of organic carbon through the water column(10), sedimentation rate(11,12), organic carbon degradation rate(13), and bottom-water oxygen concentration(8,14), the mechanisms directly controlling sedimentary organic carbon preservation remain unclear. Furthermore, as organic carbon burial is the process that, along with pyrite burial(15), balances O-2 concentrations in the atmosphere, it is desirable that any mechanism proposed to control organic carbon preservation include a feedback buffering atmospheric oxygen concentrations over geological time. Here we compare analyses of sediments underlying two regions of the eastern North Pacific Ocean, one which has oxygen-depleted bottom waters and one with typical oxygen distributions. Organic carbon burial efficiency is strongly correlated with the length of time accumulating particles are exposed to molecular oxygen in sediment pore waters. Oxygen exposure time effectively incorporates other proposed environmental variables(8-14), and may exert a direct control on sedimentary organic carbon preservation and atmospheric oxygen concentrations.},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/35351},
	author = {Hartnett, H. E. and Keil, R. G. and Hedges, J. I. and Devol, A. H.}
}
@article {2264,
	title = {Isotopic Biogeochemistry of the Neocomian Lacustrine and Upper Aptian Marine-Evaporitic Sediments of the Potiguar Basin, Northeastern Brazil},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {28},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 1729},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {361-382},
	author = {Neto, Eugenio Vaz dos Santos and Hayes, John M. and Takaki, Tikae}
}
@article {2299,
	title = {An isotopic biogeochemical study of Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian sediments from the Centralian Superbasin, Australia},
	journal = {Geochim Cosmochim Acta},
	volume = {61},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Logan, G ASummons, R E
Hayes, J M
eng
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
1997/01/01 00:00
Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 1997;61(24):5391-409.
},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {5391-409},
	abstract = {Organic matter from Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian sediments of the Amadeus and Officer basins of the Centralian Superbasin, Australia, has been studied for biomarker distributions and the carbon isotopic compositions of kerogen and individual hydrocarbons. These sediments represent both shallow and deep water marine facies in the older sections and marine and saline lacustrine carbonate deposits in the Cambrian. Hydrocarbon biomarker patterns were found to be quite consistent with the known sedimentary environments and provide valuable insights into the biogeochemical changes which accompanied the transition from a microbially-dominated ocean to the early stages of metazoan radiation. In particular, carbon isotopic data for n-alkyl and isoprenoid lipids presented here, and in earlier studies, showed a reversal in carbon isotopic ordering between the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic. By comparison with the delta 13C of kerogen, n-alkyl lipids from deep-water Proterozoic sediments were enriched in 13C and appear to be derived mainly from heterotrophs whilst open marine Phanerozoic counterparts are 13C depleted and evidently derived mainly from autotrophs. Data from the samples studied here are consistent with a model invoking a change in the redox structure of the ocean, possibly aided by the innovation of faecal pellets.},
	keywords = {Alkanes/analysis/chemistry, Animals, australia, biomarkers, carbon isotopes, Carbon/analysis/*chemistry, Cyanobacteria, Eukaryota, Feces, Fossils, Geologic Sediments/*analysis/chemistry, Hydrocarbons/analysis, NASA Discipline Exobiology, Non-NASA Center, Paleontology, phytoplankton, SEAWATER, Terpenes/analysis, Zooplankton},
	isbn = {0016-7037 (Print)0016-7037 (Linking)
},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11540731},
	author = {Logan, G. A. and Summons, R. E. and Hayes, J. M.}
}
@article {2285,
	title = {Isotopic stratigraphy of Amazon Fan sediments},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results},
	volume = {155},
	year = {1997},
	note = {id: 1277},
	month = {1997},
	author = {Showers, W. J. and Schneider, R. and Mikkelsen, N. and Maslin, M.}
}
@article {740,
	title = {Increased continental-margin slumping frequency during sea-level lowstands above gas hydrate-bearing sediments},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {24},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Tt580Times Cited:86Cited References Count:26},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {143-146},
	abstract = {We present C-14 data on sediment samples from cores of the upper 7 m of the sediment column overlying a major continental-rise gas hydrate field on the southern Carolina Rise and inner Blake Ridge offshore the southeastern United States. The data show that glacial-age sediments are underrepresented in the cores. The observation is consistent with a previously predicted association between sea-level lowstands and increased frequency of sea-floor slumping on continental margins containing gas hydrates.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0143:Icmsfd>2.3.Co;2},
	author = {Paull, C. K. and Buelow, W. J. and Ussler, W. and Borowski, W. S.}
}
@article {1504,
	title = {Informe Final: Geocronologia de las aquas subterraneas del Salar Punta Negra, Antofagasta, II Region. Preparado para Minera Escondida Ltda. (Report)},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 181},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {105},
	institution = {Minera Escondid Ltda},
	author = {Salamanca, Marco}
}
@article {2330,
	title = {Initial results from paleoclimatic drilling and geophysical studies of Washoe Lake, Nevada},
	journal = {USGS Circular 1119, Water Resources Division},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1245},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {37-38},
	author = {Karlin, R. and Trexler, J. and Petersen, R.}
}
@article {2331,
	title = {Inorganic radiocarbon in time-series trap samples: implication of seasonal variation of 14C in the upper ocean},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 27},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {583-595},
	author = {Honda, Makio C.}
}
@conference {1658,
	title = {Isolation of Individual Organic Compounds for AMS Radiocarbon Analysis -- A Novel Approach},
	booktitle = {7th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1800; 1},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {26},
	publisher = {Radiocarbon},
	organization = {Radiocarbon},
	address = {Tucson, AZ},
	author = {Eglinton, T. I. and McNichol, A. P. and Benitez-Nelson, B. C. and Pearson, A. and von Reden, K. F. and Schneider, R. J. and Bauer, J. E. and Druffel, E. R. M.}
}
@article {2337,
	title = {Isolation of Individual Organic Compounds for AMS Radiocarbon Analysis--A Novel Approach},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1650},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {26},
	author = {Eglinton, T. I. and McNichol, A. P. and Benitez-Nelson, B. C. and Pearson, A. and von Reden, K. F. and Schneider, R. J. and Bauer, J. E. and Druffel, E. R. M.}
}
@article {2348,
	title = {Improvements in procedural blanks at NOSAMS: Reflections of improvements in sample preparation and accelerator operation},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Ud868Times Cited:16
Cited References Count:6
},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {683-691},
	abstract = {During the four years the Sample Preparation Laboratory (SPL) at the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (NOSAMS) Facilty has been in operation we have accumulated much data from which we can assess our progress. We evaluate our procedural blanks here and describe modifications in our procedures that have improved our analyses of older samples. In the SPL, we convert three distinct types of samples-seawater, CaCO3 and organic carbon-to CO2 prior to preparing graphite for the accelerator and have distinct procedural blanks for each procedure. Dissolved inorganic carbon (Sigma CO2) is extracted from acidified seawater samples by sparging with a nitrogen carrier gas. We routinely analyze {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}line blanks{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} by processing CO2 from a C-14-dead source through the entire stripping procedure. Our hydrolysis blank, IAEA C-1, is prepared by acidifying in vacuo with 100\% H3PO4 at 60 degrees C overnight, identical to our sample preparation. We use a dead graphite, NBS-21, or a commercially available carbon powder for our organic combustion blank; organic samples are combusted at 850 degrees C for 5 h using CuO to provide the oxidant. Analysis of our water stripping data suggests that one step in the procedure contributes the major portion of the line blank. At present, the contribution from the line blank has no effect on our seawater analyses (fraction modern (fm) between 0.7 and 1.2). Our hydrolysis blanks can have an fm value as low as 0.0006, but are more routinely between 0.0020 and 0.0025. The fm of our best organic combustion blanks is higher than those routinely achieved in other laboratories and we are currently altering our methods to reduce it.},
	keywords = {SPECTROMETRY},
	isbn = {0033-8222},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Gagnon, A. R. and Osborne, E. A. and Hutton, D. L. and vonReden, K. F. and Schneider, R. J.}
}
@conference {1652,
	title = {Improvements in procedural blanks at NOSAMS: Reflections of improvements in sample preparation and accelerator operation},
	booktitle = {15th International 14C Conference},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1995},
	note = {id: 1641; 15th International Radiocarbon Conference, Glasgow, Scotland, August 15-19, 1994},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {683-691},
	publisher = {Radiocarbon},
	organization = {Radiocarbon},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Gagnon, A. R. and Osborne, E. a and Hutton, D. L. and von Reden, K. F. and Schneider, R. J.}
}
@mastersthesis {1314,
	title = {Intracrystalline proteins in aragonite-needle mud from Florida Bay: an immunological and biogeochemica study, Thesis},
	volume = {M.S.},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	school = {University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill},
	address = {Ann Arbor, MI},
	author = {Hawkins, Sharon}
}
@article {889,
	title = {Integrated Dating Techniques to Determine the Age of a Glauconite Deposit on the Modern Seafloor},
	journal = {EOS, Transactions,American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {75},
	year = {1994},
	note = {id: 901},
	pages = {198},
	author = {am Ende, B. A. and Paull, C. K. and Benninger, L.}
}
@article {847,
	title = {Internal and External Checks in the Nosams Sample Preparation Laboratory for Target Quality and Homogeneity},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments \& Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	volume = {92},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Nv547Times Cited:14Cited References Count:5},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {158-161},
	abstract = {In the NOSAMS sample preparation laboratory (SPL) we have developed rigorous internal procedures aimed at ensuring that sample preparation introduces as little error into our analyses as possible and identifying problems rapidly. Our three major CO2 preparation procedures are: stripping inorganic carbon from seawater, hydrolyzing CaCO3, and oxidizing organic matter. For seawater, approximately 10\% of our analyses are standards or blanks which we use to demonstrate extraction of virtually all the inorganic carbon. Analysis of the stable carbon isotopic composition of the CO2 extracted from our standards indicates a precision of better than 0.15-0.20 parts per thousand. We also routinely process C-14-free CO2 in our stripping lines to demonstrate the absence of a significant process-dependent blank. For organic combustions and CaCO3 hydrolyses, we use the carbon yield (\% organic carbon (OC) or \% CaCO3 by weight) as a check on our sample procedures. We have analyzed the blank contribution of these procedures as a function of sample size. Our organic carbon blank is constant at approximately 0.4\% modem for samples containing greater than 1 mg C and our carbonate blank is less than 0.2\% modern for samples containing more than 0.5 mg C. We use a standard Fe/H-2 catalytic reduction to prepare graphite from CO2. We check the completeness of our reactions with the pressure data stored during the reaction as well as use a robot to determine a gravimetric yield. All graphite undergoes a visual inspection and is rejected if any heterogeneities are present. We have recombusted graphite made from CO2 with deltaC-13 values ranging from -42 to 1 parts per thousand and determined that the deltaC-13 of the recombusted carbon agrees with that from the pure gas to within 0.05 parts per thousand, demonstrating little or no fractionation during the treatment of the sample. The deltaC-13 we measure on the CO2 generated from more than 75\% of our samples is compared to the deltaC-13 measured on the AMS as a further check of our procedures. As further external checks, we analyzed the International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA) samples during the establishment of our laboratory and are presently participating in the third international radiocarbon intercalibration (TIRI) exercise.},
	issn = {0168-583x},
	doi = {10.1016/0168-583x(94)95997-8},
	author = {Osborne, E. A. and McNichol, A. P. and Gagnon, A. R. and Hutton, D. L. and Jones, G. A.}
}
@conference {1655,
	title = {Internal and external checks in the NOSAMS Sample Preparation Laboratory for target quality and homogeneity},
	booktitle = {6th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry},
	year = {1993},
	note = {id: 958},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {75},
	address = {Canberra, Australia},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Gagnon, A. R. and Osborne, E. A. and Hutton, D. L. and Jones, G. A.}
}
@article {2401,
	title = {Illumination of a Black-Box - Analysis of Gas-Composition during Graphite Target Preparation},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {34},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Kf389Times Cited:63
Cited References Count:10
},
	month = {1992},
	pages = {321-329},
	abstract = {We conducted a study of relative gas composition changes of CO2, CO and CH4 during the formation of graphite targets using different temperatures, catalysts and methods. Reduction with H-2 increases the reaction rate without compromising the quality of the AMS target produced. Methane is produced at virtually any temperature, and the amount produced is greater at very low temperatures. The reduction of CO to graphite is very slow when H-2 is not included in the reaction.},
	keywords = {deposition},
	isbn = {0033-8222},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Gagnon, A. R. and Jones, G. A. and Osborne, E. A.}
}
@article {2405,
	title = {Initial Dating and Paleoenvironmental Results From Lake Baikal, Southeastern Siberia},
	journal = {Abstracts With Programs of the American Quaternary Association},
	volume = {xx},
	year = {1992},
	note = {id: 905},
	month = {1992},
	pages = {66},
	author = {Colman, S. M. and Karabanov, E. B. and Williams, D. F. and Hearn, P. P., Jr. and King, J. W. and Orem, W. H. and Bradbury, J. P. and Shanks, W. C., III and Jones, G. A. and Carter, S. J.}
}
@article {2407,
	title = {Illumination of a black box: Gas composition changes during graphite target preparation for AMS (Proceedings of the 14th International Radiocarbon Conference, 1991)},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {34},
	year = {1991},
	note = {id: 1745},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {321-329},
	author = {McNichol, A. P. and Gagnon, A. R. and Jones, G. A. and Osborne, E. A.}
}
