@article {grimley_updated_2024,
	title = {Updated chronology for Peoria Silt (loess) accumulation in Illinois and western Indiana from radiocarbon dating of terrestrial gastropod shells},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	year = {2024},
	month = {05/2024},
	pages = {1{\textendash}19},
	abstract = {Based on calibrated radiocarbon ages of terrestrial gastropod shells (Succineidae, Discus, Stenotrema, Webbhelix), the chronology of Peoria Silt (loess) deposition in the Central Lowlands is updated. These taxa provide reliable ages (within \textasciitilde0.2 ka), based on historical shell dating, shell-organic age comparisons, and stratigraphic consistency. A compilation of 53 new and 36 published Peoria Silt shell ages (calibrated), from 12 localities, date from 30.0 to 17.4 ka. Proximal (fossiliferous) loess from 10 sections had mean loess accumulation rates of 0.6{\textendash}2.2 mm/yr. Study sites along the upper Mississippi, Illinois, to mid-Mississippi, and Ohio-Wabash Valleys suggest Peoria loess accumulated from \textasciitilde27 to 15 ka, \textasciitilde29 to 18 ka, and \textasciitilde30 to 18 ka, respectively. The cessation age for Peoria Silt, based on surface extrapolations, is \textasciitilde1{\textendash}6 ka earlier than some prior Illinois estimates, even assuming slower loess accumulation in the modern solum. Younger loess in northwestern Illinois likely reflects, in part, Superior and Des Moines Lobe glacial-meltwater sediment, and Iowan Erosion Surface inputs to the upper Mississippi Valley, after the Lake Michigan Lobe receded. Furthermore, stronger winds, drier conditions, and reduced vegetation cover in valley deflation areas may have favored higher accumulation rates and later loess deposition in northwestern relative to southeastern areas.},
	keywords = {chronology, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Last Glacial, Loess, Peoria Silt, radiocarbon, Succineidae, Wisconsin Episode},
	issn = {0033-5894, 1096-0287},
	doi = {10.1017/qua.2024.15},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/quaternary-research/article/updated-chronology-for-peoria-silt-loess-accumulation-in-illinois-and-western-indiana-from-radiocarbon-dating-of-terrestrial-gastropod-shells/67CEEB07C31701FF4C2095346BD07F99},
	author = {Grimley, David A. and Loope, Henry M. and Jacobs, Peter M. and Nash, T. Andrew and Dendy, Sarah N. and Conroy, Jessica L. and Curry, B. Brandon}
}
@article {2979,
	title = {Understanding the Water Resources of a Mountain-block Aquifer: Tucson Mountains, Arizona},
	journal = {Journal of Contemporary Water Research \& Education},
	year = {2022},
	month = {04/2022},
	pages = {1 - 14},
	abstract = {Water resources are limited in arid locations such as Tucson Basin. Residential development in the Tucson Mountains to the west of Tucson, Arizona, is limited by groundwater resources. Groundwater samples were collected from fractured bedrock and alluvial aquifers surrounding the Tucson Mountains to assess water quality and recharge history through measurement of stable O, H, and S isotopes; tritium; and 14C. Most groundwater is a mixture of different ages but is commonly several thousand years old. A few sampling locations indicated a component of water recharged after the above-ground nuclear testing of the mid 1950s, and these sites may represent locations near where the aquifer receives present-day recharge. The Tucson Mountains also host sulfide deposits associated with fractures and replacement zones; these locally contribute to poor-quality groundwater. Projections of future climate predict intensifying drought in southwestern North America. In the study area, a combination of strategies such as rainwater harvesting, exploitation of renewable water, and low groundwater use could be used for sustainable use of the groundwater supply.},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1936-704X.2021.3369.x},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2021.3369.x},
	author = {Eastoe, Christopher J. and Beisner, Kimberly R.}
}
@article {thompson_use_2022,
	title = {Use of δ18Oatm in dating a Tibetan ice core record of Holocene/Late Glacial climate},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {119},
	number = {45},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	month = {11/2022},
	pages = {e2205545119},
	abstract = {Ice cores from the northwestern Tibetan Plateau (NWTP) contain long records of regional climate variability, but refrozen meltwater and dust in these cores has hampered development of robust timescales. Here, we introduce an approach to dating the ice via the isotopic composition of atmospheric O2 in air bubbles (δ18Oatm), along with annual layer counting and radiocarbon dating. We provide a robust chronology for water isotope records (δ18Oice and d-excess) from three ice cores from the Guliya ice cap in the NWTP. The measurement of δ18Oatm, although common in polar ice core timescales, has rarely been used on ice cores from low-latitude, high-altitude glaciers due to (1) low air pressure, (2) the common presence of refrozen melt that adds dissolved gases and reduces the amount of air available for analysis, and (3) the respiratory consumption of molecular oxygen (O2) by micro-organisms in the ice, which fractionates the δ18O of O2 from the atmospheric value. Here, we make corrections for melt and respiration to address these complications. The resulting records of water isotopes from the Guliya ice cores reveal climatic variations over the last 15,000 y, the timings of which correspond to those observed in independently dated lake and speleothem records and confirm that the Guliya ice cap existed before the Holocene. The millennial-scale drivers of δ18Oice are complex and temporally variable; however, Guliya δ18Oice values since the mid-20th century are the highest since the beginning of the Holocene and have increased with regional air temperature.},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2205545119},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2205545119},
	author = {Thompson, Lonnie G. and Severinghaus, Jeffrey P. and Yao, Tandong and Davis, Mary E. and Mosley-Thompson, Ellen and Beaudon, Emilie and Sierra-Hern{\'a}ndez, M. Roxana and Porter, Stacy E.}
}
@article {2931,
	title = {Using Radiocarbon to Assess the Abundance, Distribution, and Nature of Labile Organic Carbon in Marine Sediments},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2021},
	month = {Jan-06-2021},
	abstract = {Positive C-14 gradients have recently been observed within the surface mixed layer of several continental-margin sediments. The best explanation for these positive C-14 gradients is the occurrence and rapid degradation of labile organic carbon (LOC) in the upper 5-10 cm of the seabed. Based on a two-component model for sedimentary organic matter (i.e., a planktonic labile component and an older refractory component), bulk (14)Corg data were used to determine the abundances of LOC within the surface mixed layers of three cores from the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) shelf and one core from San Clemente Basin (California Borderland). LOC contents in surface samples from the four stations varied from 0.5 to 1.1 mg/cm(3), comprising 20\% (San Clemente Basin) to 80\% (WAP, Sta. G) of the total organic carbon. By incorporating a steady state diagenetic model and particle-mixing bioturbation coefficients, the LOC profiles were used to determine LOC turnover times (LOC tau) and LOC e-folding depths. The LOC tau values for the West Antarctic Peninsula sediments varied from 0.09 to 0.59 years, whereas the LOC tau value from the San Clemente Basin core was 63 years. The LOC e-folding depths for the WAP stations varied from 0.8 to 3.4 cm, in contrast to the LOC e-folding depth in San Clemente Basin, which was 4.0 cm. LOC characteristics from the four cores examined in this study were compared to LOC data in the literature as a means of substantiating the overall C-14(org)-based approach and justifying model assumptions.},
	issn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2020GB006676},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020GB006676https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2020GB006676https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2020GB006676https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1029/2020GB006676},
	author = {DeMaster, D. J. and Taylor, R. S. and Smith, C. R. and Isla, E. and Thomas, C. J.}
}
@article {2644,
	title = {Upwelling in the Ocean Basins North of the ACC: 1. On the Upwelling Exposed by the Surface Distribution of C-14},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	volume = {124},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Apr-04-2020},
	pages = {2591 - 2608},
	abstract = {he upwelling associated with the ocean{\textquoteright}s overturning circulation is hard to observe directly. Here, a large data set of surface C-14 measurements is compiled in order to show where deep water is brought back up to the surface in the ocean basins north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Maps constructed from the data set show that low-C-14 deep water from the ACC is drawn up to the surface in or near the upwelling zones off Northwest Africa and Namibia in the Atlantic, off Costa Rica and Peru in the Pacific, and in the northern Arabian Sea in the Indian Ocean. Deep water also seems to be reaching the surface in the subarctic Pacific gyre near the Kamchatka Peninsula. The low-C-14 water drawn up to the surface in the upwelling zones is also shown to spread across the ocean basins. It is easily seen, for example, in the western Atlantic off Florida and in the western Pacific off New Guinea and Palau. The spreading allows one to estimate the volumes of upwelling, which, it turns out, are similar to the volumes of large-scale upwelling derived from inverse box models. This means that very large volumes of cool subsurface water are reaching the surface in and near the upwelling zonesmuch larger volumes than would be expected from the local winds.

Plain Language Summary The deep layers of the ocean are filled with cold dense water that sinks from the surface near Antarctica and in the northern North Atlantic. This process is understood reasonably well. The countervailing processthe way that the dense water is brought back up to the surfaceis not as well understood. Oceanographers now agree that the ocean{\textquoteright}s deep water is drawn back up to the surface (upwelled) mainly around Antarctica as part of the wind-driven overturning in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). But cool water is also known to reach the surface in upwelling zones around the ocean{\textquoteright}s margins. Here we map the upwelling north of the ACC with the radioactive isotope carbon-14 and show that the deep water upwelled to the surface around Antarctica seems to be drawn up to the surface a second time in the upwelling zones. The water drawn up to the surface in the upwelling zones then flows back to the North Atlantic and sinks again to complete the cycle.},
	keywords = {Ocean circulation, overturning circulation, radiocarbon, Upwelling},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1029/2018JC014794},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018JC014794},
	author = {Toggweiler, J. R. and Druffel, Ellen R. M. and Key, Robert M. and Galbraith, Eric D.}
}
@article {2645,
	title = {Upwelling in the Ocean Basins North of the ACC: 2. How Cool Subantarctic Water Reaches the Surface in the Tropics},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	volume = {124},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Apr-04-2020},
	pages = {2609 - 2625},
	abstract = {Large volumes of cool water are drawn up to the surface in the tropical oceans. A companion paper shows that the cool water reaches the surface in or near the upwelling zones off northern and southern Africa and Peru. The cool water has a subantarctic origin and spreads extensively across the Atlantic and Pacific basins after it reaches the surface. Here, we look at the spreading in two low-resolution ocean general circulation models and find that the spreading in the models is much less extensive than observed. The problem seems to be the way the upwelling and the spreading are connected (or not connected) to the ocean{\textquoteright}s large-scale overturning. As proposed here, the cool upwelling develops when warm buoyant water in the western tropics is drawn away to become deep water in the North Atlantic. The drawing away shoals the tropical thermocline in a way that allows cool subantarctic water to be drawn up to the surface along the eastern margins. The amounts of upwelling produced this way exceed the amounts generated by the winds in the upwelling zones by as much as 4 times. Flow restrictions make it difficult for the warm buoyant water in our models to be drawn away.

Plain Language Summary A companion paper uses the radioactive isotope carbon-14 to map the upwelling in the ocean basins north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). It shows that deep water drawn up to the surface to the south of the ACC is drawn up to the surface a second time in a number of upwelling areas in the tropics. In this paper, we attempt to simulate the tropical upwelling in an ocean circulation model and find that it is largely missing. Other circulation features are missing as well. The other features operate on the opposite sides of the ocean basins from the upwelling areas and help carry warm water out of the tropics (outflows). The combination of missing elements leads to a hypothesis about the upwelling mechanism. Our hypothesis is that the tropical upwelling is driven by the outflows and the fact that the warm water being carried away ultimately becomes deep water again in the North Atlantic.},
	keywords = {numerical modeling, Ocean circulation, overturning circulation, Upwelling},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1029/2018JC014795},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331524382_Upwelling_in_the_Ocean_Basins_north_of_the_ACC_Part_1_On_the_Upwelling_Exposed_by_the_Surface_Distribution_of_D_14_C},
	author = {Toggweiler, J. R. and Druffel, Ellen R. M. and Key, Robert M. and Galbraith, Eric D.}
}
@article {2636,
	title = {Using Stable Carbon Isotopes to Quantify Radiocarbon Reservoir Age Offsets in the Coastal Black SeaAbstract},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-02-2019},
	pages = {309 - 318},
	abstract = {Constraining radiocarbon (C-14) reservoir age offsets is critical to deriving accurate calendar-age chronologies from C-14 dating of materials which did not draw carbon directly from the atmosphere. The application of C-14 dating to such materials is severely limited in hydrologically sensitive environments like the Black Sea because of the difficulty to quantify reservoir age offsets, which can vary quickly and significantly through time, due to the dynamics of the biogeochemical cycling of carbon. Here we reconstruct C-14 reservoir age offsets (Rshell-atm) of Holocene bivalve shells from the coastal Black Sea relatively to their contemporaneous atmosphere. We show that the C-14 reservoir age offset and the stable carbon isotope composition of bivalve shells are linearly correlated in this region. From a biogeochemical standpoint, this suggests that inorganic stable carbon isotope and C-14 compositions of Black Sea coastal waters are controlled by the balance between autochthonous primary productivity and heterotrophic respiration of allochthonous pre-aged terrestrial organic matter supplied by rivers. This provided an important implication for Black Sea geochronology as the reservoir age offset of C-14-dated bivalve shell can be inferred from its stable carbon isotope composition. Our results provide a fundamental and inexpensive geochemical tool which will considerably improve the accuracy of Holocene calendar age chronologies in the Black Sea.},
	keywords = {Black Sea, Carbon cycle, freshwater reservoir effect, Geochronology, Reservoir age},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	doi = {10.1017/RDC.2018.61},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033822218000619/type/journal_articlehttps://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0033822218000619},
	author = {Soulet, Guillaume and Giosan, Liviu and Flaux, Cl{\'e}ment and Galy, Valier}
}
@book {2720,
	title = {The Utility of Stable and Radioisotopes in Fish Tissues as Biogeochemical Tracers of Marine Oil Spill Food Web Effects},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {219 - 238},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	address = {Cham},
	abstract = {Direct exposure to petroleum compounds was widely reported for a variety of taxa following the DWH. Evidence of exposure ranged from oiling of skin, shells, or feathers, depending on the taxa, to observation of ingested oil in small translucent, invertebrates, to biomarkers of petroleum compounds within an organism{\textquoteright}s tissues, such as PAHs in the hepatopancreas of invertebrates or the liver of fishes, or metabolic products of PAH catabolism in the bile of various vertebrate taxa. Development of natural biogeochemical tracers to examine indirect effects, especially over long (months to years) time scales, can be much more problematic. In this chapter, we describe the utility of employing stable isotopes and radioisotopes to 1) examine whether food web effects can be inferred from shifts in stable isotope values measured in vertebrate taxa; 2) examine the assimilation and trophic transfer of petrocarbon in marine food webs; and, 3) serve as long-term biogeochemical tracers either of petrocarbon assimilation or trophic shifts that are indicative of food web effects of marine oil spills. Data and analyses are largely drawn from DWH-related studies but with broader implications to marine oil spills in general.},
	keywords = {Petrocarbon, radiocarbon, Reef fish, Stable isotopes},
	isbn = {978-3-030-12962-0},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-12963-710.1007/978-3-030-12963-7_13},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-12963-7_13},
	author = {Patterson III, William F. and Chanton, Jeffery P. and Hollander, David J. and Goddard, Ethan A. and Barnett, Beverly K. and Tarnecki, Joseph H.},
	editor = {Murawski, Steven A. and Ainsworth, Cameron H. and Gilbert, Sherryl and Hollander, David J. and Paris, Claire B. and Schl{\"u}ter, Michael and Wetzel, Dana L.}
}
@article {2826,
	title = {Unifying Concepts Linking Dissolved Organic Matter Composition to Persistence in Aquatic EcosystemsUnifying Concepts Linking Dissolved Organic Matter Composition to Persistence in Aquatic Ecosystems},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jun-03-2018},
	pages = {2538 - 2548},
	abstract = {The link between composition and reactivity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is central to understanding the role aquatic systems play in the global carbon cycle; yet, unifying concepts driving molecular composition have yet to be established. We characterized 37 DOM isolates from diverse aquatic ecosystems, including their stable and radiocarbon isotopes (δ13C-dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and Δ14C-DOC), optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence), and molecular composition (ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry). Isolates encompassed end-members of allochthonous and autochthonous DOM from sites across the United States, the Pacific Ocean, and Antarctic lakes. Modern Δ14C-DOC and optical properties reflecting increased aromaticity, such as carbon specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254), were directly related to polyphenolic and polycyclic aromatic compounds, whereas enriched δ13C-DOC and optical properties reflecting autochthonous end-members were positively correlated to more aliphatic compounds. Furthermore, the two sets of autochthonous end-members (Pacific Ocean and Antarctic lakes) exhibited distinct molecular composition due to differences in extent of degradation. Across all sites and end-members studied, we find a consistent shift in composition with aging, highlighting the persistence of certain biomolecules concurrent with degradation time.},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.est.7b0551310.1021/acs.est.7b05513.s001},
	url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b05513},
	author = {Kellerman, Anne M. and Guillemette, Fran{\c c}ois and Podgorski, David C. and Aiken, George R. and Butler, Kenna D. and Spencer, Robert G. M.}
}
@book {2724,
	title = {Using Stable and Radiocarbon Analyses as a Forensic Tool to Find Evidence of Oil in the Particulates of the Water Column and on the Seafloor Following the 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {639 - 650},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {Over 600 million liters of oil and copious amounts of methane were released into the Gulf of Mexico between April 20, 2010 and July 15, 2010. We used stable and radiocarbon analyses as a forensic tool to trace these hydrocarbons from the Deepwater Horizon (DwH) well into suspended particulate organic carbon (POCsusp), sinking particulate organic carbon (POCsink), and sedimentary organic carbon on the seafloor. POCsusp samples were considerably depleted both in δ13C and Δ14C relative to surface production, with δ13C and Δ14C values as low as -37.2{\textperthousand} and -618{\textperthousand}, respectively. POCsink time series data revealed a modern Δ14C value due to a large diatom bloom in early September 2010, but values became depleted as oil contaminated particles continued to descend in the water column until the end of the year. Sediment cores collected in the vicinity of the DwH wellhead revealed evidence of oil contamination in the surface layer (0{\textendash}1 cm), as indicated by a depletion in Δ14C values compared to the layers below the surface. In addition to providing evidence of oil contamination using stable and radiocarbon analyses, our study was consistent with the existence of a pathway by which spilled oil was deposited onto the seafloor.},
	keywords = {Deepwater Horizon, isotopes, methane, Petrocarbon, POCsin, POCsusp, Sediment},
	isbn = {9780128044346},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-804434-6.00029-X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978012804434600029X},
	author = {Bosman, Samantha H. and Chanton, Jeffrey P. and Rogers, Kelsey L.}
}
@article {2807,
	title = {Utility of salt-marsh foraminifera, testate amoebae and bulk-sediment δ13C values as sea-level indicators in Newfoundland, Canada},
	journal = {Marine Micropaleontology},
	volume = {130},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-01-2017},
	pages = {43 - 59},
	abstract = {We investigated the utility of foraminifera, testate amoebae and bulk-sediment δ13C measurements for reconstructing Holocene relative sea level from sequences of salt-marsh sediment in Newfoundland, Canada. Modern, surface sediment was collected along transects from low to supra-tidal elevations in eastern (at Placentia) and western (at Hynes Brook and Big River) Newfoundland. Consistent with previous work, low-diversity assemblages of foraminifera display an almost binary division into a higher salt-marsh assemblage dominated by Jadammina macrescens and Balticammina pseudomacrescens and a lower salt-marsh assemblage comprised of Miliammina fusca. This pattern and composition resembles those identified at other high latitude sites with cool climates and confirms that foraminifera are sea-level indicators. The lowest occurrence of testate amoebae was at approximately mean higher high water. The composition of high salt-marsh testate amoebae assemblages (Centropyxis cassis type, Trinema spp., Tracheleuglypha dentata type, and Euglypha spp.) in Newfoundland was similar to elsewhere in the North Atlantic, but preservation bias favors removal of species with idiosomic tests over those with xenosomic tests. The mixed high salt-marsh plant community in Newfoundland results in bulk surface-sediment δ13C values that are typical of C3 plants, making them indistinguishable from freshwater sediment. Therefore we propose that the utility of this proxy for reconstructing RSL in eastern North America is restricted to the coastline between Chesapeake Bay and southern Nova Scotia. Using a simple, multi-proxy approach to establish that samples in three radiocarbon-dated sediment cores formed between the lowest occurrence of testate amoebae and the highest occurrence of foraminifera, we generated three example late Holocene sea-level index points at Hynes Brook.},
	issn = {03778398},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marmicro.2016.12.003},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377839816300524},
	author = {Kemp, Andrew C. and Wright, Alexander J. and Barnett, Robert L. and Hawkes, Andrea D. and Charman, Dan J. and Sameshima, Colby and King, Alexandra N. and Mooney, Hailey C. and Edwards, Robin J. and Horton, Benjamin P. and van de Plassche, Orson}
}
@article {2536,
	title = {Unusually large tsunamis frequent a currently creeping part of the Aleutian megathrust},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Apr-01-2017},
	pages = {76 - 84},
	abstract = {Current models used to assess earthquake and tsunami hazards are inadequate where creep dominates a subduction megathrust. Here we report geological evidence for large tsunamis, occurring on average every 300{\textendash}340 years, near the source areas of the 1946 and 1957 Aleutian tsunamis. These areas bookend a postulated seismic gap over 200 km long where modern geodetic measurements indicate that the megathrust is currently creeping. At Sedanka Island, evidence for large tsunamis includes six sand sheets that blanket a lowland facing the Pacific Ocean, rise to 15 m above mean sea level, contain marine diatoms, cap terraces, adjoin evidence for scour, and date from the past 1700 years. The youngest sheet and modern drift logs found as far as 800 m inland and >18 m elevation likely record the 1957 tsunami. Previously unrecognized tsunami sources coexist with a presently creeping megathrust along this part of the Aleutian Subduction Zone.},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GL066083},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2015GL066083},
	author = {Witter, Robert C. and Carver, Gary A. and Briggs, Richard W. and Gelfenbaum, Guy and Koehler, Richard D. and La Selle, SeanPaul and Bender, Adrian M. and Engelhart, Simon E. and Hemphill-Haley, Eileen and Hill, Troy D.}
}
@article {15,
	title = {Ultra-Small Graphitization Reactors for Ultra-Microscale C-14 Analysis at the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (Nosams) Facility},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {57},
	year = {2015},
	note = {PT: J; TC: 1; UT: WOS:000351052600009},
	pages = {109-122},
	abstract = {In response to the increasing demand for C-14 analysis of samples containing less than 25 mu g C, ultra-small graphitization reactors with an internal volume of similar to 0.8 mL were developed at NOSAMS. For samples containing 6 to 25 mu g C, these reactors convert CO2 to graphitic carbon in approximately 30 min. Although we continue to refine reaction conditions to improve yield, the reactors produce graphite targets that are successfully measured by AMS. Graphite targets produced with the ultra-small reactors are measured by using the Cs sputter source on the CFAMS instrument at NOSAMS where beam current was proportional to sample mass. We investigated the contribution of blank carbon from the ultra-small reactors and estimate it to be 0.3 +/- 0.1 mu g C with an Fm value of 0.43 +/- 0.3. We also describe equations for blank correction and propagation of error associated with this correction. With a few exceptions for samples in the range of 6 to 7 mu g C, we show that corrected Fm values agree with expected Fm values within uncertainty for samples containing 6-100 mu g C.},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	doi = {10.2458/azu_rc.57.18118},
	author = {Walter, Sunita R. Shah and Gagnon, Alan R. and Roberts, Mark L. and McNichol, Ann P. and Gaylord, Mary C. Lardie and Klein, Elizabeth}
}
@article {2480,
	title = {Using Natural Abundance Radiocarbon To Trace the Flux of Petrocarbon to the Seafloor Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2015},
	month = {Aug-01-2016},
	pages = {847 - 854},
	abstract = {In 2010, the Deepwater Horizon accident released 4.6{\textendash}6.0 {\texttimes} 1011 grams or 4.1 to 4.6 million barrels of fossil petroleum derived carbon (petrocarbon) as oil into the Gulf of Mexico. Natural abundance radiocarbon measurements on surface sediment organic matter in a 2.4 {\texttimes} 1010 m2 deep-water region surrounding the spill site indicate the deposition of a fossil-carbon containing layer that included 1.6 to 2.6 {\texttimes} 1010 grams of oil-derived carbon. This quantity represents between 0.5 to 9.1\% of the released petrocarbon, with a best estimate of 3.0{\textendash}4.9\%. These values may be lower limit estimates of the fraction of the oil that was deposited on the seafloor because they focus on a limited mostly deep-water area of the Gulf, include a conservative estimate of thickness of the depositional layer, and use an average background or prespill radiocarbon value for sedimentary organic carbon that produces a conservative value. A similar approach using hopane tracer estimated that 4{\textendash}31\% of 2 million barrels of oil that stayed in the deep sea settled on the bottom. Converting that to a percentage of the total oil that entered into the environment (to which we normalized our estimate) converts this range to 1.8 to 14.4\%. Although extrapolated over a larger area, our independent estimate produced similar values.},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es5046524},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es5046524http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es5046524},
	author = {Chanton, Jeffrey and Zhao, Tingting and Rosenheim, Brad E. and Joye, Samantha and Bosman, Samantha and Brunner, Charlotte and Yeager, Kevin M. and Diercks, Arne R. and Hollander, David}
}
@article {38,
	title = {Unusual C35 to C38 alkenones in mid-Holocene sediments from a restricted estuary (Charlotte Harbor, Florida)},
	journal = {Organic Geochemistry},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {20-28},
	abstract = {Unusual C35 to C38 alkenones were identified in mid-Holocene (8{\textendash}3.5 kyr BP) sediments from a restricted estuary in southwest Florida (Charlotte Harbor). The distribution was dominated by a C36 diunsaturated (ω15,20) ethyl ketone, identical to the one present in Black Sea Unit 2 sediments. Other unusual alkenones were tentatively assigned as a C35:2 (ω15,20) methyl ketone, a C37:2 (ω17,22) methyl ketone and a C38:2 (ω17,22) ethyl ketone. In late Holocene sediments < 3.5 kyr BP, the common C37 to C39 alkenones were found. Compound-specific 14C, 13C, and D isotope measurements were used to constrain the possible origin of the alkenones. Conventional radiocarbon ages of alkenones and higher plant-derived long chain n-alcohols indicated no significant difference in age between mid-Holocene alkenones and higher plant n-alcohols. Both alcohols and alkenones were offset vs. calibrated ages of shell fragments in the same sediment core, which suggests they were pre-aged by 500{\textendash}800 yr, implying resuspension and redistribution of the fine-grained sedimentary particles with which they are associated. The hydrogen isotopic (δD) composition (-190{\textperthousand} to -200{\textperthousand}) of the C37 and C38 alkenones in the late Holocene sediments is in line with values for coastal haptophytes in brackish water. However, the unusual C36 and C38 alkenones from the mid Holocene sediments were enriched in D (by ca. 100{\textperthousand}) vs. the late Holocene alkenones. Also, δ13C values of mid-Holocene alkenones were consistently offset compared with late Holocene alkenones (-21{\textperthousand} to -22{\textperthousand} and -22{\textperthousand} to -23{\textperthousand}, respectively). We suggest that the alkenones in Charlotte Harbor were produced by unknown alkenone-producing haptophyte.},
	issn = {0146-6380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2014.01.021},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638014000345},
	author = {van Soelen, E. E. and Lammers, J. M. and Eglinton, T. I. and Sinninghe Damst{\'e}, J. S. and Reichart, G. J.}
}
@article {2593,
	title = {Uplift and subsidence reveal a nonpersistent megathrust rupture boundary (Sitkinak Island, Alaska)},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2014},
	month = {Apr-04-2015},
	pages = {2289 - 2296},
	abstract = {We report stratigraphic evidence of land-level change and tsunami inundation along the Alaska-Aleutian megathrust during prehistoric and historical earthquakes west of Kodiak Island. On Sitkinak Island, cores and tidal outcrops fringing a lagoon reveal five sharp lithologic contacts that record coseismic land-level change. Radiocarbon dates, 137Cs profiles, computerized tomography scans, and microfossil assemblages are consistent with rapid uplift circa 290{\textendash}0, 520{\textendash}300, and 1050{\textendash}790 cal yr B.P. and subsidence in A.D. 1964 and circa 640{\textendash}510 cal yr B.P. Radiocarbon, 137Cs, and 210Pb ages bracketing a sand bed traced 1.5 km inland and evidence for sudden uplift are consistent with Russian accounts of an earthquake and tsunami in A.D. 1788. The mixed uplift and subsidence record suggests that Sitkinak Island sits above a nonpersistent boundary near the southwestern limit of the A.D. 1964 Mw 9.2 megathrust rupture.},
	doi = {10.1002/2014GL059380},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2014GL059380},
	author = {Briggs, Richard W. and Engelhart, Simon E. and Nelson, Alan R. and Dura, Tina and Kemp, Andrew C. and Haeussler, Peter J. and Corbett, D. Reide and Angster, Stephen J. and Bradley, Lee-Ann}
}
@article {68,
	title = {Using Natural Abundance Radiocarbon To Trace the Flux of Petrocarbon to the Seafloor Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	year = {2014},
	abstract = {In 2010, the Deepwater Horizon accident released 4.6?6.0 ? 1011 grams or 4.1 to 4.6 million barrels of fossil petroleum derived carbon (petrocarbon) as oil into the Gulf of Mexico. Natural abundance radiocarbon measurements on surface sediment organic matter in a 2.4 ? 1010 m2 deep-water region surrounding the spill site indicate the deposition of a fossil-carbon containing layer that included 1.6 to 2.6 ? 1010 grams of oil-derived carbon. This quantity represents between 0.5 to 9.1\% of the released petrocarbon, with a best estimate of 3.0?4.9\%. These values may be lower limit estimates of the fraction of the oil that was deposited on the seafloor because they focus on a limited mostly deep-water area of the Gulf, include a conservative estimate of thickness of the depositional layer, and use an average background or prespill radiocarbon value for sedimentary organic carbon that produces a conservative value. A similar approach using hopane tracer estimated that 4?31\% of 2 million barrels of oil that stayed in the deep sea settled on the bottom. Converting that to a percentage of the total oil that entered into the environment (to which we normalized our estimate) converts this range to 1.8 to 14.4\%. Although extrapolated over a larger area, our independent estimate produced similar values.; In 2010, the Deepwater Horizon accident released 4.6?6.0 ? 1011 grams or 4.1 to 4.6 million barrels of fossil petroleum derived carbon (petrocarbon) as oil into the Gulf of Mexico. Natural abundance radiocarbon measurements on surface sediment organic matter in a 2.4 ? 1010 m2 deep-water region surrounding the spill site indicate the deposition of a fossil-carbon containing layer that included 1.6 to 2.6 ? 1010 grams of oil-derived carbon. This quantity represents between 0.5 to 9.1\% of the released petrocarbon, with a best estimate of 3.0?4.9\%. These values may be lower limit estimates of the fraction of the oil that was deposited on the seafloor because they focus on a limited mostly deep-water area of the Gulf, include a conservative estimate of thickness of the depositional layer, and use an average background or prespill radiocarbon value for sedimentary organic carbon that produces a conservative value. A similar approach using hopane tracer estimated that 4?31\% of 2 million barrels of oil that stayed in the deep sea settled on the bottom. Converting that to a percentage of the total oil that entered into the environment (to which we normalized our estimate) converts this range to 1.8 to 14.4\%. Although extrapolated over a larger area, our independent estimate produced similar values.},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es5046524},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5046524},
	author = {Chanton, Jeffrey and Zhao, Tingting and Rosenheim, Brad E. and Joye, Samantha and Bosman, Samantha and Brunner, Charlotte and Yeager, Kevin M. and Diercks, Arne R. and Hollander, David}
}
@article {160,
	title = {Using the N/C ratio to correct bulk radiocarbon ages from lake sediments: Insights from Chilean Patagonia},
	journal = {Quaternary Geochronology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2012},
	note = {id: 2296},
	pages = {23-29},
	abstract = {The offset between AMS radiocarbon ages obtained on bulk lake sediments and the true age of deposition was evaluated at four sites in Northern Chilean Patagonia. Our results show that the bulk radiocarbon ages are systematically older by 300 to 1100 years. In this region free of carbonate and carbonaceous rocks, we argue that this difference results from variable inputs of terrestrial organic carbon from the Holocene soils that cover the lake watersheds. For the four studied lakes, the age offset is clearly related to the fraction of terrestrial carbon preserved in the lake sediments, which was estimated using the N/C ratio of the bulk organic matter. We propose that N/C measurements can be used to significantly improve chronologies based on radiocarbon dating of bulk lake sediments.},
	issn = {1871-1014},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quageo.2012.06.003},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101412001112},
	author = {Bertrand, S{\'e}bastien and Araneda, Alberto and Vargas, Patricia and Jana, Patricia and Fagel, Nathalie and Urrutia, Roberto}
}
@article {172,
	title = {U-series dating of co-seismic gypsum and submarine paleoseismology of active faults in Northern Chile (23{\textdegree}S)},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {497},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2147},
	pages = {34-44},
	abstract = {The convergence of the Nazca and South American plates along the subduction margin of the central Andes results in large subduction earthquakes and tectonic activity along major fault systems. Despite its relevance, the paleoseismic record of this region is scarce, hampering our understanding about the relationship between the Andes building and earthquake occurrence. In this study, we used the U-series disequilibrium method to obtain absolute ages of paleoearthquake events associated with normal displacements along the active Mejillones and Salar del Carmen faults in the Coastal Range of the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. The 230Th{\textendash}234U disequilibrium ages in co-seismic gypsum salts sampled along the fault traces together with marine evidences indicate that earthquakes occurred at ca. 29.7 {\textpm} 1.7 ka, 11 {\textpm} 4 ka and 2.4 {\textpm} 0.8 ka. When coupled with paleoseismic marine and radiocarbon (14C) records in the nearby Mejillones Bay evidencing large dislocations along the Mejillones Fault, the geochronological dataset presented here is consistent with the notion that gypsum salts formed during large earthquakes as a result of co-seismic dilatancy pumping of saline waters along the major faults. Based on maximum observed cumulative vertical offsets in the studied faults, this phenomena could have occurred episodically at a rate in the order of 1:40 to 1:50 with respect to the very large subduction earthquakes during the latest Pleistocene{\textendash}Holocene period. The results presented here reveal that the U-series disequilibrium method can be successfully applied to date the gypsum salts deposited along faults during seismic events, and therefore directly constrain the age of large paleoearthquakes in hyperarid and seismically active zones.},
	issn = {0040-1951},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tecto.2010.10.017},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040195110004506},
	author = {Vargas, Gabriel and Palacios, Carlos and Reich, Martin and Luo, Shangde and Shen, Chuan-Chou and Gonz{\'a}lez, Gabriel and Wu, Yi-Chen}
}
@article {205,
	title = {Using a macroalgal δ15N bioassay to detect cruise ship waste water effluent inputs},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2011},
	note = {id: 2176},
	pages = {1762-1771},
	abstract = {Green macroalgae bioassays were used to determine if the δ15N signature of cruise ship waste water effluent (CSWWE) could be detected in a small harbor. Opportunistic green macroalgae (Ulva spp.) were collected, cultured under nutrient depleted conditions and characterized with regard to N content and δ15N. Samples of algae were used in controlled incubations to evaluate the direction of isotope shift from exposure to CSWWE. Algae samples exposed to CSWWE exhibited an increase of 1{\textendash}2.5{\textperthousand} in δ15N values indicating that the CSWWE had an enriched isotope signature. In contrast, algae samples exposed to field conditions exhibited a significant decrease in the observed δ15N indicating that a light N source was used. Isotopically light, riverine nitrogen derived from N2-fixing trees in the watershed may be a N source utilized by algae. These experiments indicate that the δ15N CSWWE signature was not detectable under the CSWWE loading conditions of this experiment.},
	issn = {0025-326X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.023},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X11002876},
	author = {James, Kaldy}
}
@article {378,
	title = {Unique Baltic Outcrops Reveal Millennia of Ecological Changes},
	journal = {EOS, TRANSACTIONS AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION},
	volume = {91},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 1978},
	pages = {101},
	abstract = {Throughout Earth{\textquoteright}s history, tectonic forces, often violent and unpredictable, have been responsible for exposing geological formations to scientific scrutiny. But forces of uplift are not restricted to plate boundaries. For example, when looking at forested coastal dunes bordering placid Curonian Lagoon along the Lithuanian coast of the Baltic Sea, one hardly suspects that any powerful forces are at work. Yet this is a site where massive migrating hills of sand have put pressure on the deep strata of the ancient lagoon, forcing its sediments to the surface and offering rare access to fossils of the Holocene, which spans the past 10,000 years.},
	doi = {10.1029/2010EO110001},
	author = {Buynevich, I. V. and Bitinas, A. and Damu{\v s}yte, A. and Pupienis, D.}
}
@article {2526,
	title = {Using proglacial-threshold lakes to constrain fluctuations of the Jakobshavn Isbr{\ae} ice margin, western Greenland, during the Holocene},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jan-12-2010},
	pages = {3861 - 3874},
	abstract = {The future response of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) and its potential contribution to sea level rise are uncertain. Rapid changes of Greenland{\textquoteright}s outlet glaciers over the past decade have made it difficult to extrapolate ice sheet change into the future. This significant short-term variability highlights the need for longer-term, geologic (e.g., Holocene) records of ice margin fluctuations. However, a major challenge with reconstructing the GIS during the Holocene stems from it having been smaller than it is at present, thus traditional glacial geologic approaches are not suitable. We use radiocarbon-dated sediment sequences from seven proglacial-threshold lakes spanning \~{}50 km of the western GIS margin near Jakobshavn Isbr{\ae} to constrain the timing of early Holocene deglaciation, the duration that this sector of the western GIS was smaller than its present configuration, and the timing of its advance during Neoglaciation. Our reconstructions suggest deglaciation \~{}7300 cal yr BP, minimum ice extent \~{}6000{\textendash}5000 cal yr BP and smaller-than-present ice configuration until at least \~{}2300 cal yr BP for the ice margin south of Jakobshavn Isbr{\ae}, and until \~{}400 cal yr BP for the ice margin north of Jakobshavn Isbr{\ae}. One relatively large proglacial lake that became briefly ice-free during the middle Holocene lies in a catchment that likely extends 10s of km inland beneath the GIS, suggesting significant middle Holocene retreat of this portion of the GIS. The overall pattern of ice sheet change is inconsistent with existing ice sheet model reconstructions for this region, but is consistent with numerous paleoclimate proxy and relative sea level data. These continuous lacustrine records corroborate, but provide closer age control than, existing non-continuous records of radiocarbon-dated reworked bivalves from historical moraines in the region. Reconstructing ice margin change from proglacial-threshold lakes is one of few approaches with the potential to constrain smaller-than-present ice sheet extent.},
	issn = {02773791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.09.005},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.09.005},
	author = {Briner, J.P. and Stewart, H.A.M. and Young, N.E. and Philipps, W. and Losee, S.}
}
@article {1840,
	title = {Using foraminifera to recognize former flood-tide deltas in the Holocene stratigraphic record: examples from the Outer Banks, North Carolina},
	journal = {Stratigraphy},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2009},
	note = {id: 851},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {61-78},
	author = {Smith, C. G. and Culver, S. J. and Mallinson, D. J. and Riggs, S. R. and Corbett, D. R.}
}
@article {1890,
	title = {Ultra-microscale analysis of lipids by 14C-AMS: Assessment and correction for sample processing blanks},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 501},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {69-82},
	author = {Shah, S. R. and Pearson, A.}
}
@article {570,
	title = {A unique Yellow River-derived distal subaqueous delta in the Yellow Sea},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {240},
	year = {2007},
	note = {178psTimes Cited:88Cited References Count:39},
	month = {Jun 5},
	pages = {169-176},
	abstract = {Newly acquired high-resolution Chirp sonar profiles reveal a unique Yellow River-derived, alongshore distributed, bidirectional (landward and seaward) across-shelf transported, omega-shaped (Omega") distal subaqueous deltaic lobe deposited around the eastern tip of the Shandong Peninsula in the Yellow Sea. This clinoform deposit directly overlies the postglacial transgressive surface, featured by convex-up seafloor morphology, up to 40 in thick locally. Radiocarbon-14 dates from the underlain pre-Holocene and transgressive sediments indicate this distal lobe has formed since the middle-Holocene highstand under a relatively stable sea level. This along-shelf distributed distal clinoform has been deposited mainly by the resuspended Yellow River sediments carried down by the coastal current, interacting with the local waves, tides and upwelling. Collectively, over the past 7000 years, nearly 30\% of the Yellow River-derived sediment has been re-suspended and transported out of the Bohai Sea into the Yellow Sea. Overall, the Yellow River-derived sediment could reach the -80 m water depth in the central South Yellow Sea, about 700 kin from the river mouth; in contrast, a very small fraction of the modem riverine sediment could escape the outer shelf or reach the Okinawa Trough. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2007.02.008},
	author = {Yang, Z. S. and Liu, J. P.}
}
@conference {1816,
	title = {An updated 14C calibration and activity record for the past 50,000 years from marine Cariaco Basin, Abstract},
	booktitle = {19th International Radiocarbon Conference},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 559},
	month = {2006},
	address = {Oxford, UK},
	author = {Hughen, K. A. and Southon, J. A. and Lehman, S. J. and Bertrand, C. J. H. and Turnbull, J.}
}
@article {1490,
	title = {Using packrat middens to assess how grazing influences vegetation change in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah},
	year = {2006},
	note = {id: 1105},
	month = {2006},
	author = {Fisher, J. and Cole, K. L. and Anderson, R. S.}
}
@article {1030,
	title = {Unusually high helium fluxes in the shallow Marshall aquifer in southern Michigan: implications for cross-formational flow and salinity sources},
	journal = {Eos Trans. AGU Fall Meeting Supplement},
	volume = {86},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 437},
	author = {Ma, L. and Castro, M. C. and Hall, C. M. and Walter, L. M.}
}
@article {404,
	title = {Using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography retention indices to estimate environmental partitioning properties for a complete set of diesel fuel hydrocarbons},
	journal = {Analytical Chemistry},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 1700; 985UM Times Cited:30 Cited References Count:56},
	pages = {7172-7182},
	abstract = {Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) provides nearly complete composition data for some complex mixtures such as petroleum hydrocarbons. However, the potential wealth of physical property information contained in the corresponding two-dimensional chromatograms is largely untapped. We developed a simple but robust method to estimate GC x GC retention indices for diesel-range hydrocarbons. By exploiting n-alkanes as reference solutes in both dimensions, calculated retention indices were insensitive to uncertainty in the enthalpy of gas-stationary-phase transfer for a suite of representative diesel components. We used the resulting two-dimensional retention indices to estimate the liquid vapor pressures, aqueous solubilities, air-water partition coefficients, octanol-water partition coefficients, and vaporization enthalpies of a nearly complete set of diesel fuel hydrocarbons. Partitioning properties were typically estimated within a factor of 2; this is not as accurate as some previous estimation or measurement methods. However, these relationships may allow powerful and incisive analysis of phase-transfer processes affecting petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures in the environment. For example, GC x GC retention data might be used to quantitatively deconvolve the effects of water washing and evaporation on environmentally released diesel fuels.},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	doi = {10.1021/Ac051051n},
	author = {Arey, J. S. and Nelson, R. K. and Xu, L. and Reddy, C. M.}
}
@conference {1817,
	title = {The urban sea: anthropogenic influences on benthic foraminifera in Long Island Sound},
	booktitle = {IGC 32},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 738},
	month = {2004},
	address = {Florence, Italy},
	author = {Thomas, E. and Varekamp, J. C. and Thaler, B. and Groner, M.}
}
@conference {1820,
	title = {The use of stable carbon isotopes in foraminiferal calcite to trace changes in biological oxygen demand in Long Island Sound},
	booktitle = {6th Biennual LIS Res. Conf. Proc.},
	year = {2004},
	note = {id: 723},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {47-51},
	author = {Lugolobi, F. and Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E. and Buchholtz ten Brink, M. R.}
}
@article {708,
	title = {Using radiocarbon to apportion sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in household soot},
	journal = {Environmental Forensics},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2003},
	note = {731ytTimes Cited:16Cited References Count:42},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {191-197},
	abstract = {To determine whether polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (FAHs) in household soot were derived from the combustion of scrap wood or creosote that was impregnated in the wood (or some combination of both), the molecular composition and radiocarbon (C-14) content of the total carbon and several PAHs in the soot was investigated. The 5730-year half-life of C-14 makes it an ideal marker for identifying creosote-derived PAHs (C-14-free) versus those derived from the combustion of wood (contemporary C-14). The C-14 abundance of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and retene was determined by accelerator mass spectrometry after solvent extraction and purification by preparative capillary gas chromatography. The molecular analysis (presence of retene and 1,7-dimethylphenanthrene) and bulk C-14 content (contemporary) of the soot indicated that wood combustion was a strong source of carbon to the soot. The C-14 of retene in two soot samples was also contemporary, indicating that it was derived from the combustion of the scrap wood. These results are consistent with previous work that has suggested that retene is an excellent marker of wood combustion. However, the C-14 content of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene in one soot sample was much lower and revealed that these compounds had a mixed creosote and wood source. Using an isotopic mass balance approach, we estimate that 40 to 70\% of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were derived from the combustion of the scrap wood. The results of this study show that molecular marker and bulk C-14 analysis can be potentially misleading in apportioning sources of every PAH, and that molecular-level C-14 analysis of PAHs can be a powerful tool for environmental forensics.},
	issn = {1527-5922},
	doi = {10.1080/15275920390230778},
	author = {Reddy, C. M. and Xu, L. and O{\textquoteright}Connor, R.}
}
@article {1522,
	title = {U. S. WOCE Indian Ocean survey: Final report for radiocarbon, Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Report $\#$902-1},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 528},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {22 pp.},
	author = {Key, R. M. and Quay, P. D.}
}
@article {2088,
	title = {Uncertainties and novel prospects in the study of the soil carbon dynamics},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Wang, YangHsieh, Yuch-Ping
eng
England
2002/11/15 04:00
Chemosphere. 2002 Dec;49(8):791-804.
},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {791-804},
	abstract = {Establishment of the Kyoto Protocol has resulted in an effort to look towards living biomass and soils for carbon sequestration. In order for carbon credits to be meaningful, sustained carbon sequestration for decades or longer is required. It has been speculated that improved land management could result in sequestration of a substantial amount of carbon in soils within several decades and therefore can be an important option in reducing atmospheric CO2 concentration. However, evaluation of soil carbon sources and sinks is difficult because the dynamics of soil carbon storage and release is complex and still not well understood. There has been rapid development of quantitative techniques over the past two decades for measuring the component fluxes of the global carbon cycle and for studying the soil carbon cycle. Most significant development in the soil carbon cycle study is the application of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) in radiocarbon measurements. This has made it possible to unravel rates of carbon cycling in soils, by studying natural levels of radiocarbon in soil organic matter and soil CO2. Despite the advances in the study of the soil carbon cycle in the recent decades, tremendous uncertainties exist in the sizes and turnover times of soil carbon pools. The uncertainties result from lack of standard methods and incomplete understanding of soil organic carbon dynamics, compounded by natural variability in soil carbon and carbon isotopic content even within the same ecosystem. Many fundamental questions concerning the dynamics of the soil carbon cycle have yet to be answered. This paper reviews and synthesizes the isotopic approaches to the study of the soil carbon cycle. We will focus on uncertainties and limitations associated with these approaches and point out areas where more research is needed to improve our understanding of this important component of the global carbon cycle.},
	keywords = {Carbon Dioxide/chemistry/metabolism, Carbon Radioisotopes/analysis, Carbon/*chemistry/metabolism, Ecosystem, Kinetics, Models, Chemical, Plants/metabolism, Seasons, Soil/*analysis},
	isbn = {0045-6535 (Print)0045-6535 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00381-8},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12430658},
	author = {Wang, Y. and Hsieh, Y. P.}
}
@conference {1815,
	title = {An unexplored sedimentary record for the study of environmental change in Mediterranean environments: Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile peats},
	booktitle = {The Study of Environmental Change Using Isotope Techniques. IAEA C\&S Papers Series},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 351},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {163-173},
	address = {Vienna},
	author = {Mateo, M. A. and Renom, P. and Juli{\`a}, R. and Romero, J. and Michener, R.}
}
@conference {1818,
	title = {The use of carbon isotopes to trace changes in biological oxygen demand in Long Island Sound},
	booktitle = {Long Island Sound/NEERS Research Conference},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 730},
	month = {2002},
	address = {Groton, CT},
	author = {Lugolobi, F. and Varekamp, J. C. and Thomas, E.}
}
@article {2133,
	title = {Use of 14C and 13C natural abundances for evaluating riverine, estuarine, and coastal DOC and POC sources and cycling: Review and Synthesis},
	journal = {Org. Geochem},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2001},
	note = {id: 278},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {469-485},
	author = {Raymond, P. A. and Bauer, J. E.}
}
@article {881,
	title = {Use of bomb radiocarbon to validate otolith section ages of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus from the northern Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2001},
	note = {491vzTimes Cited:36Cited References Count:22},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {1819-1824},
	abstract = {The red snapper Lutjanus campechanus is an important recreational and commercial fish species in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Management approaches have varied in part because of uncertainty of their longevity. Snapper ages have been based on presumed otolith annuli; however, this methodology has not been validated for all age classes. A recent technique to validate otolith age utilizes the increase in oceanic C-14 resulting from atmospheric testing of nuclear bombs during the 1950s and 1960s. Analyses of annuli from living corals and fish otoliths from 1900 to the present have documented that elevated C-14 input has occurred throughout the world{\textquoteright}s oceans. We validated otolith section age estimates through accelerator mass spectrometry analysis of bomb-produced C-14 in red snapper (otoliths) hatched before, during, and after the nuclear testing periods. Delta C-14 data from the otoliths of red snapper with presumed birth dates between 1960 and 1973 clearly reflect the sharp increase in oceanic radiocarbon attributable to previous nuclear testing. Similarities between the otolith and nearby coral Delta C-14 chronologies suggest that annulus-based age estimates of red snapper are valid on average to within 1-3 yr. In addition, this study provides the first carbonate bomb radiocarbon time series from the northern Gulf of Mexico.},
	issn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2001.46.7.1819},
	author = {Baker, M. S. and Wilson, C. A.}
}
@article {828,
	title = {U-Th dating of carbonate platform and slope sediments},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2001},
	note = {462zlTimes Cited:49Cited References Count:44},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {2757-2770},
	abstract = {Absolute chronology of marine sediment beyond the C-14 age range provides a test for models of climate change and has many other applications. U-Th techniques have been used for such chronology by dating corals, but extending these techniques to marine sediment is complicated by the presence of significant initial Th-230-both in detrital material and scavenged from seawater. In this study, we investigate four methods of solving the initial Th-230 problem for a particular type of marine sediment-the aragonite-rich sediments of carbonate platforms and slopes. Bulk sediment U-Th analyses can be corrected for initial Th to yield ages with approximate to2 to 3 kyr precision for highstand periods when sediment aragonite contents are particularly high. Uncertainty on the corrections causes inadequate precision for sediment from other periods, however. Removal of scavenged Th before analysis would enable a dramatic increase in this precision but has not proved successful despite a range of chemical leach approaches. Using heavy liquids to separate the various carbonate minerals found in Bahamas sediment enables an isochron approach to correct for initial Th, but the presence of initial Th from two sources requires correction or removal of one source of initial Th before the other is deconvolved by the isochron. Quantitative removal of detrital material before isochron analysis proves a successful approach. Such isochron data demonstrate that, although sediment remains closed to U-Th on a centimetre scale, nuclides are moved from grain to grain by alpha -recoil. Such intergrain exchange is expected to be observed in all sediments containing mineral grains with different U concentrations. Measured U-234/U-238 allows the recoil movement to be corrected and results in isochron ages with precision sometimes as low as 3 kyr. The accuracy of this approach has been proved by dating samples within the 14C age range. Sediments spanning the penultimate deglaciation have also been dated. After a small correction for bioturbation, the age for this event is found to be 135.2 +/- 3.5 ka. TWs date is approximate to8 kyr before the peak in northern hemisphere insolation and suggests that deglaciation is initiated by a mechanism in the southern hemisphere or tropics. This isochron approach shows considerable promise for dating of sediments older than this event, which will provide further information about the timing and mechanisms of global climate change. Copyright (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00621-4},
	author = {Henderson, G. M. and Slowey, N. C. and Fleisher, M. Q.}
}
@article {989,
	title = {Un registro de 8,000 anos del paleoclima del noroeste de Yucatan, Mexico},
	journal = {Revista de la Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 264},
	pages = {52-65},
	keywords = {Ciencias de la atm{\'o}sfera, Geolog{\'\i}a, M{\'e}xico, Paleoclima, Pen{\'\i}nsula de Yucat{\'a}n, Yucat{\'a}n},
	issn = {0186-7180},
	author = {Brenner, M. and Leyden, B. W. and Curtis, J. H. and Medina-Gonzalez, R. M. and Dahlin, B. H.}
}
@article {1203,
	title = {Use of bomb produced C-14 to validate otolith section age estimates of red snapper Lutjanus compechanus from the northern Gulf of Mexico, Artwork},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	publisher = {53rd Annual Gulf and Carribbean Fisheries Institute Meeting},
	address = {Biloxi, MS},
	author = {Baker, M. Scott  and Wilson, Charles A.}
}
@conference {1819,
	title = {Use of Natural C-14 Measurements to Examine Benthic Food Webs},
	booktitle = {National AGU/ASLO Meeting},
	year = {2000},
	note = {id: 1367},
	month = {2000},
	address = {San Antonio, TX},
	author = {DeMaster, D. J. and Fornes, W. L. and Smith, C. R. and Plaia, G. and Blair, N. E. and Levin, L. A.}
}
@article {824,
	title = {The uptake of carbon during alteration of ocean crust},
	journal = {Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {63},
	year = {1999},
	note = {221egTimes Cited:188Cited References Count:45},
	month = {May},
	pages = {1527-1535},
	abstract = {The distributions and abundances of alteration types and carbonate minerals in sections of upper ocean crust have been measured in order to determine the carbon budget in altered ocean crust. Our results show that the ocean crust is a sink for carbon, with an annual storage rate of 3.4 x 10(12) mol C y(-1), in close agreement with a previous estimate by Staudigel et al. (1989). This surpasses the total production rate of carbon in new oceanic crust and, besides accounting for uptake of all CO2 lost via degassing at MOR, results in a net sink in the oceanic crust of 1.5-2.4 x 10(12) mol C y(-1). This sink is significant for global carbon budgets, and subduction of altered ocean crust may be an important source of CO2 to the atmosphere and/or recycling into the mantle. The bulk CO2 content of the crust decreases with depth, with most of the carbon taken up in the permeable upper few hundred meters of the volcanic section at low temperatures (0-60 degrees C) during aging of crust away from spreading ridges. The abundances of carbonate veins and the bulk CO2 contents of the upper crust are greater in older (110-165 Ma) than younger (6Ma) crust, suggesting progressive uptake of carbon by the upper ocean crust. Precipitation of carbonates within the crust is essentially complete within 100 Ma, and perhaps as soon as a few tens of million years after formation of the crust. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd.},
	issn = {0016-7037},
	doi = {10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00123-4},
	author = {Alt, J. C. and Teagle, D. A. H.}
}
@article {2217,
	title = {Use of Hydrogen and Carbon Stable Isotopes in the Characterization of Oils from the Potiguar Basin (onshore), Northeastern Brazil},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists},
	volume = {83},
	year = {1999},
	note = {id: 1732},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {496-518},
	author = {Neto, Eugenio Vaz dos Santos and Hayes, John M.}
}
@article {2253,
	title = {Un registro de 6,000 anos de manifestaciones intensas del fenomeno de El Nino en sedimentos de lagunas de las Islas Galapagos},
	journal = {Bulletin de l{\textquoteright}Institut Francais d{\textquoteright}Etudes Andines},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 196},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {581-592},
	author = {Steinitz-Kannan, M. and Riedinger, M. A. and Last, W. M. and Brenner, M. and Miller, M. C.}
}
@article {1511,
	title = {Una Investigacion Arqueologica de los Sitios Cerros con Trincheras del Arcaico Tardio en Chihuahua, Mexico: Las Investigaciones de Campo de 1997},
	year = {1998},
	note = {id: 242},
	month = {1998},
	institution = {University of Texas, Center for Archaeological Research},
	author = {Hard, R. and Roney, J.}
}
@mastersthesis {1303,
	title = {An updated high resolution chronology of deglaciation and accompanying marine transgression in Maine, Thesis},
	volume = {Dissertation/Thesis},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {147},
	school = {University of Maine},
	address = {Orono, Maine},
	author = {Dorion, C. C.}
}
@article {861,
	title = {Uranium-series disequilibrium, sedimentation, diatom frustules, and paleoclimate change in Lake Baikal},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {142},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Uz230Times Cited:61Cited References Count:29},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {29-42},
	abstract = {The large volume of water, approximately one-fifth of the total surface fresh water on the planet, contained in Lake Baikal in southeastern Siberia is distinguished by having a relatively high concentration of uranium (ca. 2 nM), and, together with the surface sediments, an unusually high U-234/U-238 alpha activity ratio of 1.95. About 80\% of the input of 234 uranium to the lake, with a U-234/U-238 ratio of 2.0, comes from the Selenga River, Profiles of uranium, as well as the extent of isotopic disequilibrium in a 9 m sediment core collected on Academic Ridge, generally show high values during interglacial periods corresponding to high diatom frustule numbers (DiFr) and biogenic silica (BSi) data that have been reported elsewhere. During glacial periods (low DiFr and BSi), uranium progeny (U-234 and Th-230) were in secular equilibrium with low concentrations of their parent U-238. Radionuclide distributions were interpreted in terms of a quantitative model allowing for adsorption of riverine inputs of uranium onto two classes of sedimenting particles with differing U-238/Th-232 ratios and uranium progeny in secular equilibrium. If the U-234/U-238 activity ratio of adsorbed uranium has remained constant, mean sedimentation rates can be independently estimated as 3.6 +/- 0.6 and 3.7 +/- 0.9 cm . kyr(-1) for the decay of U-234 and in-growth of Th-230, respectively. These rates are consistent with a mean rate of 3.76 cm . kyr(-1), calculated by optimization of the correspondence between adsorbed U-238 and delta(18)O in dated oceanic sediments, The adsorbed uranium apparently tracks variable river flow during interglacials and is drastically reduced during periods of glaciation. Evidently, uranium has not been significantly redistributed within Baikal sediments over at least the past 250 kyr and is a unique, biologically non-essential, tracer for climate-sensitive processes, which provide their own internal geochronometers, potentially useful for ages up to 1 Myr BP.},
	issn = {0012-821x},
	doi = {10.1016/0012-821x(96)00085-4},
	author = {Edgington, D. N. and Robbins, J. A. and Colman, S. M. and Orlandini, K. A. and Gustin, M. P.}
}
@conference {1821,
	title = {Using sclerochronology of the mollusc Arctica islandica as a paleoceanographic tool},
	booktitle = {5th International Conference on Paleoceanography},
	year = {1995},
	note = {id: 1294},
	month = {1995},
	address = {Halifax, NS},
	author = {Marchitto, T. M. and Jones, G. A. and Goodfriend, G. A. and Weidman, C. R. and Jirikowic, J.}
}
