TY - JOUR T1 - Constraining global air-sea gas exchange for CO2 with recent bomb 14C measurements JF - Global Biogeochemical Cycles Y1 - 2007 A1 - Sweeney, C. A1 - Gloor, E. A1 - Jacobson, A. J. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - McKinley, G. A1 - Sarmiento, J. L. A1 - Wanninkhof, R. VL - 21 N1 - id: 1052 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Determination of carbon dioxide, hydrographic and chemical parameters during the R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer cruise in the southern Indian Ocean (WOCE section S041) Y1 - 2006 A1 - Takahashi, R. A1 - Millero, F. J. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Chipman, D. A1 - Peltola, E. A1 - Rubin, S. A1 - Sweeney, C. A1 - Sutherland, S. N1 - id: 1053 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Global ocean data analysis project (GLODAP): Results and data, ORNL/CDIAC-145, NDP-145 Y1 - 2005 A1 - Sabine, C. L. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Kozyr, A. A1 - Feely, R. A. A1 - Wanninkhof, R. A1 - Millero, F. J. A1 - Peng, T. H. A1 - Bullister, J. L. A1 - Lee, K. N1 - id: 529 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Evaluation of ocean carbon cycle models with data-based metrics JF - Geophysical Research Letters Y1 - 2004 A1 - Matsumoto, K. A1 - Sarmiento, J. L. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Aumont, O. A1 - Bullister, J. L. A1 - Caldeira, K. A1 - Campin, J. M. A1 - Doney, S. C. A1 - Drange, H. A1 - Dutay, J. C. A1 - Follows, M. A1 - Gao, Y. A1 - Gnanadesikan, A. A1 - Gruber, N. A1 - Ishida, A. A1 - Joos, F. A1 - Lindsay, K. A1 - Maier-Reimer, E. A1 - Marshall, J. C. A1 - Matear, R. J. A1 - Monfray, P. A1 - Mouchet, A. A1 - Najjar, R. A1 - Plattner, G. K. A1 - Schlitzer, R. A1 - Slater, R. A1 - Swathi, P. S. A1 - Totterdell, I. J. A1 - Weirig, M. F. A1 - Yamanaka, Y. A1 - Yool, A. A1 - Orr, J. C. KW - anthropogenic co2 KW - pacific-ocean KW - radiocarbon AB - New radiocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon-11 data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment are used to assess a suite of 19 ocean carbon cycle models. We use the distributions and inventories of these tracers as quantitative metrics of model skill and find that only about a quarter of the suite is consistent with the new data-based metrics. This should serve as a warning bell to the larger community that not all is well with current generation of ocean carbon cycle models. At the same time, this highlights the danger in simply using the available models to represent the state-of-the-art modeling without considering the credibility of each model. VL - 31 SN - 0094-8276 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=WOS&DestLinkType=FullRecord;UT=WOS:000220743900001 IS - 7 N1 - 811adTimes Cited:110 Cited References Count:17 JO - Geophys Res Lett ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Natural radiocarbon distribution in the deep ocean T2 - Global Environmental Change in the Ocean and on Land Y1 - 2004 A1 - Matsumoto, K. A1 - Key, R. M. ED - Shiyomi, M. JF - Global Environmental Change in the Ocean and on Land PB - Terrapub CY - Tokyo N1 - id: 1050 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Oceanic ventilation and biogeochemical cycling: Understanding the physical mechanisms that produce realistic distributions of tracers and productivity JF - Global Biogeochemical Cycles Y1 - 2004 A1 - Gnanadesikan, A. A1 - Dunne, J. P. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Matsumoto, K. A1 - Sarmiento, J. L. A1 - Slater, R. D. A1 - Swathi, P. S. KW - Biogeochemical cycles KW - bottom water formation KW - circulation models KW - diffusion KW - particle export KW - pycnocline KW - sensitivity KW - Temperature KW - vertical exchange KW - weddell sea KW - World Ocean AB - [1] Differing models of the ocean circulation support different rates of ventilation, which in turn produce different distributions of radiocarbon, oxygen, and export production. We examine these fields within a suite of general circulation models run to examine the sensitivity of the circulation to the parameterization of subgridscale mixing and surface forcing. We find that different models can explain relatively high fractions of the spatial variance in some fields such as radiocarbon, and that newer estimates of the rate of biological cycling are in better agreement with the models than previously published estimates. We consider how different models achieve such agreement and show that they can accomplish this in different ways. For example, models with high vertical diffusion move young surface waters into the Southern Ocean, while models with high winds move more young North Atlantic water into this region. The dependence on parameter values is not simple. Changes in the vertical diffusion coefficient, for example, can produce major changes in advective fluxes. In the coarse-resolution models studied here, lateral diffusion plays a major role in the tracer budget of the deep ocean, a somewhat worrisome fact as it is poorly constrained both observationally and theoretically. VL - 18 SN - 0886-6236 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=WOS&DestLinkType=FullRecord;UT=WOS:000224876500001 IS - 4 N1 - 867xpTimes Cited:66 Cited References Count:42 JO - Global Biogeochem Cy ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Role of bottom water transport and diapycnic mixing in determing the radiocarbon distribution in the Pacific JF - J. Geophys. Res. Y1 - 2004 A1 - Roussenov, V. A1 - Williams, R. G. A1 - Follows, M. J. A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 109 N1 - id: 526 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Calcium carbonate budget in the Atlantic Ocean based on water column inorganic carbon chemistry JF - Global Biogeochemical Cycles Y1 - 2003 A1 - Chung, S. N. A1 - Lee, K. A1 - Feely, R. A. A1 - Sabine, C. L. A1 - Millero, F. J. A1 - Wanninkhof, R. A1 - Bullister, J. L. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Peng, T. H. KW - alkalinity KW - anthropogenic co2 KW - caco3 dissolution KW - calcium carbonate budget KW - chemical lysocline KW - Deep-sea KW - dioxide system KW - dissociation-constants KW - dissolution kinetics KW - dissolution of calcium carbonate KW - eastern north-atlantic KW - ocean carbon cycle KW - organic-carbon KW - pacific-ocean KW - saturation state of seawater AB - [1] Recent independent lines of evidence suggest that the dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles is substantial in the upper ocean above the calcite 100% saturation horizon. This shallow-water dissolution of carbonate particles is in contrast with the current paradigm of the conservative nature of pelagic CaCO3 at shallow water depths. Here we use more than 20,000 sets of carbon measurements in conjunction with CFC and C-14 data from the WOCE/JGOFS/OACES global CO2 survey to estimate in situ dissolution rates of CaCO3 in the Atlantic Ocean. A dissolution rate is estimated from changes in alkalinity as a parcel of water ages along an isopycnal surface. The in situ CaCO3 dissolution increases rapidly at the aragonite 100% saturation horizon. Estimated dissolution rates north of 40degreesN are generally higher than the rates to the south, which is partly attributable to the production of exported CaCO3 being higher in the North Atlantic than in the South Atlantic. As more CaCO3 particles move down the water column, more particles are available for in situ dissolution. The total water column CaCO3 dissolution rate in the Atlantic Ocean is determined on an annual basis by integrating estimated dissolution rates throughout the entire water column and correcting for alkalinity input of approximately 5.6 x 10(12) mol C yr(-1) from CaCO3-rich sediments. The resulting water column dissolution rate of CaCO3 for the Atlantic Ocean is approximately 11.1 x 10(12) mol C yr(-1). This corresponds to about 31% of a recent estimate (35.8 x 10(12) mol C yr(-1)) of net CaCO3 production by Lee [2001] for the same area. Our calculation using a large amount of high-quality water column alkalinity data provides the first basin-scale estimate of the CaCO3 budget for the Atlantic Ocean. VL - 17 SN - 0886-6236 IS - 4 N1 - 732egTimes Cited:44 Cited References Count:73 JO - Global Biogeochem Cy ER - TY - CONF T1 - The distribution and inventory of bomb produced radiocarbon in the Pacific Ocean T2 - AGU/ASLO Conference Y1 - 2002 A1 - Key, R. M. JF - AGU/ASLO Conference CY - Honolulu, HI N1 - id: 1448 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - In situ calcium carbonate dissolution in the Pacific Ocean JF - Global Biogeochemical Cycles Y1 - 2002 A1 - Feely, R. A. A1 - Sabine, C. L. A1 - Lee, K. A1 - Millero, F. J. A1 - Lamb, M. F. A1 - Greeley, D. A1 - Bullister, J. L. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Peng, T. H. A1 - Kozyr, A. A1 - Ono, T. A1 - Wong, C. S. KW - anthropogenic co(2) KW - anthropogenic co2 KW - aragonite saturation KW - atmospheric carbon KW - caco(3) dissolution KW - calcite saturation KW - carbonate lysocline KW - chemical lysocline KW - coccolithophore emiliania-huxleyi KW - indian-ocean KW - north pacific KW - organic-matter KW - Pacific Ocean KW - panama basin KW - particulate matter AB - Over the past several years researchers have been working to synthesize the WOCE/JGOFS global CO(2) survey data to better understand carbon cycling processes in the oceans. The Pacific Ocean data set has over 35,000 sample locations with at least two carbon parameters, oxygen, nutrients, CFC tracers, and hydrographic parameters. In this paper we estimate the in situ CaCO(3) dissolution rates in the Pacific Ocean water column. Calcium carbonate dissolution rates ranging from 0.01-1.1 mumol kg(-1) yr(-1) are observed in intermediate and deepwater beginning near the aragonite saturation horizon. In the North Pacific Intermediate Water between 400 and 800 m, CaCO(3) dissolution rates are more than 7 times faster than observed in middle and deep water depths (average=0.051 m mol kg(-1) yr(-1)). The total amount of CaCO(3) that is dissolved within the Pacific is determined by integrating excess alkalinity throughout the water column. The total inventory of CaCO(3) added by particle dissolution in the Pacific Ocean, north of 40degreesS, is 157 Pg C. This amounts to an average dissolution rate of approximately 0.31 Pg C yr(-1). This estimate is approximately 74% of the export production of CaCO(3) estimated for the Pacific Ocean. These estimates should be considered to be upper limits for in situ carbonate dissolution in the Pacific Ocean, since a portion of the alkalinity increase results from inputs from sediments. VL - 16 SN - 0886-6236 IS - 4 N1 - 649rqTimes Cited:86 Cited References Count:60 JO - Global Biogeochem Cy ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Inorganic carbon in the Indian Ocean: Distribution and dissolution processes JF - Global Biogeochemical Cycles Y1 - 2002 A1 - Sabine, C. L. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Feely, R. A. A1 - Greeley, D. KW - alkalinity KW - anthropogenic co2 KW - arabian sea KW - calcium carbonate KW - Carbon cycle KW - dioxide system KW - dissociation KW - indian ocean KW - pressure KW - saturation state KW - SEAWATER KW - Temperature KW - thermodynamics KW - total alkalinity KW - total co2 KW - water AB - This study uses nearly 25,000 carbon measurements from the WOCE/JGOFS global CO2 survey to examine the distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) in the Indian Ocean. Shallow and intermediate distributions of inorganic carbon do not strictly follow temperature and salinity because of differing surface gradients and vertical biological processes that work to modify the circulation derived features. Anthropogenic CO2 has increased the shallow DIC by as much as 3%, decreasing the vertical DIC gradient. Deep ocean DIC and TA increase toward the north because of the decomposition and dissolution of organic and inorganic particles. Calcite saturation depths range from 2900-3900 m with the deepest saturation depth in the central Indian Ocean. Variations of aragonite saturation depth (200-1400 m) are similar to calcite, but the deepest saturations are in the southwestern Indian Ocean. The shallowest aragonite saturation depths are found in the Bay of Bengal. In the northern Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, the current aragonite saturations are 100 and 200 m shallower, respectively, than in preindustrial times. Estimates of carbonate dissolution rates on isopycnal surfaces range from 0.017 to 0.083 mumol kg(-1) yr(-1) in deep waters. Upper water column dissolution rates range from 0 to 0.73 mumol kg(-1) yr(-1), with a local maximum occurring in intermediate waters just below the aragonite saturation horizon. Dissolution is also generally higher north of the Chemical Front at 10-20degreesS. There is some evidence for significant sedimentary sources in the northern Indian Ocean. VL - 16 SN - 0886-6236 IS - 4 N1 - 643rkTimes Cited:50 Cited References Count:72 JO - Global Biogeochem Cy ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Ocean circulation: thermohaline circulation T2 - Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences Y1 - 2002 A1 - Toggweiler, J. R. A1 - Key, R. M. ED - Steele, J. JF - Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences PB - Academic Press CY - London N1 - id: 521 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Possible biological or physical explanations for decadal scale trends in North Pacific nutrient concentrations and oxygen utilization JF - Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography Y1 - 2002 A1 - Keller, K. A1 - Slater, R. D. A1 - Bender, M. A1 - Key, R. M. KW - anthropogenic co2 invasion KW - atmospheric co2 KW - carbon-cycle KW - el-nino KW - hydrographic data KW - organic-matter KW - redfield ratios KW - sargasso-sea KW - subtropical gyre KW - vertical fluxes AB - We analyze North Pacific GEOSECS (1970s) and WOCE (1990s) observations to examine potential decadal trends of the marine biological carbon pump. Nitrate concentrations ([NO3]) and apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) decreased significantly in intermediate waters (by -0.6 and -2.9 mu mol kg(-1) respectively, at sigma (theta) = 27.4 kg m(-3), corresponding to approximate to 1050 m). In shallow waters (above roughly 750 m) [NO3-] and AOU increased, though the changes were not statistically significant. A sensitivity study with an ocean general circulation model indicates that reasonable perturbations of the biological carbon pump due to changes in export production or remineralization. efficiency are insufficient to account for the intermediate water tracer trends. However, changes in water ventilation rates could explain the intermediate water tracer trends and would be consistent with trends of water age derived from radiocarbon. Trends in AOU and [NO3-] provide relatively poor constraints on decadal scale trends in the marine biological carbon pump for two reasons. First, most of the expected changes due to decadal scale perturbations of the marine biota occur in shallow waters, where the available data are typically too sparse to account for the strong spatial and temporal variability. Second, alternative explanations for the observed tracer trends (e.g., changes in the water ventilation rates) cannot be firmly rejected. Our data analysis does not disprove the null-hypothesis of an unchanged biological carbon pump in the North Pacific. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. VL - 49 SN - 0967-0645 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=WOS&DestLinkType=FullRecord;UT=WOS:000173008600015 IS - 1-3 N1 - 507ceTimes Cited:24 Cited References Count:71 JO - Deep-Sea Res Pt Ii ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Separating natural and bomb-produced radiocarbon in the ocean: The potential alkalinity method JF - Global Biogeochemical Cycles Y1 - 2002 A1 - Rubin, S. I. A1 - Key, R. M. KW - bomb-produced radiocarbon KW - CO2 KW - indian-ocean KW - inventory KW - natural radiocarbon KW - pacific-ocean KW - potential alkalinity method KW - radiocarbon inventory KW - radiocarbon separation KW - silicate method KW - thermocline KW - ventilation KW - woce AB - [1] The use of radiocarbon (Delta(14)C) as a tracer for oceanic processes generally requires differentiation of naturally occurring radiocarbon from the bomb component produced by atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. We present a new separation method based on the strong linear correlation between Delta(14)C and potential alkalinity. Unlike previous techniques the new algorithm is applicable at all latitudes. Additionally, the potential alkalinity method provides an estimate of surface ocean prebomb Delta(14)C concentrations. Predictions with the technique appear to be unbiased and have uncertainties which are less than previous techniques. VL - 16 SN - 0886-6236 IS - 4 N1 - 646xuTimes Cited:44 Cited References Count:35 JO - Global Biogeochem Cy ER - TY - RPRT T1 - U. S. WOCE Indian Ocean survey: Final report for radiocarbon, Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Report #902-1 Y1 - 2002 A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Quay, P. D. N1 - id: 528 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - WOCE radiocarbon IV: Pacific Ocean results; P10, P13N, P14C, P18, P19 & S4P JF - Radiocarbon Y1 - 2002 A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Quay, P. D. A1 - Schlosser, P. A1 - McNichol, A. P. A1 - von Reden, K. F. A1 - Schneider, R. J. A1 - Elder, K. L. A1 - Stuiver, M. A1 - Ostlund, H. G. AB - The World Ocean Circulation Experiment, carried out between 1990 and 1997, provided the most comprehensive oceanic survey of radiocarbon to date. Approximately 10,000 samples were collected in the Pacific Ocean by U.S. investigators for both conventional large volume P counting and small volume accelerator mass spectrometry analysis techniques. Results from six cruises are presented. The data quality is as good or better than previous large-scale surveys. The C-14 distribution for the entire WOCE Pacific data set is graphically described using mean vertical profiles and sections, and property-property plots. VL - 44 UR - https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/4097 IS - 1 N1 - 591keTimes Cited:33Cited References Count:56 JO - WOCE radiocarbon IV: Pacific Ocean results; P10, P13N, P14C, P18, P19 & S4P ER - TY - CONF T1 - Bomb 14C versus anthropogenic CO2 in OCMIP ocean biogeochemical models T2 - Global Change Open Science Conference Y1 - 2001 A1 - Matsumoto, K. A1 - Sarmiento, J. L. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Slater, R. D. A1 - Sabine, C. L. JF - Global Change Open Science Conference CY - Amsterdam, the Netherlands N1 - id: 1446 ER - TY - CONF T1 - On the d13C:PO4 relationahip in the modern and glacial ocean T2 - Fall AGU Meeting Y1 - 2001 A1 - Toggweiler, J. R. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - McNeil, B. JF - Fall AGU Meeting CY - San Francisco, CA N1 - id: 1447 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Estimates of anthropogenic carbon uptake from four three-dimensional global ocean models JF - Global Biogeochemical Cycles Y1 - 2001 A1 - Orr, J. C. A1 - Maier-Reimer, E. A1 - Mikolajewicz, U. A1 - Monfray, P. A1 - Sarmiento, J. L. A1 - Toggweiler, J. R. A1 - Taylor, N. K. A1 - Palmer, J. A1 - Gruber, N. A1 - Sabine, C. L. A1 - Le Quere, C. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Boutin, J. AB - We have compared simulations of anthropogenic CO2 in the four three-dimensional ocean models that participated in the first phase of the Ocean Carbon-Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP), as a means to identify their major differences. Simulated global uptake agrees to within +/- 19%, giving a range of 1.85 +/-0.35 Pg C yr(-1) for the 1980-1989 average, Regionally, the Southern Ocean dominates the present-day air-sea flux of anthropogenic CO2 in all models, with one third to one half of the global uptake occurring south of 30 degreesS. The highest simulated total uptake in the Southern Ocean was 70% larger than the lowest. Comparison with recent data-based estimates of anthropogenic CO2 suggest that most of the models substantially overestimate storage in the Southern Ocean; elsewhere they generally underestimate storage by less than 20%. Globally, the OCMIP models appear to bracket the real ocean's present uptake, based on comparison of regional data-based estimates of anthropogenic CO2 and bomb C-14. Column inventories of bomb C-14 have become more similar to those for anthropogenic CO2 with the time that has elapsed between the Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (1970s) and World Ocean Circulation Experiment (1990s) global sampling campaigns. Our ability to evaluate simulated anthropogenic CO2 would improve if systematic errors associated with the data-based estimates could be provided regionally. VL - 15 IS - 1 N1 - 417rwTimes Cited:187Cited References Count:64 JO - Estimates of anthropogenic carbon uptake from four three-dimensional global ocean models ER - TY - CONF T1 - Multiple anthropogenic tracer distributions in the ocean T2 - Sixth International CO2 Conference Y1 - 2001 A1 - Sabine, C. L. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Bullister, J. L. A1 - Feely, R. A. A1 - Lamb, M. F. A1 - Millero, F. J. A1 - Wanninkhof, R. A1 - Peng, T. H. A1 - Lee, K. A1 - Kozyr, A. A1 - Gruber, N. JF - Sixth International CO2 Conference CY - Sendai, Japan N1 - id: 319 ER - TY - CONF T1 - A new method for separating bomb-produced and natural D14C, Global Change T2 - Open Science Conference Y1 - 2001 A1 - Key, R. M. JF - Open Science Conference CY - Amsterdam, the Netherlands N1 - id: 1445 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Ocean process tracers: Radiocarbon T2 - Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences Y1 - 2001 A1 - Key, R. M. ED - Steele, J. JF - Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences PB - Academic Press CY - London N1 - id: 310 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - An estimate of the anthropogenic offset of oceanic d13CDIC based on the ventilation of the California Current at 42N JF - Global Biogeochem. Cycles Y1 - 2000 A1 - Ortiz, J. D. A1 - Mix, A. C. A1 - Wheeler, P. A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 14 IS - 3 N1 - id: 307 ER - TY - CONF T1 - An ocean-wide DIC-13 data set T2 - AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting Y1 - 2000 A1 - McNichol, A. P. A1 - Quay, P. D. A1 - Stuart, D. R. A1 - Sonnerup, R. E. A1 - Key, R. M. JF - AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting CY - San Antonio, TX N1 - id: 1444 ER - TY - CONF T1 - The radiocarbon gradient at the Antarctic Polar Front T2 - AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting Y1 - 2000 A1 - Schneider, R. J. A1 - McNichol, A. P. A1 - von Reden, K. F. A1 - Elder, K. L. A1 - Gagnon, A. R. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Quay, P. D. A1 - Schlosser, P. M. JF - AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting CY - San Antonio, TX N1 - id: 317 ER - TY - CONF T1 - Status of the WOCE tracer synthesis effort, Invited presentation T2 - WOCE Data Products Committee Meeting 13 Y1 - 2000 A1 - Key, R. M. JF - WOCE Data Products Committee Meeting 13 CY - College Station, TX N1 - id: 1457 ER - TY - CONF T1 - Ten years after - the WOCE AMS radiocarbon program T2 - Accelerator Mass Spectrometer Conference Y1 - 2000 A1 - McNichol, A. P. A1 - Schneider, R. J. A1 - von Reden, K. F. A1 - Gagnon, A. R. A1 - Elder, K. L. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Quay, P. D. JF - Accelerator Mass Spectrometer Conference N1 - id: 316 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Ten years after - The WOCE AMS radiocarbon program JF - Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms Y1 - 2000 A1 - McNichol, A. P. A1 - Schneider, R. J. A1 - von Reden, K. F. A1 - Gagnon, A. R. A1 - Elder, K. L. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Quay, P. D. AB - The National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) Facility is measuring all of the samples collected as part of the US WOCE Program - over 13,000 samples. We designed our extraction lines so that we also measure precise, oceanographically useful delta C-13-Sigma CO2 values. We have completed the analysis of samples from the Pacific and Southern Oceans and are processing those from the Indian Ocean now. At present, this constitutes the world's largest AMS data set. Reviews of the Pacific radiocarbon data are available and demonstrate the increased penetration of the "bomb signal" into the water column since the 1970s. Stable isotope data are being combined with those collected as part of NOAA's Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study to study the ocean's role in the anthropogenic CO2 cycle. The relationship of delta C-13 to other chemical tracers, e.g., PO4, O-2 and chlorofluorocarbons, will further our understanding of basic oceanographic processes. We present preliminary results from these studies as well as investigate the relationship of C-14 to C-13 in the ocean. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. VL - 172 IS - 1-4 N1 - 372jrTimes Cited:14Cited References Count:12 JO - Ten years after - The WOCE AMS radiocarbon program ER - TY - CONF T1 - Ventilation of the deep Pacific Ocean, invited talk T2 - AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting Y1 - 2000 A1 - Key, R. M. JF - AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting CY - San Antonio, TX N1 - id: 315 ER - TY - CONF T1 - A preliminary model-data comparison for bomb-14C in the Pacific thermocline T2 - WOCE-AIMS Tracer Workshop Y1 - 1999 A1 - Rogers, K. A1 - Peacock, S. A1 - Latif, M. A1 - Key, R. M. JF - WOCE-AIMS Tracer Workshop CY - Bremen, Germany N1 - id: 313 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - S4I Final report for AMS 14C samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep. Y1 - 1999 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 99 IS - 2 N1 - id: 325 ER - TY - CONF T1 - High-precision Measurements of 14C as a Circulation Tracer in the Pacific, Indian, and Southern Oceans with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) T2 - 8th International Conference on Heavy Ion Accelerator Technology Y1 - 1998 A1 - von Reden, K. F. A1 - Peden, J. C. A1 - Schneider, R. J. A1 - Bellino, M. A1 - Donoghue, J. A1 - Elder, K. L. A1 - Gagnon, A. R. A1 - Long, P. A1 - McNichol, A. P. A1 - Morin, T. A1 - Stuart, D. A1 - Hayes, J. M. A1 - Key, R. M. ED - Shepard, K. American Institute of Physics JF - 8th International Conference on Heavy Ion Accelerator Technology CY - Argonne National Lab N1 - id: 1636 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P10 Final report for AMS 14C samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep. Y1 - 1998 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 98 IS - 4B N1 - id: 1463 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P10 Final report for large volume 14C samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep. Y1 - 1998 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 98 IS - 4A N1 - id: 1462 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P17N Final report for AMS 14C samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep. Y1 - 1998 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 98 IS - 1 N1 - id: 1460 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P18 Final report for AMS 14C samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Technical Report Y1 - 1998 A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - D, Quay P. VL - 98 IS - 5 N1 - id: 1464 JO - P18 Final report for AMS 14C samples ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P19C Final report for AMS 14C samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep. Y1 - 1998 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 98 IS - 2 N1 - id: 1461 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Technology revolutionizes tracer oceanography during WOCE JF - International WOCE Newsletter Y1 - 1998 A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - McNichol, A. VL - 30 N1 - id: 324 JO - Technology revolutionizes tracer oceanography during WOCE ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Temporal variations of bomb radiocarbon inventory in the Pacific Ocean JF - Marine Chemistry Y1 - 1998 A1 - Peng, T. H. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Ostlund, H. G. AB - The natural and anthropogenic components of the radiocarbon measurements from seawater samples can be successfully separated by an improved method, which is based on a very well-defined relationship between natural radiocarbon and dissolved silica observed mainly during the GEOSECS survey for waters beneath 1000 m depth. This relationship is further reconfirmed by the C-14 measurements from large volume samples taken in the deep waters in the Pacific Ocean during the recent WOCE survey program. Analysis of upper ocean C-14 measurements made along 152 degrees W, and north of 20 degrees N, in the northeastern Pacific Ocean during the NOAA's CGC91 cruise, which is a part of the WOCE survey program, indicates that the bomb C-14 inventory in this part of the ocean has increased by 22% since the GEOSECS measurements made in 1974, This increase is consistent with the model prediction of 25% for the northern hemisphere ocean. Change of the surface water bomb Delta(14)C values during this period is insignificant, This feature is also consistent with the model simulation. Results of this new analysis will provide useful information of the temporal variations of bomb C-14 inventory in the ocean, in addition to the spatial distribution, which can be used as powerful constraints in calibrating the global ocean carbon cycle models, especially those based on three-dimensional ocean general circulation models, for estimating the uptake of CO2 by the ocean. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. VL - 60 IS - 1-2 N1 - Zm128Times Cited:22Cited References Count:18 JO - Temporal variations of bomb radiocarbon inventory in the Pacific Ocean ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Changes in the Pacific Ocean distribution of radiocarbon since GEOSECS, 1997 Y1 - 1997 A1 - Key, R. M. PB - U. S. WOCE Office CY - College Station, TX VL - 9 N1 - id: 323 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P13N final report for AMS 14C samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Technical Report Y1 - 1997 A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Quay, P. D. VL - 97 IS - 3 N1 - id: 1254 JO - P13N final report for AMS 14C samples ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P14C final report for AMS 14C samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Report Y1 - 1997 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 97 IS - 4 N1 - id: 1255 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P16A17A final report for AMS 14C samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Report Y1 - 1997 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 97 IS - 2 N1 - id: 1253 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Large-volume WOCE radiocarbon sampling in the Pacific Ocean JF - Radiocarbon Y1 - 1996 A1 - Stuiver, M. A1 - Ostlund, H. G. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Reimer, P. J. KW - geosecs AB - At the University of Miami Tritium Laboratory and the University of Washington Quaternary Isotope Laboratory, more than 1000 large-volume Pacific Ocean radiocarbon samples were measured for the WOCE program. Here we present a comprehensive data set, and a brief discussion of our findings. VL - 38 SN - 0033-8222 IS - 3 N1 - Xd080Times Cited:12 Cited References Count:8 JO - Radiocarbon ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Report JF - P17E19S final report for AMS 14C samples Y1 - 1996 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 97 IS - 1 N1 - id: 1252 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - P16 S17S TUNES-2 final report for AMS 14C samples (Report) Y1 - 1996 A1 - Key, R. M. JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Report VL - 96 N1 - id: 1250 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P16A17A Final report for large volume samples and D14C measurements JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep. Y1 - 1996 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 96 IS - 7 N1 - id: 1454 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P16C TUNES-3 final report for AMS 14C samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Technical Report Y1 - 1996 A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Quay, P. VL - 96 IS - 6 N1 - id: 1453 JO - P16C TUNES-3 final report for AMS 14C samples ER - TY - RPRT T1 - P16C TUNES-3 final report for AMS 14C samples (Report) Y1 - 1996 A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Quay, P. JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Report VL - 96 N1 - id: 1251 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P16S17S TUNES-2 final report for AMS 14C samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep. Y1 - 1996 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 96 IS - 5 N1 - id: 1452 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P16S17S TUNES-2 final report for large volume samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep. Y1 - 1996 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 96 IS - 4 N1 - id: 1451 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P17C TUNES-1 final report for AMS 14C samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Report Y1 - 1996 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 96 IS - 3 N1 - id: 1249 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P17C TUNES-1 final report for large volume samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rept Y1 - 1996 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 96 IS - 2 N1 - id: 1449 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P17E19S Final report for large volume samples and D14C measurements JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep. Y1 - 1996 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 96 IS - 8 N1 - id: 1455 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P17N Final report for large volume samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep. Y1 - 1996 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 96 IS - 11 N1 - id: 1459 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P19C Final report for large volume samples and D14C measurements JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep. Y1 - 1996 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 96 IS - 10 N1 - id: 1458 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - P6 final report for AMS 14C samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rep. Y1 - 1996 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 96 IS - 9 N1 - id: 1456 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - PC17 TUNES-1 final report for AMS 14C samples JF - Ocean Tracer Laboratory Tech. Rept. Y1 - 1996 A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 96 IS - 3 N1 - id: 1450 ER - TY - CONF T1 - Stable and radio-carbon isotope measurements in the Pacific Ocean; contributions from NOSAMS Y1 - 1996 A1 - McNichol, A. P. A1 - von Reden, K. F. A1 - Schneider, R. J. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Jones, G. A. KW - 02D KW - 07 KW - accelerator mass spectroscopy KW - C-13/C-12 KW - C-14 KW - carbon KW - chemical analysis KW - geochemical indicators KW - high-resolution methods KW - Isotope geochemistry KW - isotope ratios KW - isotopes KW - marine geology KW - mass spectroscopy KW - National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry KW - NOSAMS KW - Oceanography KW - Pacific Ocean KW - radioactive isotopes KW - radioactive tracers KW - sampling KW - sea water KW - spectroscopy KW - Stable isotopes KW - tracers KW - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution PB - American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States (USA) CY - United States (USA) VL - 77 N1 - id: 2240; Source type: conferencepapers&proceedings; Object type: Article; Object type: Conference Paper; Copyright: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute.; CSAUnique: 1997-047916; AccNum: 1997-047916; ISSN: 0096-3941; CODEN: EOSTAJ ER - TY - CONF T1 - Stable and radiocarbon isotope measurements in the Pacific Ocean: Contributions from NOSAMS T2 - AGU/ASLO 1996 Ocean Sciences Meeting Y1 - 1996 A1 - McNichol, A. P. A1 - von Reden, K. F. A1 - Schneider, R. J. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Jones, G. A. JF - AGU/ASLO 1996 Ocean Sciences Meeting CY - San Diego, CA N1 - id: 960 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - WOCE AMS Radiocarbon I: Pacific Ocean results (P6, P16, and P17) JF - Radiocarbon Y1 - 1996 A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Quay, P. D. A1 - Jones, G. A. A1 - McNichol, A. P. A1 - von Reden, K. F. A1 - Schneider, R. J. AB - AMS radiocarbon results from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment in the Pacific Ocean show dramatic changes in the inventory and distribution of bomb-produced 14C since the time of the GEOSECS survey (8/73-6/74). Nearsurface 4C values for the eastern portion of both the northern and southern subtropical gyres decreased by 25-50%, with the change being greater in the north. Equatorial near-surface values have increased by ca. 25%. Changes in the 250-750-m depth range are dramatically different between the northern and southern basins. The intermediate and mode waters of the southern basin have increased by as much as 75%o since GEOSECS. Waters of similar density in the northern hemisphere are not exposed to the Southern Ocean circulation regime and are significantly less ventilated, showing maximum changes of ca. 50%. VL - 38 UR - https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/1918 IS - 3 N1 - id: 38 JO - WOCE AMS Radiocarbon I: Pacific Ocean results (P6, P16, and P17) ER - TY - JOUR T1 - WOCE Pacific Ocean radiocarbon program JF - Radiocarbon Y1 - 1996 A1 - Key, R. M. KW - sciences-ams-facility AB - Fieldwork for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) radiocarbon program was recently completed. Ca. 9000 samples were collected for analysis using both conventional B-counting techniques and the newer AMS technique. The mean uncertainty for the beta analyses is 3 parts per thousand; for AMS analyses, ca. 4.5 parts per thousand. VL - 38 SN - 0033-8222 IS - 3 N1 - Xd080Times Cited:21 Cited References Count:40 JO - Radiocarbon ER - TY - CONF T1 - A first look at changes in Pacific 14C levels between GEOSECS and WOCE T2 - International Association for the Physical Sciences of Oceans, General Assembly, 5-12 August 1995, Honolulu, Hawaii Y1 - 1995 A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Toggweiler, J. R. JF - International Association for the Physical Sciences of Oceans, General Assembly, 5-12 August 1995, Honolulu, Hawaii PB - International Association for the Physical Sciences of Oceans (IAPSO) CY - Honolulu, Hawaii VL - 130 N1 - id: 40 JO - A first look at changes in Pacific 14C levels between GEOSECS and WOCE ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Ventilation of the deep Pacific Ocean JF - Supplement to Trans. American Geophysic. Union Y1 - 1995 A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Rooth, C. A1 - Ostlund, G. A1 - Stuiver, M. VL - 76 IS - 3 N1 - id: 41 JO - Ventilation of the deep Pacific Ocean ER - TY - MGZN T1 - Carbon and Radiocarbon in the Northeast Pacific: Implications for Abyssal Ventilation and Biogenic Input Y1 - 1994 A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Rooth, C. G. A. A1 - Feely, R. JF - 15th International Radiocarbon Conference, Glasgow, Scotland N1 - id: 911 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Deep-water Radiocarbon Minimum in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean; Early WOCE Results JF - EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union; Ocean Sciences Mtg., San Diego, Feb.21-25, 1994 Y1 - 1994 A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Toggweiller, J. R. VL - 75 IS - 3 N1 - id: 912 JO - The Deep-water Radiocarbon Minimum in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean; Early WOCE Results ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Rapid analysis of seawater samples at the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, Woods Hole, MA JF - Radiocarbon Y1 - 1994 A1 - McNichol, A. P. A1 - Jones, G. A. A1 - Hutton, D. L. A1 - Gagnon, A. R. A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 36 IS - 2 N1 - id: 305 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Rapid Preparation of Seawater Sigma-Co2 for Radiocarbon Analysis at the National Ocean Sciences Ams Facility JF - Radiocarbon Y1 - 1994 A1 - McNichol, A. P. A1 - Jones, G. A. A1 - Hutton, D. L. A1 - Gagnon, A. R. A1 - Key, R. M. KW - accelerator mass-spectrometry KW - C-14 KW - samples AB - We have established a laboratory for extracting Sigma CO2 from seawater samples for AMS analysis of the radiocarbon content. The seawater samples are collected at sea, poisoned and stored until analysis in the laboratory. Each sample is acidified; the inorganic carbon is stripped out as CO2 with an inert carrier gas and then converted to graphite. We present results for Buzzards Bay surface H2O and Na2CO3 standards that demonstrate we strip > 98% of inorganic carbon from seawater. Stable isotope analyses are performed to better than 0.2 parts per thousand, and the reproducibility of C-14 measurements on Buzzards Bay seawater is better than 13 parts per thousand. Finally, we compare data from samples collected in 1991 to those collected in the 1970s and to large volume samples. VL - 36 SN - 0033-8222 IS - 2 N1 - Pz926Times Cited:61 Cited References Count:14 JO - Radiocarbon ER - TY - MGZN T1 - Thermocline Ventilation Rates in the North Pacific Y1 - 1994 A1 - Sonnerup, R. E. A1 - Quay, P. D. A1 - Bullister, J. L. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - McNichol, A. P. A1 - Jones, G. A. JF - American Geophysical Union, San Francisco N1 - id: 917 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - First results in from Pacific 14C Program JF - WOCE Notes Y1 - 1993 A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Toggweiler, J. R. VL - 5 IS - 3 N1 - id: 39 JO - First results in from Pacific 14C Program ER - TY - CONF T1 - The National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility and the WOCE Hydrographic Program. Measurement of 14C in seawater by AMS T2 - Third Scientific Meeting, Oceanography Society Y1 - 1993 A1 - McNichol, A. P. A1 - Jones, G. A. A1 - Schneider, R. J. A1 - von Reden, K. F. A1 - Key, R. M. JF - Third Scientific Meeting, Oceanography Society CY - Seattle, WA VL - 95 N1 - id: 1656 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Progress report for the WOCE radiocarbon program JF - WOCE Notes Y1 - 1993 A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Toggweiler, J. R. VL - 5 N1 - id: 322 JO - Progress report for the WOCE radiocarbon program ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Rapid Analysis of Seawater Inorganic Carbon at the National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility: Progress and Preliminary Results (abstract) JF - EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union Meeting Y1 - 1992 A1 - McNichol, A. P. A1 - Jones, G. A. A1 - Schneider, R. J. A1 - von Reden, K. F. A1 - Key, R. M. VL - 72 IS - 65 N1 - id: 1655 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Radiocarbon T2 - WOCE Hydrographic Operations and Methods Manual Y1 - 1991 A1 - Key, R. M. JF - WOCE Hydrographic Operations and Methods Manual PB - WOCE Hydrographic Program Office Technical Report N1 - id: 321 ER -