TY - JOUR T1 - Evaluation of ocean carbon cycle models with data-based metrics JF - Geophysical Research Letters Y1 - 2004 A1 - Matsumoto, K. A1 - Sarmiento, J. L. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Aumont, O. A1 - Bullister, J. L. A1 - Caldeira, K. A1 - Campin, J. M. A1 - Doney, S. C. A1 - Drange, H. A1 - Dutay, J. C. A1 - Follows, M. A1 - Gao, Y. A1 - Gnanadesikan, A. A1 - Gruber, N. A1 - Ishida, A. A1 - Joos, F. A1 - Lindsay, K. A1 - Maier-Reimer, E. A1 - Marshall, J. C. A1 - Matear, R. J. A1 - Monfray, P. A1 - Mouchet, A. A1 - Najjar, R. A1 - Plattner, G. K. A1 - Schlitzer, R. A1 - Slater, R. A1 - Swathi, P. S. A1 - Totterdell, I. J. A1 - Weirig, M. F. A1 - Yamanaka, Y. A1 - Yool, A. A1 - Orr, J. C. KW - anthropogenic co2 KW - pacific-ocean KW - radiocarbon AB - New radiocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon-11 data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment are used to assess a suite of 19 ocean carbon cycle models. We use the distributions and inventories of these tracers as quantitative metrics of model skill and find that only about a quarter of the suite is consistent with the new data-based metrics. This should serve as a warning bell to the larger community that not all is well with current generation of ocean carbon cycle models. At the same time, this highlights the danger in simply using the available models to represent the state-of-the-art modeling without considering the credibility of each model. VL - 31 SN - 0094-8276 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=WOS&DestLinkType=FullRecord;UT=WOS:000220743900001 IS - 7 N1 - 811adTimes Cited:110 Cited References Count:17 JO - Geophys Res Lett ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Oceanic ventilation and biogeochemical cycling: Understanding the physical mechanisms that produce realistic distributions of tracers and productivity JF - Global Biogeochemical Cycles Y1 - 2004 A1 - Gnanadesikan, A. A1 - Dunne, J. P. A1 - Key, R. M. A1 - Matsumoto, K. A1 - Sarmiento, J. L. A1 - Slater, R. D. A1 - Swathi, P. S. KW - Biogeochemical cycles KW - bottom water formation KW - circulation models KW - diffusion KW - particle export KW - pycnocline KW - sensitivity KW - Temperature KW - vertical exchange KW - weddell sea KW - World Ocean AB - [1] Differing models of the ocean circulation support different rates of ventilation, which in turn produce different distributions of radiocarbon, oxygen, and export production. We examine these fields within a suite of general circulation models run to examine the sensitivity of the circulation to the parameterization of subgridscale mixing and surface forcing. We find that different models can explain relatively high fractions of the spatial variance in some fields such as radiocarbon, and that newer estimates of the rate of biological cycling are in better agreement with the models than previously published estimates. We consider how different models achieve such agreement and show that they can accomplish this in different ways. For example, models with high vertical diffusion move young surface waters into the Southern Ocean, while models with high winds move more young North Atlantic water into this region. The dependence on parameter values is not simple. Changes in the vertical diffusion coefficient, for example, can produce major changes in advective fluxes. In the coarse-resolution models studied here, lateral diffusion plays a major role in the tracer budget of the deep ocean, a somewhat worrisome fact as it is poorly constrained both observationally and theoretically. VL - 18 SN - 0886-6236 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=WOS&DestLinkType=FullRecord;UT=WOS:000224876500001 IS - 4 N1 - 867xpTimes Cited:66 Cited References Count:42 JO - Global Biogeochem Cy ER -